As lighting professionals will be only too well aware, the UK’s street-lighting schemes are undergoing a changeover from older sources such as high-pressure sodium (HPS) and high-intensity discharge (HID) to LED technology.
This presentation intends to outline research Lucy has carried out as part of her recent MSc to illustrate how this new street lighting technology affects residents living in suburban environments by exploring factors such as night-time visibility, distribution, preservation of environment, and feelings of safety.
The objective is to clarify the perceptions, needs and priorities of urban residents in order to find whether this, coupled with existing measures to reduce light pollution (for example PIR, dimming curfews and so on) can be ultimately harmonious. Such information forms a valid contribution in determining more precise ways of saving energy and globally reducing light pollution levels.
Exterior lighting designers, project managers, local authorities, environmental and street lighting engineers would find this really helpful.
by Lucy Record, Beam Lighting Design
A look at the health effects of flicker, measurements and metrics of temporal light modulation in traditional and modern lighting, and how it relates to some of the recent standards, regulations and proposals.
This talk benefits exterior lighting designers, engineers, project managers, contractors, consultants and environmental.
by Luke Price, Public Health England
The presentation highlights key points in two new reports on Maintenance Factors from the ILP and ISO/CIE and updates on CIE recent activity.
Maintenance factors are applied to ensure that at the end of scheme’s design life, the worst-case scenario, the specified lighting level is still maintained. The maintenance factor applied to a luminaire should reflect how its light output reduces over time due to, for example, the effects of lumen depreciation of the light source and the build-up of dirt on a luminaire.
The methodology of determining the maintenance factor has been extensively documented. However, as the focus of these earlier technical reports was predominantly on incandescent and gas discharge light sources, more clarity is needed to ensure the proper use/translation of the existing methodology towards technologies such as light emitting diodes (LED).
Technologies such as LED distinguish themselves from other technologies by their long lifetime, low failure rate and their integration of components which were previously seen as separate components. As such the previous methods used to determine the depreciation and survival of luminaires might seem unusable and cause uncertainty. However, based on work by IEC the luminous flux depreciation and light source failure parameters have now been re-established for LED-based light sources and allow for translation into an updated way of working to determine the maintenance factor using the existing methodology and data for luminaire and surface dirt depreciation.
This would benefit manufacturers, public realm, highways and amenities.
By Nigel Parry, CIE
A look at the health effects of flicker, measurements and metrics of temporal light modulation in traditional and modern lighting, and how it relates to some of the recent standards, regulations and proposals.
This talk benefits exterior lighting designers, engineers, project managers, contractors, consultants and environmental.
by Luke Price, Public Health England
The presentation highlights key points in two new reports on Maintenance Factors from the ILP and ISO/CIE and updates on CIE recent activity.
Maintenance factors are applied to ensure that at the end of scheme’s design life, the worst-case scenario, the specified lighting level is still maintained. The maintenance factor applied to a luminaire should reflect how its light output reduces over time due to, for example, the effects of lumen depreciation of the light source and the build-up of dirt on a luminaire.
The methodology of determining the maintenance factor has been extensively documented. However, as the focus of these earlier technical reports was predominantly on incandescent and gas discharge light sources, more clarity is needed to ensure the proper use/translation of the existing methodology towards technologies such as light emitting diodes (LED).
Technologies such as LED distinguish themselves from other technologies by their long lifetime, low failure rate and their integration of components which were previously seen as separate components. As such the previous methods used to determine the depreciation and survival of luminaires might seem unusable and cause uncertainty. However, based on work by IEC the luminous flux depreciation and light source failure parameters have now been re-established for LED-based light sources and allow for translation into an updated way of working to determine the maintenance factor using the existing methodology and data for luminaire and surface dirt depreciation.
This would benefit manufacturers, public realm, highways and amenities.
By Nigel Parry, CIE
This presentation reports from interviews carried out with lighting-engineers at several North-East local authorities, as well as representatives of local PFI lighting organisations and Thorn Lighting. In particular he explores how lighting-engineers seek to use trials and experiments to develop their knowledge and understanding about the capacities of different lighting-technologies and practices, while at the same time dealing with (acknowledged) gaps in understanding about areas in which street-lighting impacts eg fear of crime, night-time economy. He argues that in light of the new controversies and politicization that has been created about changing lighting-technologies, lighting professionals would benefit from developing new ways of exploring and assessing the broader impact of street-lighting.
Talk by Dr Robert Shaw, Durham University
IoN - Human-Centric Internet of Networks - Michael P Totten presentation at H...Michael P Totten
Smart LED Solid-State Lighting (SSL) luminaires with color tunable and dimmable capabilities, linked to the Internet offer enhanced benefits for human well-being, health and productivity. Energy savings of 50 to 80% are one monetary advantage, but these savings are eclipsed by the value accruing from increased productivity and wellness benefits.
CASE STUDY 5Exploring Innovation in Action The Dimming of the.docxwendolynhalbert
CASE STUDY 5
Exploring Innovation in Action: The Dimming of the Light Bulb
In the beginning….
God said let there be light. And for a long time this came from a rather primitive but surprisingly effective method – the oil lamp. From the early days of putting simple wicks into congealed animal fats, through candles to more sophisticated oil lamps, people have been using this form of illumination. Archaeologists tell us this goes back at least 40,000 years so there has been plenty of scope for innovation to improve the basic idea! Certainly by the time of the Romans, domestic illumination – albeit with candles – was a well-developed feature of civilised society.
Not a lot changed until the late eighteenth century when the expansion of the mining industry led to experiments with uses for coal gas – one of which was as an alternative source of illumination. One of the pioneers of research in the coal industry – Humphrey Davy – invented the carbon arc lamp and ushered in a new era of safety within the mines, but also opened the door to alternative forms of domestic illumination and the era of gas lighting began.
But it was not until the middle of the following century that researchers began to explore the possibilities of using a new power source and some new physical effects. Experiments by Joseph Swann in England and Moses Farmer in the USA (amongst others) led to the development of a device in which a tiny metal filament enclosed within a glass envelope was heated to incandescence by an electric current. This was the first electric light bulb – and it still bears more than a passing resemblance to the product found hanging from millions of ceilings all around the world.
By 1879 it became clear that there was significant commercial potential in such lighting – not just for domestic use. Two events occurred during that year which were to have far-reaching effects on the emergence of a new industry. The first was that the city of Cleveland – although using a different lamp technology (carbon arc) – introduced the first public street lighting. And the second was that patents were registered for the incandescent filament light bulb by Joseph Swann in England and one Thomas Edison in the USA.
Needless to say the firms involved in gas supply and distribution and the gas lighting industry were not taking the threat from electric light lying down and they responded with a series of improvement innovations which helped retain gas lighting’s popularity for much of the late nineteenth century. Much of what happened over the next 30 years is a good example of what is sometimes called the ‘sailing ship effect’. That is, just as in the shipping world the invention of steam power did not instantly lead to the disappearance of sailing ships but instead triggered a whole series of improvement in that industry, so the gas lighting industry consolidated its position through incremental product and process innovations.
But electric lighting was also improvin ...
CASE STUDY 5Exploring Innovation in Action The Dimming of the Lig.docxPazSilviapm
CASE STUDY 5
Exploring Innovation in Action: The Dimming of the Light Bulb
In the beginning….
God said let there be light. And for a long time this came from a rather primitive but surprisingly effective method – the oil lamp. From the early days of putting simple wicks into congealed animal fats, through candles to more sophisticated oil lamps, people have been using this form of illumination. Archaeologists tell us this goes back at least 40,000 years so there has been plenty of scope for innovation to improve the basic idea! Certainly by the time of the Romans, domestic illumination – albeit with candles – was a well-developed feature of civilised society.
Not a lot changed until the late eighteenth century when the expansion of the mining industry led to experiments with uses for coal gas – one of which was as an alternative source of illumination. One of the pioneers of research in the coal industry – Humphrey Davy – invented the carbon arc lamp and ushered in a new era of safety within the mines, but also opened the door to alternative forms of domestic illumination and the era of gas lighting began.
But it was not until the middle of the following century that researchers began to explore the possibilities of using a new power source and some new physical effects. Experiments by Joseph Swann in England and Moses Farmer in the USA (amongst others) led to the development of a device in which a tiny metal filament enclosed within a glass envelope was heated to incandescence by an electric current. This was the first electric light bulb – and it still bears more than a passing resemblance to the product found hanging from millions of ceilings all around the world.
By 1879 it became clear that there was significant commercial potential in such lighting – not just for domestic use. Two events occurred during that year which were to have far-reaching effects on the emergence of a new industry. The first was that the city of Cleveland – although using a different lamp technology (carbon arc) – introduced the first public street lighting. And the second was that patents were registered for the incandescent filament light bulb by Joseph Swann in England and one Thomas Edison in the USA.
Needless to say the firms involved in gas supply and distribution and the gas lighting industry were not taking the threat from electric light lying down and they responded with a series of improvement innovations which helped retain gas lighting’s popularity for much of the late nineteenth century. Much of what happened over the next 30 years is a good example of what is sometimes called the ‘sailing ship effect’. That is, just as in the shipping world the invention of steam power did not instantly lead to the disappearance of sailing ships but instead triggered a whole series of improvement in that industry, so the gas lighting industry consolidated its position through incremental product and process innovations.
But electric lighting was also improving and th.
Light Pollution and Astronomy by Dr Michael ElvesJeremy LeLean
Dr Michael Elves looks at light pollution and its adverse effect on astornomy and how through grass roots pressure the law was changed to alleviate the problem.
As modern environmentalists, naturalists, and medical researchers consider light pollution to be one of the fastest growing and most pervasive forms of environmental pollution; this PPT has been prepared primarily with an intent to create an awareness amongst the architect fraternity.
How do we re-think lighting in a way that has a lower impact on the environment, while still fulfilling human needs?
How do we implement our good intentions in real life?
Gladsaxe municipality needed a lighting solution that affected a nearby bat colony as little as possible, while maintain safety on the bicycle path running through a wooded area. Taking point of departure in this case, we discuss how lighting professionals should work to translate scientific research and technical knowledge into innovative site specific projects with the lowest possible environmental impact.
Talk by: Philip Jelvard and Rune Brandt Hermannsson, Light Bureau
This presentation reports from interviews carried out with lighting-engineers at several North-East local authorities, as well as representatives of local PFI lighting organisations and Thorn Lighting. In particular he explores how lighting-engineers seek to use trials and experiments to develop their knowledge and understanding about the capacities of different lighting-technologies and practices, while at the same time dealing with (acknowledged) gaps in understanding about areas in which street-lighting impacts eg fear of crime, night-time economy. He argues that in light of the new controversies and politicization that has been created about changing lighting-technologies, lighting professionals would benefit from developing new ways of exploring and assessing the broader impact of street-lighting.
Talk by Dr Robert Shaw, Durham University
IoN - Human-Centric Internet of Networks - Michael P Totten presentation at H...Michael P Totten
Smart LED Solid-State Lighting (SSL) luminaires with color tunable and dimmable capabilities, linked to the Internet offer enhanced benefits for human well-being, health and productivity. Energy savings of 50 to 80% are one monetary advantage, but these savings are eclipsed by the value accruing from increased productivity and wellness benefits.
CASE STUDY 5Exploring Innovation in Action The Dimming of the.docxwendolynhalbert
CASE STUDY 5
Exploring Innovation in Action: The Dimming of the Light Bulb
In the beginning….
God said let there be light. And for a long time this came from a rather primitive but surprisingly effective method – the oil lamp. From the early days of putting simple wicks into congealed animal fats, through candles to more sophisticated oil lamps, people have been using this form of illumination. Archaeologists tell us this goes back at least 40,000 years so there has been plenty of scope for innovation to improve the basic idea! Certainly by the time of the Romans, domestic illumination – albeit with candles – was a well-developed feature of civilised society.
Not a lot changed until the late eighteenth century when the expansion of the mining industry led to experiments with uses for coal gas – one of which was as an alternative source of illumination. One of the pioneers of research in the coal industry – Humphrey Davy – invented the carbon arc lamp and ushered in a new era of safety within the mines, but also opened the door to alternative forms of domestic illumination and the era of gas lighting began.
But it was not until the middle of the following century that researchers began to explore the possibilities of using a new power source and some new physical effects. Experiments by Joseph Swann in England and Moses Farmer in the USA (amongst others) led to the development of a device in which a tiny metal filament enclosed within a glass envelope was heated to incandescence by an electric current. This was the first electric light bulb – and it still bears more than a passing resemblance to the product found hanging from millions of ceilings all around the world.
By 1879 it became clear that there was significant commercial potential in such lighting – not just for domestic use. Two events occurred during that year which were to have far-reaching effects on the emergence of a new industry. The first was that the city of Cleveland – although using a different lamp technology (carbon arc) – introduced the first public street lighting. And the second was that patents were registered for the incandescent filament light bulb by Joseph Swann in England and one Thomas Edison in the USA.
Needless to say the firms involved in gas supply and distribution and the gas lighting industry were not taking the threat from electric light lying down and they responded with a series of improvement innovations which helped retain gas lighting’s popularity for much of the late nineteenth century. Much of what happened over the next 30 years is a good example of what is sometimes called the ‘sailing ship effect’. That is, just as in the shipping world the invention of steam power did not instantly lead to the disappearance of sailing ships but instead triggered a whole series of improvement in that industry, so the gas lighting industry consolidated its position through incremental product and process innovations.
But electric lighting was also improvin ...
CASE STUDY 5Exploring Innovation in Action The Dimming of the Lig.docxPazSilviapm
CASE STUDY 5
Exploring Innovation in Action: The Dimming of the Light Bulb
In the beginning….
God said let there be light. And for a long time this came from a rather primitive but surprisingly effective method – the oil lamp. From the early days of putting simple wicks into congealed animal fats, through candles to more sophisticated oil lamps, people have been using this form of illumination. Archaeologists tell us this goes back at least 40,000 years so there has been plenty of scope for innovation to improve the basic idea! Certainly by the time of the Romans, domestic illumination – albeit with candles – was a well-developed feature of civilised society.
Not a lot changed until the late eighteenth century when the expansion of the mining industry led to experiments with uses for coal gas – one of which was as an alternative source of illumination. One of the pioneers of research in the coal industry – Humphrey Davy – invented the carbon arc lamp and ushered in a new era of safety within the mines, but also opened the door to alternative forms of domestic illumination and the era of gas lighting began.
But it was not until the middle of the following century that researchers began to explore the possibilities of using a new power source and some new physical effects. Experiments by Joseph Swann in England and Moses Farmer in the USA (amongst others) led to the development of a device in which a tiny metal filament enclosed within a glass envelope was heated to incandescence by an electric current. This was the first electric light bulb – and it still bears more than a passing resemblance to the product found hanging from millions of ceilings all around the world.
By 1879 it became clear that there was significant commercial potential in such lighting – not just for domestic use. Two events occurred during that year which were to have far-reaching effects on the emergence of a new industry. The first was that the city of Cleveland – although using a different lamp technology (carbon arc) – introduced the first public street lighting. And the second was that patents were registered for the incandescent filament light bulb by Joseph Swann in England and one Thomas Edison in the USA.
Needless to say the firms involved in gas supply and distribution and the gas lighting industry were not taking the threat from electric light lying down and they responded with a series of improvement innovations which helped retain gas lighting’s popularity for much of the late nineteenth century. Much of what happened over the next 30 years is a good example of what is sometimes called the ‘sailing ship effect’. That is, just as in the shipping world the invention of steam power did not instantly lead to the disappearance of sailing ships but instead triggered a whole series of improvement in that industry, so the gas lighting industry consolidated its position through incremental product and process innovations.
But electric lighting was also improving and th.
Light Pollution and Astronomy by Dr Michael ElvesJeremy LeLean
Dr Michael Elves looks at light pollution and its adverse effect on astornomy and how through grass roots pressure the law was changed to alleviate the problem.
As modern environmentalists, naturalists, and medical researchers consider light pollution to be one of the fastest growing and most pervasive forms of environmental pollution; this PPT has been prepared primarily with an intent to create an awareness amongst the architect fraternity.
How do we re-think lighting in a way that has a lower impact on the environment, while still fulfilling human needs?
How do we implement our good intentions in real life?
Gladsaxe municipality needed a lighting solution that affected a nearby bat colony as little as possible, while maintain safety on the bicycle path running through a wooded area. Taking point of departure in this case, we discuss how lighting professionals should work to translate scientific research and technical knowledge into innovative site specific projects with the lowest possible environmental impact.
Talk by: Philip Jelvard and Rune Brandt Hermannsson, Light Bureau
It’s clear that the lighting industry needs to take a lead in providing solutions that both respect the environment and protect our dark skies, but how do we balance this with the differing requirements of the people who use those spaces? Whilst we focus on ‘numbers’ and provide schemes that meet the standards and minimise ecological impact does this result in spaces that may not be inclusive by design?
And how can we deliver engaging places and spaces that people love to be in?
This paper explores how technology can help support a more holistic approach that meets both needs.
By Clare Thomas, Urbis Schreder.
Decarbonisation is one of the greatest challenges facing our generation and Distribution Network Operators (DNOs) sit at the heart of the transition to Net Zero. With millions of Electric Vehicles (EVs) charging at home, on the street and at work, often using as much power as a block of flats, DNOs will need to work with customers and stakeholders to build a smart, flexible network.
In this webinar we will examine our forecasts for the likely EV uptake, how DNOs will need to support customers wanting to connect to the electricity supply network and how innovation is helping them connect customers more quickly and cheaply.
Speaker: Neil Madgwick, UK Power Networks.
This CPD webinar covers the need for a Circular Economy and describes an ideal one. Legislation and guides relevant to the lighting industry are outlined. Circular Design principles are examined related to luminaire design, materials, manufacturing and ecosystem. As a coda the Circular Economy is put into a wider environmental impact assessment context.
Talk by Roger Sexton, Business Development at Stoane Lighting
The drive towards delivering a Net Zero economy is ramping up and now more than ever we need to take action in all aspects of our daily lives to reach this goal. But as lighting designers, how can we make this change when essentially specifying energy using products is what we do. So where do we start when embarking on this journey and importantly how can we limit our impact on the environment when delivering lighting projects?
Kristina will present the Society of Light and Lighting's (SLL) TM66 - 'Creating a Circular Economy in the Lighting Industry' with an accompanying metric - Circular Economy Assessment Method (CEAM). This will help everyone on their journey in creating a circular economy in the lighting industry.
Presented by Kristina Allison, SLL and Lighting Designer, Atkins Global.
Alec will introduce an overview of LCRIG and its aim to deliver practical solutions to help councils achieve net zero. Stressing the importance of removing silos both in the public and private sector, Alec will show how the lighting sector can team up with others. He will reveal the creation of a net zero working group which ILP members can get involved with.
Presented by Alec Peachey, Content Director, Local Council Roads Innovation Group.
“In order to be irreplaceable, one must always be different” - Coco Chanel.
Sharon and Martin talk about how and why they deliberately set up Light Collective using a different model to conventional lighting consultancies (they made their own one up!). They share their journey to date and how they shifted from lighting designers to light activists to create a unique creative consultancy (they don't know what else to call it!). Never be afraid of being different, be afraid of being the same as everyone else…
www.lightcollective.net
Presented by
Sharon Stammers and Martin Lupton - Light Collective.
We look at how the colour of surfaces within a space lit with LED lighting influences our perception of size and height, what is the first colour seen by infants and how their colour perception range grows, the influence of other colours in our daily lives, art, religion, cars, farming, and more. This is not what you would expect about colour.
Presented by
Philip Hammond - Director and Principal, BHA School of Lighting - Cape Town, South Africa.
and
Lorraine de Bruyn - Lighting Executive, Perspex SA, and student BHA School of Lighting - Johannesburg, South Africa.
We take a very different look at colour, how colour is perceived in different cultures around the world, how your choice of colour for your business brand can influence and be interpreted by your customers, iridescence and more.
Presented by
Philip Hammond - Director and Principal, BHA School of Lighting - Cape Town, South Africa.
and
Abinaya Jevaraju - Electrical & Electronics Engineer, and second year student BHA School of Lighting - Kuwait City, Kuwait.
With 80% of the built environment already in existence today, the choices we make in delivering low carbon, environmentally considered solutions must go beyond simply considering the operational efficiency of an installation. This presentation will look at what good lighting looks like for an existing space and how we can utilise already installed assets to deliver the lowest carbon impact without compromising on the needs of people.
Presented by Tim Bowes MSLL, Head of Lighting Application at Whitecroft Lighting.
Overview of technical challenges within Smart Light Concepts (SLIC) project.
In the European research project Smart Light Concepts (SLIC), researchers from Avans University of Applied Sciences and Portsmouth University explore, together with city and provincial authorities in 4 countries (Belgium, France, the Netherlands and United Kingdom), different solutions for reducing carbon emissions from public lighting.
The focus of this talk was on:
• (preliminary) results regarding energy and CO2 emissions reduction achieved by the various pilot projects
• Quantification of diminishing returns of different energy usage reduction strategies
• Differences in Public Lighting approach between different (ex) EU member states
• Technology related success & failure factors in public lighting projects
Find out more about the SLIC project here.
Speaker: Yves Prevoo, Avans University of Applied Sciences.
Hosts: Claire Gough, Chair ILP Bristol and Tom Lewis, Vice Chair ILP Bristol.
This presentation was presented as an ILP CPD webinar in August 2021 the recording is available at www.theilp.org.uk
The role of public lighting is twofold, it has to make the night time environment both safe and appear to be safe. This is not that straight forward as the perception of safety is not directly related to actual safety. The feeling of safety is dependent on a whole series of factors including personal history, location and time. Whilst it is clear that darkness reduces feelings of safety it is less obvious what is the best way to provide light to improve safety.
Speakers: Dr Jemima Unwin MSc PhD RIBA MSLL and Professor Peter Raynham CEng FILP FSLL MCIBSE, from UCL Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering (IEDE)
A session on lighting and planning, delivered by two planning policy officers from nationally protected landscapes. Paul Fellows is Head of Strategic Planning at North York Moors National Park Authority, which along with the Yorkshire Dales National Park was granted International Dark Skies status in December 2020. Natalie Beal is a policy planner at the Broads Authority. Both are Members of the Royal Town Planning Institute. Natalie and Paul will deliver an hour long session that will be in three parts. Firstly, an introduction to how the planning system works. They will then focus on how lighting can be influenced through the planning system. Finally, they will give a planner’s view on the 10 policy proposals from the Dark Skies APPG.
Speakers: Natalie Beal MRTPI, Broads Authority and Paul Fellows MRTPI from North York Moors.
An experienced street lighting team’s perspective -
Scotland has a strong focus on accelerating the provision of electric vehicle charging infrastructure. Data shows that outside of London, Scotland is way ahead of the rest of the UK in the provision of public charge points. So, what can be learnt from Westminster’s EV charging rollout? The process has been managed by a specific team, with technical input from the council’s street lighting team. This CPD presentation will give the street lighting team’s view of the in-column EV charging rollout in the council. Covering the expectations versus reality under current standards, the issues found following installation, and the ever-changing landscape of what can be allowed on the highway, this session will benefit every street lighting professional with an involvement in EV charging. The webinar will also include an overview of the issues to consider with rapid chargers.
Speaker: Dean Wendelborn BE(Civil) and Dip.Lighting (LET), Westminster City Council
Road Lighting Standards for Europe and beyond, a personal reflection.
Join ILP Ireland on a world tour, headlined by Nick Smith. You might think the European road lighting Standards would be applied the same way across all of Europe but that isn’t the case. This webinar will discuss how EN13201 is applied in various European countries and their thinking behind this. The webinar will then focus on America, looking at their approach to lighting design in USA and Canada; the Standards used, the design metrics and how they are applied. Next on the world tour will be Australia and New Zealand, again, looking at their Standards, the metrics and how they are applied. The final stop will be the middle east where a range of Standards are applied.
The world becoming less isolated with improved communications so designing for overseas clients will become more commonplace in future. This is a must see webinar for all those involved in lighting design.
Speaker: Nick Smith FILP IEng MIES, Nick Smith Associates Limited
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Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Altered Terrain: Colonial Encroachment and Environmental Changes in Cachar, A...PriyankaKilaniya
The beginning of colonial policy in the area was signaled by the British annexation of the Cachar district in southern Assam in 1832. The region became an alluring investment opportunity for Europeans after British rule over Cachar, especially after the accidental discovery of wild tea in 1855. Within this historical context, this study explores three major stages that characterize the evolution of nature. First, it examines the distribution and growth of tea plantations, examining their size and rate of expansion. The second aspect of the study examines the consequences of land concessions, which led to the initial loss of native forests. Finally, the study investigates the increased strain on forests caused by migrant workers' demands. It also highlights the crucial role that the Forest Department plays in protecting these natural habitats from the invasion of tea planters. This study aims to analyze the intricate relationship between colonialism and the altered landscape of Cachar, Assam, by means of a thorough investigation, shedding light on the environmental, economic, and societal aspects of this historical transformation.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
PLS 2019: The effects of LED streetlight technology on the nocturnal urban residential environment
1. THE EFFECTS OF LED STREETLIGHT TECHNOLOGY ON THE
SUBURBAN RESIDENTIAL ENVIRONMENT
LUCY RECORD
(MSC LIGHT & LIGHTING, UCL)
Lucy Record – ILP Professional Lighting Summit – Newcastle 2019
1
2. INTRODUCTION
Lucy Record – ILP Professional Lighting Summit – Newcastle 2019
General enquiry: The changing vista of the nighttime environment caused by LED streetlighting
Specific focus: Suburban residential environment
Main study: Door to door survey to document the residents perceptions of the upgraded street lighting
Sub study1: Illuminance mapping technique comparing 3 light sources (LED, HID & HPS) in
an authentic setting
Sub study 2: Interview with a street lighting manufacturer
2
Main objectives: can human needs an environmental respect be harmonious?
Further questions: are people adding additional security lighting in response to
the changes?
4. Lucy Record – ILP Professional Lighting Summit – Newcastle 2019 4
BACKGROUND RESEARCH
Councils across the UK are increasingly under pressure to reduce net CO2 emissions; a major incentive to
seek new means and approaches to lighting up streets at night.1
In February 2014 the UK government reported that the ratio of streetlighting was 1:10 LED to HPS /HID
sources. Last year (2018) LED schemes had only increased by 20%2
In the UK Individual counties autonomously decide on dimming and switch-off policies:
Suffolk switches off their street-lights between midnight and 6am.
Coventry, the lights dim down to 50% after 9pm in the evenings. 1
The overall saving of switching over to LED are estimated to be £200 million with a 10-year payoff period3
5. Lucy Record – ILP Professional Lighting Summit – Newcastle 2019 5
BACKGROUND RESEARCH
In 2016 The UK Government necessitated that LED streetlights have a luminous efficacy of 96 lm/W with a
longevity of 100,000 hours. 4,5
Over 10 years since 2006, the efficiency and the life expectancy doubled. 4,5
Earlier technology typically favoured cooler colour temperature due to the efficiency benefits. 1
By 2025 it is predicted that warm white LEDs will exceed 160lm/W; almost double that of today’s
figures.6
6. BACKGROUND RESEARCH
80% of the global population are exposed to light polluted skies, and two thirds cannot see the Milky
Way where they live.7
Younger generations becoming conditioned to higher levels of light at night due to a lack of reference to
naturally dark skies do not notice the shift. Christopher Kyba: “Shifting Baseline Syndrome”. 8,9
Research about the relationship between LED streetlights and light pollution is in its infancy –
early days still!
Existing research suggests that light-spill is thought to have a greater impact on light pollution
compared to wavelength.10,11,12,13,14,15
Light directed from 90º - 100º angles, - lower upper light output zone (UL)".16
Reflection from roads only accounts for 25% of artificial sky brightness as opposed to
75% from Upward Light.17
ILP GN01:2011
Lucy Record – ILP Professional Lighting Summit – Newcastle 2019
7. Lucy Record – ILP Professional Lighting Summit – Newcastle 2019
BACKGROUND RESEARCH
Over 50 years since 1950 to 2000, luminous efficacy of lighting has doubled, and despite this, electricity
consumption has increased by 400% (for lighting alone). 18
Artificial lighting counts for 19% of all electrical consumption worldwide, 15-20% of which accounts for
exterior lighting, which has increased steadily at a rate of 3-6% per year. 18
As lighting becomes cheaper, the likelihood of consumers using it in greater quantities increases. It
is therefore feasible to assume that reduced lighting cost will increase illumination; or that
conversion to energy efficient lighting is unlikely to reduce energy consumption. 8
Lucy Record – ILP Professional Lighting Summit – Newcastle 2019
8. Lucy Record – ILP Professional Lighting Summit – Newcastle 2019
BACKGROUND RESEARCH
Shifts in social and psychological concerns, connected primarily with safety are driving forward the need for
good visual acuity in urban areas at night
One study reported that timed switch-offs and dimming curfews are generally unnoticed by
residents, but there is a considerable objection to the concept of darkness or “dim” lighting.19
Whilst the perception of ‘well-lit’ streets at night in residential areas is psychologically connected
with safety and reduced crime/ road accidents, there is a lack of hard evidence to back it up.20,21,22
The St Helens BLISS surveys (2011) attempted to define the characteristics of lighting that induce
a feeling of ‘safety’; it still stands as the most comprehensive qualitative surveys on LED street-
lighting to date.23
9. Lucy Record – ILP Professional Lighting Summit – Newcastle 2019 9
OBSERVATIONAL STUDY: ILLUMINANCE MAPPING TECHNIQUE
10. Lucy Record – ILP Professional Lighting Summit – Newcastle 2019 10
HPS HID LED
HPS HID LED
HPS HID LED
HORIZONTALVERTICALVERTICAL
11. Lucy Record – ILP Professional Lighting Summit – Newcastle 2019
11
MAIN STUDY: STREET LIGHTING DOOR-TO-DOOR SURVEY - METHODOLOGY
13. MAIN STUDY: STREET LIGHTING DOOR-TO-DOOR SURVEY - METHODOLOGY
16-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 Comment
Age
M F Comment
Sex
Yes No Comment
Registered disabled?
Home Owner
Owned
Outright
Buying on
mortgage
Rent
from
trust
Rent
from
private
landlord
Rent
from
council
Comment
General
Yes No Don't know Comment
Have you noticed any changes in the local
urban environment within the last 1 year?
If so, what?
Street Lighting
Yes No Don't know Comment
Have you noticed any change to the street
lighting lately?
1 2 3 4 5 Comment
Pleasant Unpleasant
What do you think of the colour of the new lighting?
Brighter Darker
Is it brighter or darker in comparison to
previous lighting?
Yes No Don't know Comment
Have you noticed any unwanted light spill in
your bedroom at night?
Is this a problem? If so, why?
Coverage
Yes No Comment
Does the street look evenly lit?
Is it important that the street lighting lights up
the front garden?
Is it important that the street lighting lights up
the front façade of the house/flats?
Do you have any existing local lighting on front
of side of house, e.g. Security, aesthetics?
Have you added any extra lighting on the front
or side of your house within the past year?
Any Plans to?
Environment
Yes No Comment
Do you think it is important to have some areas
of darkness in the nightime urban
environment?
Do you feel that it is important to have the
street lights on at full power all night?
Do you feel that the new LED lighting is better
for the environment?
Is light pollution an issue in this area?
Don't know
Demographics
Don't know
DEMOGRAPHICS:
AGE
SEX
HOME OWNERSHIP
GENERAL:
HAVE YOU NOTICED ANY CHANGES?
NEW STREET LIGHTING:
COLOUR TEMPERATURE
BRIGHTNESS
LIGHT SPILL
DISTRIBUTION
EXPECTATIONS:
WHAT SHOULD BE LIT?
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS
DIMMING CURFEWS
SECURITY LIGHTING:
EXISTING?
PLANS TO ADD?
14. MAIN STUDY: STREET LIGHTING SURVEY - RESULTS
Two busy roads:
Didn’t generally notice any changes to the street lighting
Commented that the light distribution of LEDs was “uniform”
Felt that street lighting should not encroach into their front gardens or house facades
Were slightly more in favour of areas of darkness in the urban environment
Quiet road:
More astute to general changes in their surroundings, and therefore the street lighting
Were in favour of street lights lighting up to their front door, but not spilling onto the house façade.
Had a greater concern about light pollution in their area yet were more in favour of full power street-
lighting throughout the night
Higher concern over safety
Demographical comparisons:
The two busy roads had predominantly younger male participants who were renting tenants
The quiet road had more older female home owner participants
Majority of all participants:
In favour of dimming curfews
Concern over light pollution levels in their local environment
Lucy Record – ILP Professional Lighting Summit – Newcastle 2019
15. Lucy Record – ILP Professional Lighting Summit – Newcastle 2019
An unlikely outcome of the study was that urban residents, being already exposed to high levels
of light pollution, were open to the idea of retaining areas of darkness and implementing
dimming curfews.
15
MAIN STUDY: STREET LIGHTING SURVEY – DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION
The study could reinforce discussion about dimming/switch-off curfews, despite the bad press
against it.24
Questions raised about what qualities of street-lighting induce a feeling of ‘safety’? 25
Early signs of additional security lighting as a response to the new street lighting:
7 people out of the 43 surveyed had installed extra lights in response to the changed scheme, which is 16%. Put this
figure into the larger picture of households in the UK (26.7 million) and the potential is 4.27 million households
adding additional lighting.
Younger people are less aware of rising levels of light pollution due to a gradual conditioning.
16. Lucy Record – ILP Professional Lighting Summit – Newcastle 2019
16
“Should we cater for a very small number of people walking around at 2am?
Probably not. You can't accommodate such a small percentage of people who
might be fearful.”
Resident, Archway Road
18. 1. Parry, N. (2016). Interview 7/6/16
2. Anon, (2019). Annual Report. [online] Available at: https://www.localgov.co.uk/LED-street-lights-could-save-councils-200m-a-year-campaigners-say/44106
3. Anon, (2014). Annual Report. [online] Available at: http://green investment banking 2014 [Accessed 12 Feb. 2016].
4. Energy.gov. (2016). LED Basics | Department of Energy. [online] Available at: http://www.energy.gov/eere/ssl/led-basics [Accessed 13 Aug. 2016].
5. Herefordshire.gov.uk. (2016). LED street lights - Herefordshire Council. [online] Available at: https://www.herefordshire.gov.uk/environmental-protection/conservation-and-
sustainability/led-street-lights [Accessed 13 Aug. 2016].
6. Anon, (2008). [online] Available at: http://cool.conservation-us.org/byorg/us-doe/color_rendering_index.pdf [Accessed 14 Aug. 2016].
7. Falchi, F., Cinzano, P., Duriscoe, D., Kyba, C., Elvidge, C., Baugh, K., Portnov, B., Rybnikova, N. and Furgoni, R. (2016). The new world atlas of artificial night sky brightness.
Science Advances, 2(6), pp.e1600377-e1600377.
8. Kyba, C., Hänel, A. and Hölker, F. (2014). Redefining efficiency for outdoor lighting. Energy & Environmental Science, 7(6), p.1806.
9. Pauly, D. (1995). Anecdotes and the shifting baseline syndrome of fisheries. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 10(10), p.430.
10. Red is the new black: how the colour of urban skyglow varies with cloud cover
11. Kyba, T Ruhtz, J Fischer… - Monthly Notices of the …, 2012 - mnras.oxfordjournals.org
12. Kyba, C., Ruhtz, T., Fischer, J. and Hölker, F. (2011). Cloud Coverage Acts as an Amplifier for Ecological Light Pollution in Urban Ecosystems. PLoS ONE, 6(3), p.e17307.
13. Luginbuhl, C. (2001). Why Astronomy Needs Low-Pressure Sodium Lighting. Symposium - International Astronomical Union, 196, pp.81-86.
14. Anon, (2016). [online] Available at: http://Night Sky to Turn Bluer? Energy-efficient streetlights may change color of light pollution. By Dave Mosher, for National Geographic
News. Published August 2014 [Accessed 12 Aug. 2016].
15. Rea, M. and Bierman, A. (2014). Spectral considerations for outdoor lighting: Consequences for sky glow. Lighting Research and Technology, 47(8), pp.920-930.
16. ILP: Guidance Notes for the Reduction of Obtrusive Light GN01:2011
17. Falchi, F., Cinzano, P., Elvidge, C.D., Keith, D.M. and Haim, A., 2011. Limiting the impact of light pollution on human health, environment and stellar visibility. Journal of
environmental management, 92(10), pp.2714-2722.
18. Hölker, F., Moss, T., Griefahn, B., Kloas, W., Voigt, C.C., Henckel, D., Hänel, A., Kappeler, P.M., Völker, S., Schwope, A. and Franke, S., 2010. The dark side of light: a
transdisciplinary research agenda for light pollution policy.
19. Green, J., Perkins, C., Steinbach, R. and Edwards, P., 2015. Reduced street lighting at night and health: a rapid appraisal of public views in England and Wales. Health &
place, 34, pp.171-180.
20. Marchant, P., 2010. What is the contribution of street lighting to keeping us safe? An investigation into a policy. Radical Statistics, 102, pp.32-42.
21. Marchant, P.R., 2004. A demonstration that the claim that brighter lighting reduces crime is unfounded. British Journal of Criminology, 44(3), pp.441-447.
22. Steinbach, R., Perkins, C., Tompson, L., Johnson, S., Armstrong, B., Green, J., Grundy, C., Wilkinson, P. and Edwards, P. (2015). The effect of reduced street lighting on road
casualties and crime in England and Wales: controlled interrupted time series analysis. J Epidemiol
23. St Helens Council, (2011). BLISS Surveys. St Helens: IPSOS MORI.
24. Green, J., Perkins, C., Steinbach, R. and Edwards, P., 2015. Reduced street lighting at night and health: a rapid appraisal of public views in England and Wales. Health &
place, 34, pp.171-180.
25. Sutton, R. M. and S. Farrall (2005). "Gender, Socially Desirable Responding and the Fear of Crime." British Journal of Criminology 45: 212-224.
References
19. Many thanks to Jess and Jo at the ILP for the generous opportunity to attend the ILP conference, Newcastle and
present my work.
I would like to express sincere gratitude to the tutors of MSc Light and Lighting at The Bartlett, University College London,
who supported me throughout the process of writing this paper, namely Dr Jemima Unwin and Dr Peter Raynham.
I would also like to sincerely thank Nigel Parry (OrangeTek) for lending his time and expertise in the interview which forms
a large portion of the supporting research.
Finally, I would like to give great credit to both my parents, Liz and John for their financial and emotional support
throughout Masters Degree.
Acknowledgements