This document discusses pneumonia in ruminants such as cattle, sheep, and goats. It begins by defining pneumonia and its classifications. Pneumonia is caused by both predisposing factors like stress and housing conditions as well as exciting factors like bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi, and aspiration. Clinical signs include rapid breathing, cough, nasal discharge, fever, and abnormal breath sounds. Diagnosis involves clinical examination, imaging, and laboratory tests. Treatment involves antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, bronchodilators, and supportive care like good ventilation, nutrition, and oxygen therapy if needed.

1. PNEUMONIA IN RUMINANTS
(CATTLE, SHEEP & GOATS)
DR. DHURBA D. C.
Livestock Development Officer
B.V.Sc. & A.H. (TU/IAAS)
M.V.Sc. Medicine (AFU)
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2. INTRODUCTION
• Pneumonia is inflammation of the pulmonary parenchyma usually
accompanied by inflammation of bronchioles (broncho-
pneumonia) and often by pleuritis (pleuro- pneumonia)
• Pneumonitis literally means inflammation of lungs, which is used
by pathologist.
• Recent view in pneumonitis and pneumonia indicate that, in
pneumonitis the wall of the alveoli show prominent changes
whereas in pneumonia the alveolar lumen reveals the most
characteristic changes
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Source: Google image

3. INTRODUCTION
■ Pneumonia is manifested clinically by an increase in the respiratory
rate, changes in the depth and character of respirations, coughing,
abnormal breath sounds on auscultation and, in the most bacterial
pneumonia, evidence of toxemia
■ Significantly higher cases of pneumonia reported in the rainy season
than in dry season
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4. CLASSIFICATION OF PNEUMONIA
1. According to extension of infection
i. Broncho- pneumonia ii. Pleuro- pneumonia
2. According to origin
i. Primary pneumonia ii. Secondary pneumonia
3. According to etiology
i. Viral pneumonia ii. Bacterial pneumonia iii. Parasitic pneumonia
iv. Fungal pneumonia V. Aspiration pneumonia
4. According to lesion
i. Lobar pneumonia ii. Lobular pneumonia iii. Interstitial pneumonia
iv. Alveolar pneumonia v. Embolic pneumonia Vi. Granulomatous pneumonia
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5. ETIOLOGY
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A. Predisposing factors
• Housing in poor ventilated room.
• Stress associated with early weaning
• Long transportation.
• Exposure of animal in damp place and cold environment.
• Malnutrition.
• Sudden changes in weather.
• Animal heated and followed by chilled rapidly (chilled
after heavy exercise)
• Exertion due to extensive work.
• Inhalation of dust, irritant vapors etc.
Source: Google image

6. ETIOLOGY
B. Exciting factors
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Agents Cattle Sheep/Goat
Bacterial Streptococcus spp.,
Staphylococcus spp.,
Mycobacterium tuberculosis,
Mycoplasma mycoides,
Pseudomonas spp,
Klebsiella pneumonia
Corynebacterium pyogenes
Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp.,
Corynebacterium pyogenes, Pasteurella
spp. E. coli, Mycoplasma spp.
Actinobacillus lignieresi
Viral Para influenza-3, Adenovirus,
Rhinovirus
PPR virus, Pox virus, Influenza virus
type A2, Visna virus, Reovirus,
Adenovirus

7. ETIOLOGY
B. Exciting factors
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Agents Cattle Sheep/Goat
Fungal Aspergillus fumigatus, Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatiridis,
Coccidioides immitis, Cryptococcus neoformans
Parasitic Dictyocaulus viviparous, Ascaris
spp. (calf)
Dictyocaulus filarial, Protostrongylus
rufescens, Muellerius capillaris (Sheep),
Toxoplasma gondii (Sheep)
Physical Aspiration of fluids, drugs, chemicals etc., Inhalation of dust, pollen, smoke,
gas, chemical & medicinal vapour.
Dipping of animal for ectoparasite treatment (dipping pneumonia)

8. PATHOGENESIS
Pulmonary defense mechanisms:
• Under normal conditions the major airways & lung parenchyma prevent
the entry of and neutralize or remove injurious agents.
• Many infection of the respiratory tract originate form aerosolized
particles carrying infectious agents that arise external to or within the
respiratory tract.
• The major defense mechanisms of respiratory tract include:
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9. PATHOGENESIS
• The major defense mechanisms of respiratory tract include:
 Aerodynamic filtration by the nasal cavities
 Sneezing
 Local nasal activities
 The laryngeal reflex
 The cough refex
 Mucociliary transport mechanisms
 Alveolar macrophages
 Systemic & local antibody system
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10. PATHOGENESIS
Development of pneumonia:
• The process by which pneumonia develops varies with the causative
agents & its virulence and with the portal by which it is introduced into
lungs
Bacterial Pneumonia:
• Bacteria are introduced (mainly) through respiratory passages
primary bronchiolitis spreads to involve surrounding pulmonary
parenchyma.
• Lungs reaction (acute fibrinous changes as in pasteurellosis; CBPP, CCPP)
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11. PATHOGENESIS
• A small patchy necrotic lesions (Necrobacillus infection), chronic caseous or
granulomatous or gangrenous lesions (mycobacterial or fungal infection)
• Spread of lesions to the lungs by extension as well as through lymphatics.
• Hematogenous infection by bacteria results in a varying number of septic
foci, which may enlarge to form lung abscesses.
• Pneumonia occur when these abscesses rupture into air passages and spread
as a secondary bronchopneumonia
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12. PATHOGENESIS
Viral pneumonia:
• Viral infections are introduced chiefly by inhalation, and cause primary
bronchitis.
• Spread to the alveoli causes enlargement & proliferation of the alveolar
epithelial cells and the development of alveolar edema.
• Consolidation of the affected tissue.
(absence of acute inflammatory reactions which is present in bacterial pneumonia)
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13. PATHOGENESIS
Parasitic pneumonia:
• The infective larvae ingested with food or water enter the lymph stream
from the intestine.
Intestine Mesentric lymph gland (mounting ) pulmonary
capillaries
Bronchi Alveoli
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14. PATHOGENESIS
• The larvae invading the pulmonary alveoli & bronchi give rise to
inflammation (verminous pneumonia), partly by their mechanical action
and partly by their metabolic products.
• With the development of larva it causes pneumonic changes in the lungs
(Extension of pneumonia to the visceral surface of the pleura results in
pleuritis, pleuropneumonia, pleural effusion and thoracic pain)
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15. CLINICAL FINDINGS
 Rapid, shallow breathing- is the cardinal sign of early pneumonia.
 Dyspnea- occurs in the later stages when much of the lung tissue is non
functional
 Polypnea- may be quite marked with only minor pneumonic lesions; the
rapidity of the respiration is an inaccurate guide to the degree of
pulmonary involvement
 Coughing – is another important sign, the type of cough varying with
the nature of the lesion.
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16. CLINICAL FINDINGS
A. Bacterial pneumonia
• Moist, painful, productive cough; cough is paroxysmal in nature.
• Nasal discharge- serous (initially), progressively mucoid, mucopurulent to
purulent.
• Sharp rise of body temperature.
• Anorexia, dullness, depression and an increased pulse rate.
• Gradual loss of body condition
• Stand with abducted elbow with extension of head and neck .
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17. CLINICAL FINDINGS
B. Viral pneumonia
• Dry, unproductive cough; cough may be hacking in nature.
• Nasal discharge- serous (initially), followed by mucopurulent discharge.
• Nasal discharge is purulent in case of secondary bacterial infection.
• Sharp rise of body temperature (104-106 degree Fahrenheit)
• Anorexia, dullness, depression.
• Respiration shallow and rapid
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18. CLINICAL FINDINGS
C. Parasitic pneumonia
• Cough, paroxysmal in nature.
• Sero- mucoid nasal discharge, sometimes it is mixed with worm.
• Itching of skin around the nares & excoriations due to rubbing.
• Temperature normal, but increase in case of secondary bacterial
infection
• Diarrhoea is obeseved frequently
• Edema of submaxillary region, eyelids or whole of the anterior part of
head
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19. CLINICAL FINDINGS
D. Mycotic pneumonia
• Thick mucoid nasal discharge.
• There may be hemorrhagic nasal discharge & expectoration of greenish-
yellow masses.
• Respiration is solely abdominal stimulating diaphragmatic hernia.
• Sign of dehydration & anemia.
• Temperature may be increase due to secondary bacterial infection.
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20. CLINICAL FINDINGS
E. Aspiration pneumonia
• Temperature up to 104-105 degree Celsius.
• Pulse is rapid and respiration is laboured.
• Sweetish foetid breath (in necrotic & gangrenous pneumonia)
• Nasal discharge- thick, muco-pulurent, rusty containing elastic fibers.
• Animal remain standing with abducted elbow.
• Protrusion of tongue and mouth breathing.
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21. CLINICAL FINDINGS
Respiratory sounds (Ascultation):
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Bacterial Adventitious sound, vesicular murmur (early stage)
Viral vesicular murmur and increase bronchial tone
Parasitic Moist and crepitant rales
Mycotic Harsh respiratory sounds
Aspiration Typical moist (bubbling) rales occasional splashing sound

22. DIAGNOSIS
■ From clinical signs and symptoms.
■ Form radiographic examination.
■ For serological test.
■ Cultural examination of nasal discharge and swab.
■ Blood examination.
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23. LINE OF TREATMENT
1. Antimicrobial therapy:
• Penicillin – 20-40 lakh i.u. (Cattle); 4.8 lakh i.u. (sheep & goat), IM× 5-7 d.
• Streptomycin sulphate- 2.5-5 g. (cattle); 0.5-1 g. (sheep & goat), IM × 5-7 d.
• Ampicillin, amoxicillin, tetracycline, cephalexin etc. can be used.
• Sulpha drugs (sulpbamezathine- 33.5 %, sulphadimidin- 33.3 %)- 15-30 ml50
kg body wt., IV/SC (specially for H.S.)
• Ceftifur (Xceft)- 1.1-2.2 mg/kg body wt., IM × 3-4 d.
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24. LINE OF TREATMENT
• In parasitic pneumonia, drugs like Diethylcarbamazine citrate,
tetramisole, levamisole, fenbendazole etc. may be used.
• In fungal pneumonia, Grisovin or nystatin is used.
2. Non steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs:
• Meloxicam- 0.5 mg/kg, SC, once.
3 . Bronchodilators:
• Theophylline- 28 mg/kg BW × 3 d.
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25. LINE OF TREATMENT
4. Supportive therapy and housing:
• Affected animal should be housed in warm, well- ventilated, draft- free
accommodation and provided with ample fresh water & light,
nourishing food.
• If animal does not eat, oral or parenteral force feeding should be
instituted.
• Oxygen therapy (if needed)
• Vitamin C & calcium therapy.
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26. THANK YOU
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