This document provides guidelines for managing PureLine parent stock flocks from day-old chicks through the production period. Key aspects discussed include maintaining uniform growth and body weight targets through separate sex rearing and restricted feeding. Environmental factors like temperature, space allocation, and light programs are outlined to support health and development through rearing and influence sexual maturity and future egg production. Tables provide detailed recommendations for body weights, feeding programs, space requirements, and light schedules to achieve flock performance objectives.
This document lists 10 common chicken breeds including White Leghorn, Barred Rock, Golden Campine, Golden Phoenix, Buff Orpington, White Silkie, Ameraucana, White Plymouth Rocks, Broiler Pullet, and Rhode Island Red.
Lesson 2 of an A Level teaching resource, produced in conjunction with the Charles Darwin Trust, that uses Darwin's work on pigeon breeding and the work of contemporary scientists to explore genetics and evolution.
This second lesson covers the topic of genetics.
The accompanying teacher's notes can be found on our website at www.linnean.org/funkypigeons
The document discusses the origin and evolution of domestic chickens from their ancestral red jungle fowl species in Southeast Asia over 8,000 years ago. It describes how chickens were initially domesticated for religious or entertainment purposes by early societies like the Romans. Modern chicken breeds today are derived from intensive selective breeding programs over the past two centuries that have developed specialized hybrid breeds for egg and meat production. The key concepts of heredity, Mendel's laws of inheritance, and quantitative genetics as they relate to poultry breeding are also summarized.
Epistasis occurs when one gene suppresses or masks the expression of another gene. There are different types of epistasis including dominant, recessive, duplicate dominant, and duplicate recessive epistasis. Epistasis ratios in offspring depend on the type of epistasis and can be 12:3:1, 9:3:4, 15:1, or 9:7. Modifier genes modify the effects or expression of another gene without masking it, like genes influencing coat color in mice. Pseudoalleles are two closely linked genes affecting the same trait that can undergo recombination like different eye color mutants in Drosophila.
This document discusses the emerging poultry industry in India. It notes that poultry farming can be economically profitable, providing a good source of protein and income. However, it also identifies weaknesses such as high initial investment, lack of quality chicks and trained labor, high electricity costs, and disease incidence. Overall, the document argues that with more government support in areas like breeding stock, feed, and vaccines, the poultry industry has potential for growth and diversification in India.
The document discusses organization structure and different types of organization structures. It provides details on developing organization structure, determining structure type, roles of structure, designing structure, features of good structure, types of organization charts including vertical, horizontal and circular charts. It also discusses line organization, functional organization, line and staff organization, advantages and disadvantages of different structures.
Epistatic gene interaction by BIOTECHNOLOGY CIIT ABBOTTABADZohaib HUSSAIN
1) The document discusses epistatic gene interactions, where two or more genes influence a single trait. It provides examples of complementary gene action and duplicate gene action.
2) It also examines a case study in Drosophila where a rare cream eye trait is caused by a sex-linked gene interacting with another gene. Crosses demonstrate the genes are located on different chromosomes.
3) A classic example is described of Bateson and Punnett discovering four comb morphologies in chickens are controlled by two interacting genes in a 9:3:3:1 ratio.
- There is an urgent need to evaluate Pakistan's poultry biodiversity and compile available data for future scientific and biotechnological applications in food production.
- To achieve this, trained experts in conservation biology and genetics must be developed. The latest genetic tools like DNA profiling can help conserve genetic resources efficiently.
- Active involvement of various stakeholders like the government, research institutions, private sector and poultry community is essential. Systematic efforts should be made to assess indigenous breeds, compile databases, and apply conservation principles to maintain genetic diversity.
This document lists 10 common chicken breeds including White Leghorn, Barred Rock, Golden Campine, Golden Phoenix, Buff Orpington, White Silkie, Ameraucana, White Plymouth Rocks, Broiler Pullet, and Rhode Island Red.
Lesson 2 of an A Level teaching resource, produced in conjunction with the Charles Darwin Trust, that uses Darwin's work on pigeon breeding and the work of contemporary scientists to explore genetics and evolution.
This second lesson covers the topic of genetics.
The accompanying teacher's notes can be found on our website at www.linnean.org/funkypigeons
The document discusses the origin and evolution of domestic chickens from their ancestral red jungle fowl species in Southeast Asia over 8,000 years ago. It describes how chickens were initially domesticated for religious or entertainment purposes by early societies like the Romans. Modern chicken breeds today are derived from intensive selective breeding programs over the past two centuries that have developed specialized hybrid breeds for egg and meat production. The key concepts of heredity, Mendel's laws of inheritance, and quantitative genetics as they relate to poultry breeding are also summarized.
Epistasis occurs when one gene suppresses or masks the expression of another gene. There are different types of epistasis including dominant, recessive, duplicate dominant, and duplicate recessive epistasis. Epistasis ratios in offspring depend on the type of epistasis and can be 12:3:1, 9:3:4, 15:1, or 9:7. Modifier genes modify the effects or expression of another gene without masking it, like genes influencing coat color in mice. Pseudoalleles are two closely linked genes affecting the same trait that can undergo recombination like different eye color mutants in Drosophila.
This document discusses the emerging poultry industry in India. It notes that poultry farming can be economically profitable, providing a good source of protein and income. However, it also identifies weaknesses such as high initial investment, lack of quality chicks and trained labor, high electricity costs, and disease incidence. Overall, the document argues that with more government support in areas like breeding stock, feed, and vaccines, the poultry industry has potential for growth and diversification in India.
The document discusses organization structure and different types of organization structures. It provides details on developing organization structure, determining structure type, roles of structure, designing structure, features of good structure, types of organization charts including vertical, horizontal and circular charts. It also discusses line organization, functional organization, line and staff organization, advantages and disadvantages of different structures.
Epistatic gene interaction by BIOTECHNOLOGY CIIT ABBOTTABADZohaib HUSSAIN
1) The document discusses epistatic gene interactions, where two or more genes influence a single trait. It provides examples of complementary gene action and duplicate gene action.
2) It also examines a case study in Drosophila where a rare cream eye trait is caused by a sex-linked gene interacting with another gene. Crosses demonstrate the genes are located on different chromosomes.
3) A classic example is described of Bateson and Punnett discovering four comb morphologies in chickens are controlled by two interacting genes in a 9:3:3:1 ratio.
- There is an urgent need to evaluate Pakistan's poultry biodiversity and compile available data for future scientific and biotechnological applications in food production.
- To achieve this, trained experts in conservation biology and genetics must be developed. The latest genetic tools like DNA profiling can help conserve genetic resources efficiently.
- Active involvement of various stakeholders like the government, research institutions, private sector and poultry community is essential. Systematic efforts should be made to assess indigenous breeds, compile databases, and apply conservation principles to maintain genetic diversity.
This document introduces Ostrich Nepal Pvt. Ltd., Nepal's first ostrich breeding farm. It states that the company has invested 300 million Nepali rupees to farm over 1,000 ostriches across 13.54 hectares of land. The company aims to increase ostrich numbers to 1,500, produce one ton of ostrich meat in the first year and 15 tons in the second year. It also plans to export ostrich skin and feathers. The document provides details on the nutritional benefits of ostrich meat and products derived from ostriches such as leather, eggs, feathers and oil.
This document provides information about ostrich farming in Pakistan from the Pakistan Ostrich Company. It states that ostrich meat is halal and consumed in many Muslim countries. The company's mission is to establish the ostrich industry in Pakistan. Ostrich farming offers products including meat, leather, feathers, and eggs. The document provides details on ostrich care requirements, costs, markets and profitability of ostrich farms. It also addresses common problems faced by ostrich farmers and sources of technical assistance available.
Ostriches and emus are large flightless birds farmed for their meat and leather. Pakistan has suitable climate and open rangeland for ostrich and emu farming. The author discusses the opportunities and challenges of establishing ostrich and emu farms in Pakistan as a new agricultural industry.
All info about ostrich eg: management, diseases, benefits of ostrich farming etc
Presented By:
Dr. Fakhar-e-Alam Kulyar
DVM, M.Phil CMS
University of Agriculture Faisalabad
Contact: fakharealam786@hotmail.com
This document discusses avian salmonellosis caused by Salmonella bacteria in poultry. It presents the clinical signs and lesions of three main infections: Pullorum disease, Fowl typhoid, and Paratyphoid. Pullorum disease and Fowl typhoid cause depression, respiratory distress, diarrhea, and other signs. Their lesions include nodes in organs, liver necrosis, and more. Paratyphoid signs include drowsiness and diarrhea, and its lesions involve liver focal necrosis and inflammatory lesions in the ceca. Together these infections pose serious health challenges for the poultry industry.
This document discusses various breeds of chickens. It begins by providing background on chickens, noting they are one of the most common and domesticated birds. It then covers the scientific classification of chickens and discusses their origin from red jungle fowl. The document primarily focuses on describing major chicken breeds, including Rhode Island Red, Langshan, Cornish, Dorking, Appenzeller, Jersey Giant, Wyandotte, and Sultan. It details the physical characteristics and origins of each breed. The document concludes by covering the various uses of chickens, including as a food source for both meat and eggs, and sometimes as pets.
Broiler management by DR. Md. Ramzan AliRamzan Dvm
This document provides information on broiler chicken management. It discusses topics like house preparation, brooding management, water and litter management, vaccination schedules, and heat stress control. Key points include maintaining proper temperatures and humidity for chicks, using litter depths of 2-3 inches in winter and 4-5 inches in summer, vaccinating for diseases like ND and IBD, and controlling heat stress through ventilation and cooling to reduce heat index below 160. Monitoring early chick performance through weekly weighings is also recommended.
E. coli diagnosis in broiler and layer bird.Abdullah Masud
Hi,this is Abdullah Al Masud's presentation.Microbiological and pathological characteristics of E. coli in birds has shown here. It was made as assignment on my masters work in microbiology.
1. Molecular genetics is the study of genetic makeup at the DNA level and overlaps with genetics, biochemistry, and other biological fields.
2. Advances in molecular genetics techniques like molecular markers, PCR, and genotyping allow for early and non-invasive selection as well as analysis of genetic diversity in poultry.
3. Common molecular marker techniques discussed are RFLP, RAPD, microsatellites, AFLP, and SNPs, which can be used for applications like parentage determination, gene mapping, and marker-assisted selection.
Issues And Challenges In Broiler ProductionRichard Lobb
The document discusses several key issues and challenges in the broiler production industry. It provides background on the integrated structure of the industry and contract growing system. Some topics covered include animal welfare practices, antibiotic use, food safety and quality improvements, environmental considerations, and factors that have contributed to the popularity of chicken consumption in the United States.
Gene interactions occur when two or more different genes influence the outcome of a single trait
Epistasis is a phenomenon in which the expression of one gene depends on the presence of one or more modifier genes.
A gene whose phenotype is expressed is called epistatic.
This document provides an outline on economic traits of layers and broilers. It discusses key traits such as age at sexual maturity, body weight, egg production, egg weight, feed efficiency, and livability for layers. For broilers, it outlines growth traits like body weight and growth rate, feed efficiency, livability, and carcass traits. It also discusses factors that influence fertility and hatchability in poultry like breed, age, nutrition, environment, and management practices.
The document provides guidance on rearing and managing ISA Brown layers from chick arrival through the production period. Key points discussed include:
1) The rearing period focuses on proper starting conditions such as stocking density, temperature, lighting programs, and high quality starter feed to reach target body weights by 4 weeks of age.
2) Production goals for ISA Brown hens include reaching a body weight of 2000g by 80 weeks, laying 351 eggs by 80 weeks, and a feed conversion ratio of 2.14kg/kg.
3) Best practices for the production period involve following the appropriate lighting program, adjusting feed formulations to meet egg weight targets, and maintaining high water quality and hygiene standards.
This document provides an overview of avian reproductive systems and egg formation in chickens. It describes the female reproductive system including the ovary and oviduct. The male reproductive system is also summarized. The process of egg formation is then outlined, beginning with ovulation and continuing through albumen, shell, and membrane formation in the oviduct over 25-26 hours. Key structures of the finished egg like the yolk, chalazae, and shell are defined. Differences between fertile and infertile eggs are highlighted. Finally, the concept of egg clutches is introduced.
The female reproductive tract of chickens consists of a pair of ovaries and oviducts. The egg travels through the oviduct over approximately 22 hours, undergoing several modifications. It passes through the infundibulum, where it is engulfed. In the magnum, albumen is deposited on the egg. The isthmus adds two shell membranes. In the uterus or shell gland, calcite crystals are deposited to form the eggshell. A protective bloom coating is applied in the vagina before laying.
The reproductive systems of male and female poultry are similar to mammals. The male has testicles that produce sperm and seminal fluid, which travel through the vas deferens to the cloaca. The female has two ovaries and oviducts, though only the left functions, producing eggs in the ovary that develop in the five parts of the oviduct over 25-27 hours before being laid. Proper incubation of eggs requires maintaining temperature around 101°F, 60% humidity for 18 days and 70% for the last 3 days, sufficient oxygen exchange, and rotating eggs 2-5 times daily for 18 days.
The document discusses the avian digestive system. It describes the major digestive organs like the mouth, esophagus, proventriculus, gizzard, small intestine, ceca, large intestine, and cloaca. It explains the functions of these organs and how they aid in digestion. Accessory digestive glands like the salivary glands, pancreas, and liver are also described. The mechanisms of enzyme production and activation in the digestive system are briefly covered.
This document discusses gene interactions and epistasis. It provides several examples of gene interactions that result in ratios other than the expected 9:3:3:1 ratio for dihybrid crosses. These include complementary gene action between two enzymes that produce a product, duplicate gene action where two genes encode redundant enzymes, and different forms of epistasis where one gene is masked by the other. Specific examples discussed include interactions governing pigment production in fruit flies and comb morphology in chickens.
Digestive system of poultry (avian physiology)mithu mehr
The document summarizes the digestive system of poultry. It describes the 10 main parts of the digestive tract from mouth to vent. It also discusses 3 accessory digestive glands - salivary glands, pancreas, and liver. For each part and gland, it provides details on structure, secretions, and role in digestion. The mechanisms of enzyme production and activation are also explained.
This document discusses broiler chicken management, with an emphasis on proper brooding practices. It outlines the importance of meeting chick needs for feed, water, temperature, and air quality during brooding. Key recommendations include feeding chicks within 6 hours of placement to promote gut and immune development, maintaining proper brooding temperatures, ensuring adequate access to water, and providing sufficient ventilation to remove moisture produced by the chicks. Achieving a 7-day body weight of at least 180 grams is also highlighted as critical to future flock performance.
This document discusses broiler chicken management. It begins by explaining the importance of proper brooding management for chick development and performance. It emphasizes establishing feeding and drinking behaviors early. The document then discusses brooding layout, including stocking density and distribution of feeders and drinkers. It stresses the importance of temperature, humidity, ventilation and the bird's perceived thermal comfort. Longer ventilation cycles and minimizing fluctuations are recommended over short cycles. The document provides targets for water quality, lighting programs, and feed specifications. Overall it emphasizes that matching the environment to the bird's requirements is key for successful broiler production.
This document provides guidelines for managing Cobb Avian 48 grandparent breeders. It discusses preparing facilities before chick arrival, planning chick placement including stocking densities and equipment setup. It also covers chick placement procedures, brooding methods including temperature profiles, and lighting recommendations. The guidelines are intended to help attain genetic potential and consistent flock production through implementing a good management program.
This document introduces Ostrich Nepal Pvt. Ltd., Nepal's first ostrich breeding farm. It states that the company has invested 300 million Nepali rupees to farm over 1,000 ostriches across 13.54 hectares of land. The company aims to increase ostrich numbers to 1,500, produce one ton of ostrich meat in the first year and 15 tons in the second year. It also plans to export ostrich skin and feathers. The document provides details on the nutritional benefits of ostrich meat and products derived from ostriches such as leather, eggs, feathers and oil.
This document provides information about ostrich farming in Pakistan from the Pakistan Ostrich Company. It states that ostrich meat is halal and consumed in many Muslim countries. The company's mission is to establish the ostrich industry in Pakistan. Ostrich farming offers products including meat, leather, feathers, and eggs. The document provides details on ostrich care requirements, costs, markets and profitability of ostrich farms. It also addresses common problems faced by ostrich farmers and sources of technical assistance available.
Ostriches and emus are large flightless birds farmed for their meat and leather. Pakistan has suitable climate and open rangeland for ostrich and emu farming. The author discusses the opportunities and challenges of establishing ostrich and emu farms in Pakistan as a new agricultural industry.
All info about ostrich eg: management, diseases, benefits of ostrich farming etc
Presented By:
Dr. Fakhar-e-Alam Kulyar
DVM, M.Phil CMS
University of Agriculture Faisalabad
Contact: fakharealam786@hotmail.com
This document discusses avian salmonellosis caused by Salmonella bacteria in poultry. It presents the clinical signs and lesions of three main infections: Pullorum disease, Fowl typhoid, and Paratyphoid. Pullorum disease and Fowl typhoid cause depression, respiratory distress, diarrhea, and other signs. Their lesions include nodes in organs, liver necrosis, and more. Paratyphoid signs include drowsiness and diarrhea, and its lesions involve liver focal necrosis and inflammatory lesions in the ceca. Together these infections pose serious health challenges for the poultry industry.
This document discusses various breeds of chickens. It begins by providing background on chickens, noting they are one of the most common and domesticated birds. It then covers the scientific classification of chickens and discusses their origin from red jungle fowl. The document primarily focuses on describing major chicken breeds, including Rhode Island Red, Langshan, Cornish, Dorking, Appenzeller, Jersey Giant, Wyandotte, and Sultan. It details the physical characteristics and origins of each breed. The document concludes by covering the various uses of chickens, including as a food source for both meat and eggs, and sometimes as pets.
Broiler management by DR. Md. Ramzan AliRamzan Dvm
This document provides information on broiler chicken management. It discusses topics like house preparation, brooding management, water and litter management, vaccination schedules, and heat stress control. Key points include maintaining proper temperatures and humidity for chicks, using litter depths of 2-3 inches in winter and 4-5 inches in summer, vaccinating for diseases like ND and IBD, and controlling heat stress through ventilation and cooling to reduce heat index below 160. Monitoring early chick performance through weekly weighings is also recommended.
E. coli diagnosis in broiler and layer bird.Abdullah Masud
Hi,this is Abdullah Al Masud's presentation.Microbiological and pathological characteristics of E. coli in birds has shown here. It was made as assignment on my masters work in microbiology.
1. Molecular genetics is the study of genetic makeup at the DNA level and overlaps with genetics, biochemistry, and other biological fields.
2. Advances in molecular genetics techniques like molecular markers, PCR, and genotyping allow for early and non-invasive selection as well as analysis of genetic diversity in poultry.
3. Common molecular marker techniques discussed are RFLP, RAPD, microsatellites, AFLP, and SNPs, which can be used for applications like parentage determination, gene mapping, and marker-assisted selection.
Issues And Challenges In Broiler ProductionRichard Lobb
The document discusses several key issues and challenges in the broiler production industry. It provides background on the integrated structure of the industry and contract growing system. Some topics covered include animal welfare practices, antibiotic use, food safety and quality improvements, environmental considerations, and factors that have contributed to the popularity of chicken consumption in the United States.
Gene interactions occur when two or more different genes influence the outcome of a single trait
Epistasis is a phenomenon in which the expression of one gene depends on the presence of one or more modifier genes.
A gene whose phenotype is expressed is called epistatic.
This document provides an outline on economic traits of layers and broilers. It discusses key traits such as age at sexual maturity, body weight, egg production, egg weight, feed efficiency, and livability for layers. For broilers, it outlines growth traits like body weight and growth rate, feed efficiency, livability, and carcass traits. It also discusses factors that influence fertility and hatchability in poultry like breed, age, nutrition, environment, and management practices.
The document provides guidance on rearing and managing ISA Brown layers from chick arrival through the production period. Key points discussed include:
1) The rearing period focuses on proper starting conditions such as stocking density, temperature, lighting programs, and high quality starter feed to reach target body weights by 4 weeks of age.
2) Production goals for ISA Brown hens include reaching a body weight of 2000g by 80 weeks, laying 351 eggs by 80 weeks, and a feed conversion ratio of 2.14kg/kg.
3) Best practices for the production period involve following the appropriate lighting program, adjusting feed formulations to meet egg weight targets, and maintaining high water quality and hygiene standards.
This document provides an overview of avian reproductive systems and egg formation in chickens. It describes the female reproductive system including the ovary and oviduct. The male reproductive system is also summarized. The process of egg formation is then outlined, beginning with ovulation and continuing through albumen, shell, and membrane formation in the oviduct over 25-26 hours. Key structures of the finished egg like the yolk, chalazae, and shell are defined. Differences between fertile and infertile eggs are highlighted. Finally, the concept of egg clutches is introduced.
The female reproductive tract of chickens consists of a pair of ovaries and oviducts. The egg travels through the oviduct over approximately 22 hours, undergoing several modifications. It passes through the infundibulum, where it is engulfed. In the magnum, albumen is deposited on the egg. The isthmus adds two shell membranes. In the uterus or shell gland, calcite crystals are deposited to form the eggshell. A protective bloom coating is applied in the vagina before laying.
The reproductive systems of male and female poultry are similar to mammals. The male has testicles that produce sperm and seminal fluid, which travel through the vas deferens to the cloaca. The female has two ovaries and oviducts, though only the left functions, producing eggs in the ovary that develop in the five parts of the oviduct over 25-27 hours before being laid. Proper incubation of eggs requires maintaining temperature around 101°F, 60% humidity for 18 days and 70% for the last 3 days, sufficient oxygen exchange, and rotating eggs 2-5 times daily for 18 days.
The document discusses the avian digestive system. It describes the major digestive organs like the mouth, esophagus, proventriculus, gizzard, small intestine, ceca, large intestine, and cloaca. It explains the functions of these organs and how they aid in digestion. Accessory digestive glands like the salivary glands, pancreas, and liver are also described. The mechanisms of enzyme production and activation in the digestive system are briefly covered.
This document discusses gene interactions and epistasis. It provides several examples of gene interactions that result in ratios other than the expected 9:3:3:1 ratio for dihybrid crosses. These include complementary gene action between two enzymes that produce a product, duplicate gene action where two genes encode redundant enzymes, and different forms of epistasis where one gene is masked by the other. Specific examples discussed include interactions governing pigment production in fruit flies and comb morphology in chickens.
Digestive system of poultry (avian physiology)mithu mehr
The document summarizes the digestive system of poultry. It describes the 10 main parts of the digestive tract from mouth to vent. It also discusses 3 accessory digestive glands - salivary glands, pancreas, and liver. For each part and gland, it provides details on structure, secretions, and role in digestion. The mechanisms of enzyme production and activation are also explained.
This document discusses broiler chicken management, with an emphasis on proper brooding practices. It outlines the importance of meeting chick needs for feed, water, temperature, and air quality during brooding. Key recommendations include feeding chicks within 6 hours of placement to promote gut and immune development, maintaining proper brooding temperatures, ensuring adequate access to water, and providing sufficient ventilation to remove moisture produced by the chicks. Achieving a 7-day body weight of at least 180 grams is also highlighted as critical to future flock performance.
This document discusses broiler chicken management. It begins by explaining the importance of proper brooding management for chick development and performance. It emphasizes establishing feeding and drinking behaviors early. The document then discusses brooding layout, including stocking density and distribution of feeders and drinkers. It stresses the importance of temperature, humidity, ventilation and the bird's perceived thermal comfort. Longer ventilation cycles and minimizing fluctuations are recommended over short cycles. The document provides targets for water quality, lighting programs, and feed specifications. Overall it emphasizes that matching the environment to the bird's requirements is key for successful broiler production.
This document provides guidelines for managing Cobb Avian 48 grandparent breeders. It discusses preparing facilities before chick arrival, planning chick placement including stocking densities and equipment setup. It also covers chick placement procedures, brooding methods including temperature profiles, and lighting recommendations. The guidelines are intended to help attain genetic potential and consistent flock production through implementing a good management program.
Most people who are involved in commercial egg production,have seen management guides for different strains of layers before and may think “if you have seen one, you’ve seen them all”. Others take the contents more seriously and expect frequent updates to find specific data which apply to the current generation of layers and current management practices.
Newcomers in the business may need more detailed explanations than can be presented in this compact format.
We hope that each reader will find some useful information,to confirm proven management practices or to stimulate improvements.
The document discusses managing BV-300 layers to maximize genetic potential. It provides performance standards for BV-300 including egg production rates over 320 eggs per hen housed, mortality below 4%, and average feed consumption of 41.25 kg. Brooding management is crucial and includes maintaining optimal temperature, humidity, lighting and feeding programs. Rearing from 4-16 weeks focuses on building body weight and uniformity to prepare birds for laying. Cage rearing provides benefits over deep litter such as reduced space needs, lower mortality, improved feed efficiency and body weight.
Can proteases play a role in enteric health- Langhout, P. Presentation for Workshop 4, at the Feed Proteases and enzyme presentation, The Netherlands, 2014
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This document summarizes a simulation model that estimates the total costs of rearing dairy young stock from birth until first calving or culling. The model accounts for uncertainty related to diseases like calf scours and bovine respiratory disease, variation in growth, and uncertainty in reproduction. On average, the total costs of rearing a heifer were estimated to be 1567 euros, with costs ranging from 1427 to 1715 euros. Feed costs made up the largest portion at 698 euros on average.
- Brooding practices and conditions in the hatchery and on the broiler farm strongly influence early broiler performance. High temperatures in the hatchery can stress chicks, reducing early weight gain.
- Ensuring good "crop fill" rates (the percentage of chicks with full crops) within the first 24 hours, through adequate feeding and access to water, is key to support growth.
- Chicks must smoothly transition from supplementary feeding to the automated feeder system. Providing extra time on paper feeding can prevent growth slowdowns when chicks learn to use feeders.
- Nutrition also impacts early growth. Higher protein starter diets have been shown to improve performance metrics through the grow-
This document provides information about an online course on organic chicken production. It discusses the modules in the course, including the fifth module on raising organic chickens. It provides an overview of Unit 1 which covers the introduction to organic chicken production. This unit will teach learners to identify the external parts of a chicken, classify chickens, describe the chicken life cycle, recognize healthy chicks and pullets, describe types of poultry houses, and explain housing requirements. The document outlines some of the topics that will be covered in this unit, such as the external parts of a chicken, classifications of chickens, the chicken life cycle, and qualities of a healthy stock.
Layer breeder management by Dr.Nikhil NalabaleNiksreddy1
This document provides an overview of layer breeder management. It discusses breeding objectives such as egg production, disease resistance, and reproductive efficiency. It also covers housing and environmental considerations, nutrition management, health management, and reproductive management for layer breeders. The goal of layer breeder management is to selectively breed laying hens that produce high-quality eggs efficiently through specialized rearing and breeding practices.
This document summarizes key economic traits of different poultry species including Japanese quail, guinea fowl, turkey, and duck. It discusses traits such as age at sexual maturity, egg weight, egg production, growth rate, feed conversion efficiency, fertility, hatchability, dressing percentage, and more. For each trait, examples are given of measurements in the different species.
The document provides guidance on managing Cobb 500 broiler chickens. It discusses the importance of proper management from day 1 to fully utilize their genetic growth potential. Key factors include following a recommended growth curve to avoid health issues, maintaining optimal temperature and ventilation, and implementing a 4-phase feeding program. Compensatory growth in the first 3 weeks helps develop strong skeletons and organs to support efficient meat production and low feed conversion.
Pas Reform Academy has dedicated more than 30 years to studying the needs of the growing embryo: to understanding the effects of genetic advancement on the performance of our commercial poultry breeds. Extensive scientific knowledge combines with decades of practical, hands-on hatchery experience – to meet new and emerging challenges in the modern hatchery.
The document discusses dairy cattle feeding management over five phases: 1) early lactation 2) peak dry matter intake 3) mid to late lactation 4) dry period 5) transition period. It provides guidelines for each phase, including nutrient requirements, feeding practices, and goals of optimizing milk yield and minimizing costs. The largest input cost is feed, representing 60-70% of total costs. Proper feeding is crucial for high milk production and reproductive success.
Dr. Matt Culbertson - Feeding Sows for Maximum Lifetime ProductionJohn Blue
This document discusses strategies for maximizing lifetime sow production through gilt development programs and sow herd management. It emphasizes the importance of gilt growth rate and parity 1 litter size on lifetime performance. Specific recommendations include ad libitum feeding for gilts, flushing before breeding, and training gilts for electronic sow feeding systems. For sow herds, the focus should be on maximizing feed intake from farrowing to breeding through aggressive lactation diets and continued feeding after weaning. Novel approaches discussed include using linoleic acid to reduce seasonal infertility impacts. Overall, the key is continual evaluation and optimization of all production phases.
The document discusses the use of pre-starter diets for broiler chickens. It notes that while pre-starter diets are more digestible for neonatal chicks, they are also more expensive than starter diets. The study aims to determine the optimal duration of using pre-starter diets to increase broiler performance in a cost-effective manner. Specifically, it will compare broilers fed pre-starter diets for 5, 10, or 15 days to those fed only a starter diet in terms of growth, nutrient retention, and profitability. A trial will be conducted feeding 108 broiler chicks one of the four diet treatments to draw conclusions about whether using pre-starter diets is economically recommended.
Dr. Tugrul Durali Speaker at Knowledge Day 2015 Poultry India
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This document discusses tools for selecting dairy buffaloes in India. It provides information on:
1. The top buffalo breeds in India for milk production, including Murrah, Nili-Ravi, and Mehsana breeds.
2. Criteria for selecting dairy buffaloes, such as breed characteristics, body conformation, health, past performance, and udder quality.
3. Traditional selection methods like individual performance testing and pedigree selection, as well as advanced methods like body condition scoring and genomic selection.
4. How body condition scoring can be used to assess fat reserves and optimize reproduction and milk production, with an ideal target score of 3.5-3.99 around
The document provides instructions on cooking eggs in various ways such as simmering, poaching, frying, scrambling, and making omelets and soufflés. It discusses egg grades and quality, understanding egg composition, and maintaining proper cooking techniques to avoid overcooking eggs. General cooking principles focus on avoiding high temperatures and long cooking times.
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2. PureLine Genetics Early Bird Parentstock Management Guide
Page
Contents 1
Introduction 2
Objective 2
Strategy 2
Separate sex rearing 2
Flock Uniformity 2
Factors influencing Flock Uniformity 2
Rearing period 3
- Before chick arrival 3
- Temperature 3
- First 24 hours/first week 4
- Brooding Space 4
- Growing Period from 0-22 weeks 4
- Growing Space 5
- Water Control 5
- Water supply and Sanitation 5
- Feeding 6
- Determining average flock body weight 6
- Determining flock uniformity 6
- Feeding 7
- Light Program 7
- Transferring from rearing to production house 8
Production Period 9
- Production Space Recommendations 9
- Pre Production Period 22 Weeks to 1st eggs 9
- Production Period Objectives 9
- Feeding and Body Weight Control 10
- Controlling female Body Weight 10
- Male feeding 10
- Controlling male Body Weight 10
- Selection of males 10
- Spiking 11
- Light Program in the Production Period 11
Tables:
Table 1.1 Example of accepted flock uniformity 12
Table 1.2 Example of poor flock uniformity 13
Table 1.3 Uniformity & Coefficient of Variation 13
Table 2.1 Parentstock Nutrient Recommendations 14
Table 2.2 Recommended Body Weights females, Rearing Period 15
Table 2.3 Recommended Body Weights males, Rearing Period 16
Table 2.4 Curve Feeding Program & Body Weight 17
Table 3.1 Light Program 18
Table 4.1.Feeding Program Females Production Period 19
Table 4.2.Feeding Program Males Production Period 19
Table 4.3 Recommended Body Weights Females, Production Period 20
Table 4.4 Recommended Body Weights Males, Production Period 21
Table 4.5 Production Standards 22
1
3. Introduction
The PureLine selection program is aimed at producing Broiler Parentstock with a high
production of hatching eggs, superior results in the hatchery and fast growing, feed efficient
broilers with a superior livability.
Objective
This management guide will help you to use the full genetic potential of the PLG Parentstock.
Strategy
It is important to realize that the management of any flock is based on the average of the flock
and does not take into account differences between individual birds. For this reason
differences between individual birds have to be as small as possible. From housing at day-old
till the end of the production period the flock manager has to make sure that flock uniformity
stays within the limits. The genetic potential of a breed can only be obtained with a uniform
and healthy flock.
Separate sex rearing
Males and females have to be reared separately. This is a must since growth rate and feed
intake differs between sexes. Amount of daily feed per pen to achieve the recommended body
weight at a certain age and the recommended growth rate can only be determined when
sexes are reared separately.
Flock uniformity
Determining flock uniformity requires individual weighing of a representative flock sample.
In this management guide uniformity is determined as a percentage of the birds that are within
20 or 10% of the mean weight of all the birds. In a uniform flock at least 90% of all weights
should be within the range of 20% of the mean, or 80% within the range of 10% of the mean.
An example of determining flock uniformity is provided in Tables 1.1, Page 12 and Table 1.2.
Page 13.
Factors influencing flock uniformity are:
Quality day-old chicks
Temperature at housing, especially floor temperature and humidity
Feeding space and Water supply
Quality of beak trimming
Feed restriction management
Stocking density
Light program
Diseases and vaccinations
The impact of each of these factors on flock uniformity is not discussed in the Management
Guide. If more information is needed please contact the PureLine Technical Department.
2
4. Rearing Period
The rearing period is a critical period with regard to the subsequent performance in the
production period. Its importance is often underestimated. The rearing period has a great
impact on egg production and fertility of the Parentstock and growth rate of the broiler.
Important topics during the rearing period are: controlling bodyweight according to the targets
specified , development, flock uniformity and sexual maturity. Good rearing starts with
achieving recommended early bodyweights. Make sure that bodyweight development is
according to recommendation and flock uniformity is high at all times
Before chick arrival
Make sure the house is ready well in advance of the chick delivery
House and equipment has been cleaned and disinfected
Check that all equipment is functioning properly
Rearing house has to be heated to the recommended temperature 24 hours before chick
placement
Make sure clean water and fresh feed are available over the entire area
Temperature
It is vital to maintain a comfortable environment and constant temperature to develop a
quality uniform chick. The rearing house must be able to maintain and adjust the temperature
as the pullet grows. Proper air quality and ventilation are also important to maintain a uniform
chick.
Floor temperature of 32° Celsius measured from the edge of the brooder is vital for chick
comfort and movement. All heating and brooders should be turned on and in working
condition maintaining a floor temperature as mentioned above, 24 hours prior to chick arrival.
Observe chicks for overall comfort and make the necessary adjustments particularly the first
24 hours after chick arrival.
TEMPERATURE GUIDE (C)
Floor
Temperature
Age in at edge of House
Weeks Brooder Temperatures
1 32.0 29.5
2 29.5 26.5
3 26.5 24
4 24 21
5 21 21
6 21 21
All Temperatures measured 5 cm above
litter
3
5. First 24 hours/first week-
Critically Important:
Check chicks often for:
• Overall Chick Comfort
• Temperature, draft
• Chick activity – Are they all drinking and eating? Check it!
• Look for signs or distress,
o too quiet? Perhaps too cool,
o too noisy? Perhaps too warm,
o odors? Could be air quality, wet litter, or fuel leaks
• Provide sufficient light to allow chicks to easily find water
o Too much light: chicks are looking for shadow and are lying
next to the wall/fences
• Feed small amounts often to spur activity and weight gain
Brooding Space
Calculate floor density, feeder space, and water space before setting up for chicks using the
chart below.
BROODING SPACE RECOMMENDATIONS (0 – 4 WEEKS)
Females Males
Floor 11 birds per m² 11 birds per m²
Chick Founts: 1 per 100 chicks Chicks Founts: 1 per 100 chicks
Water Bell Drinker: 1 per 80 - 100 birds Bell Drinker: 1 per 80 birds
Nipple: 10 - 15 birds per nipple Nipple: 10 - 15 birds per nipple
One feeder lid per 100 Chicks One feeder lid per 100 Chicks
Feed Trough: 5 cm per bird Trough: 5 cm per bird
Pans: 20 – 30 chicks per pan Pans: 20 – 30 chicks per pan
Brooder Stoves: 500 chicks per unit
Heat Radiant Brooders: 1000 – 1500 chicks per unit
Growing period from 0-22 weeks
It is important to grow the birds according to the recommended bodyweight curve. Make sure
to check flock uniformity. The recommended bodyweight during rearing for females and
males are indicated in Table 2.2, Page 15 for the females and Table 2.3,Page 16 for the males.
4
6. Growing Space
GROWING SPACE RECOMMENDATIONS (5 - 22 Weeks)
Females Males
Floor 7 birds per m² 4 birds per m²
Bell Drinker: 1 per 80 - 100 birds Bell Drinker: 1 per 80 birds
Water Nipple: 10 birds per nipple Nipple: 10 birds per nipple
Trough: 15 cm per bird Trough: 20 cm per bird
Feed Pans: 10 birds per pan Pans: 8 birds per pan
Water Control
Water restriction should start around 5 weeks of age until transfer to the production farm.
Water restriction plays a critical role to control litter moisture. Don’t water restrict if house
temperatures exceed 29 Celsius.
Water Supply and Sanitation
The farm water source, either from well or water company, should be chlorinated to 3 ppm for
open water systems and 1 ppm on closed nipple systems. Water should be tested at the
furthermost drinker from the incoming water supply weekly.
All well water should be checked monthly to insure the well is safe and contamination free.
High levels of chlorine can corrode nipple water parts and other drinker components.
Avoid leaky drinkers and water spills. The water system should be inspected daily to ensure
they are clean, at the correct height, and functioning properly.
Chicks should have easy access to water. The rearing house should provide a minimum of one
mini-drinker per 100 chicks along with access to the adult drinker system. All chick waters
such as mini-drinkers and water jugs should be gradually removed by 7 days. Clean and refill
the mini-drinker systems two or three times daily.
Nipple water systems or drinkers should be level and at bird height requiring the chick to
drink from the nipple flat footed. One should activate the nipples so there is a water droplet on
each nipple to attract and encourage the chick to peck the nipple for water. Always follow the
manufacturer’s instructions. Maintain a uniform and level litter condition under the nipple
drinkers.
DAILY WATER CONSUMPTION TABLE PER 1000 PULLETS
Age in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Weeks
Liter 19 34 60 76 83 95 110 121 129 136 151 162 170 178 185 189 189 189 189 189
5
7. Feeding
Use a high quality feed. Avoid sudden changes in the raw materials. Nutrient
recommendations for PLG Parentstock are given in Table2.1 Page 14.
The amount of feed to be given always has to be based on the actual bodyweight and growth
rate.
Determining average flock bodyweight
Start sample weighing at one week of age. The sample should be taken at different spots in
the house, but every week at the same spots! Take at least three samples per house. At each
spot weigh at least 50 birds. Very important is that all birds in the catching frame are weighed
to prevent selective weighing. Sample weighing to determine flock weight can be done in
bulk. Per house a minimum total of 5% of all birds should be weighed.
When average flock weight deviates from the target weight adjust the amount of feed
accordingly.
Underweight, below target: adjust the weekly increase upwards
Overweight, over target: adjust the weekly increase downwards, but never decrease the
amount provided per day.
From 14 weeks onwards new bodyweight targets have to be set when birds show to weigh
more than the original target. Do not try to slim the birds when the birds are over 14 weeks of
age. That will hurt later performance.
In any case avoid large changes and never lower the amount of feed given!
Determining flock uniformity
At 4, 8 and 12 weeks of age birds have to be weighed individually to determine flock
uniformity. Most electronic weighing scales do calculate flock average, coefficient of
variation (CV) and uniformity (evenness) automatically. Using conventional weighing scales
requires more labor since all statistics needed have to be calculated manually. Although the
coefficient of variation is a better indicator of flock uniformity it is much easier to make a
frequency distribution and determine how many birds are within a weight range of +/- 20% of
the average flock weight (Table 1.1, Page 12 and Table 1.2, Page 13). Many breeders use a
weight range of +/- 10% of the average flock weight. However in practice only a few flocks
do meet that standard. A wider range is less sensitive for small differences in numbers per
weight class (Table 1.1 Page 12).
Electronic scales usually calculate the coefficient of variation (CV) and the percentage of
weights within a range of +/-10% of the average. Genetic differences in a flock result in a CV
of about 8%. Environmental circumstances can easily increase the differences between birds.
CV should never be higher than 10%. However as a practical approach a CV of up to 11% is
acceptable. When CV in a flock is higher action is required. Conversion from uniformity to
CV and reverse is provided in Table 1.3. Page 13.
Flock uniformity can be improved by grading the birds. Separate the small birds from the rest
and feed them to meet the targeted weight at 20 weeks of age. Do not return them to the
original flock during the remaining rearing period.
After 12 weeks of age it is too late to restore uniformity before sexual maturity. If the flock is
uneven it is recommended to grade the birds before the production period and grow the
groups separate all the way through and delay light stimulation. Even in the production house
these groups should be in separate pens to allow appropriate management.
6
8. Feeding
Use a high quality feed. Nutrient recommendations for PureLine Parentstock are presented in
Table 2.1 Page 14. The amount of feed to be given has always to be based on the actual
bodyweight and growth rate.
0-3 weeks:
During the first four weeks it is recommended to provide feed ad libitum for males and for
females up to a limit of 44 grams per bird per day (Table 2.2. Page 15 for the females and
Table 2.3 Page 16 for the males) Make sure that daily feed consumption is monitored to know
how much the birds actual are consuming.
3-22 weeks:
From three weeks onwards feed intake has to be restricted to prevent the birds growing too
rapidly. This implies that installed feed equipment must enable all birds to eat at the same
time. Also feed equipment must be able to provide a given amount of feed distributed equally
to all birds within a few minutes. Small amounts of feed are difficult to distribute evenly to all
birds. Every day feeding is recommended, but in case feeding equipment is not suited to do so
skip-a-day that can be applied. It is also possible to apply other methods of feeding the birds.
However it is always the manager’s responsibility to choose which feeding program is applied
to make sure that the flock remains uniform and growth rate is according to the targets set.
Light program (Table 3.1 Page 20)
Sexual maturity and the production % once birds have started laying is influenced by changes
in day length and light intensity. For that reason it is essential to have full control over the
light schedule and intensity during rearing. Grandparents have to be reared in light controlled
houses.
Difference between day and night:
Light intensity during daytime has to be at least 10 times the light intensity during night time.
First 2 days:
When day old chicks are placed they have to learn where to find water and food. For flock
uniformity it is important that all chicks start drinking and eating right from the beginning.
For this reason it is recommended to supply 23 hours of light per day of a minimum of 60 lux
during the first 2 days.
Day 3 onwards:
Starting with 20 hours of light at day 3 every day the hours of light per day are decreased with
1 hour until 8 hours at day 15 (Table 3.1, Page 18). Light intensity has to be decreased from
60 lux at day 6 to 15 lux at day 14. Control of light intensity is not only important to control
pecking but also to achieve a good production later in life. Rearing Parentstock at light
intensities below 5 lux affects the control over onset of sexual maturity. Rearing at light
intensities over 20 lux affects the control over rate of lay. To stimulate egg production light
intensity at the start of the laying period should be at least 4 times higher than light intensity
during rearing; preferable 5 times higher.
Important
• Never increase light intensity or increase day length during the rearing period. Rearing
period should not end before 21-22 weeks of age.
• If flock uniformity is not good postpone increase of day length at least 1 week.
• If bodyweight is over target postpone increase of day length to enable the hens with a
lower bodyweight to catch up with the others.
7
9. Transferring from rearing to production house
In case all-in-all-out is not applied birds should be moved into the laying house at 21-22
weeks of age.
Make sure production house is fully prepared before the birds arrive. That implies that all
equipment has been checked and housing temperature is as close to 20 0C as possible. Clean
water must be available but no feed for the first 6-12 hours.
Birds should be placed on the slats. Provide the first day 24 hours of light to enable birds to
accommodate and to find water and feed easily. Make sure to return the next day to the
recommended light program (Table 3.1. Page 18)
8
10. Production Period
Production Space Recommendations
PRODUCTION SPACE RECOMMENDATIONS (22 - 65 Weeks)
Females + Males Males
Floor 6 birds per m²
Bell Drinker: 1 per 80 - 100 birds
Water Nipple: 8 birds per nipple
Trough: 15 cm per bird Trough: 19 cm per bird
Feeder Pans: 10 Birds per pan Pans: 8 birds per pan
Nest 5.5-6 Hens per Nest Hole
Pre –Production Period - 22 Weeks to 1st Eggs
Objective:
To accelerate the bodyweight gains while maintaining growth according to frame size.
Transition from rearing to production is crucial to a successful flock!
• Nutrient requirements – Continue to increase to
o complete growth
o complete sexual maturity
o initiate egg production
• Lighting – At housing provide all birds a minimum of 12 hours duration, increasing
intensity if feasible. This is based on housing at 22 weeks. If housing takes
place at a different age follow Table 3.1. Page 18.
• Nests – Fill wit clean nesting material, open just prior to first eggs laid
• Note – Males may be aggressive! Do not mate until females are sexually receptive.
Production Period Objectives
To maximize the number of quality broiler chicks per hen housed.
Production standards are indicated in Table 6 Page 22.
Recommended management
o Feed daily ration continuously until fully consumed. Do not “Split-Feed”
o When feeding prior to peak, use recommended small daily feed increases according to
Table 4.1. Page 19 for the females and Table 4.2. Page 19 for the males.
o Watch “clean up” time, normally should be 1-2 hours for females, males take more time.
If too fast, birds may be underfed
If too slow, birds may be overfed
o Maintain as comfortable an environment (temperature, air movement) as possible
o Do not decrease light duration or intensity during the production period
Floor eggs:
Although PureLine Parentstock birds have a good nesting behaviour it is important to check
as often as possible for floor eggs and remove each floor egg as soon as possible. The earlier
in the morning checking for floor eggs starts, the better. This is especially important when
birds are coming into production. Once birds are used to laying eggs on the floor instead of in
the nests they will persist doing so during the entire production period.
9
11. Feeding and Bodyweight control
Feeding Females:
From Housing to Peak Production
Parentstock birds are very sensitive to overfeeding. The main purpose of feed restriction
programs is to limit the number of large follicles on the ovary. “Slow” feeding programs in
which feed increases are made daily and very conservatively can result in a reduction of the
number of large follicles. The University of Alberta Research Group showed that the period
from 2-4 weeks after photo stimulation is the most critical in terms of “over-feeding” with
regard to follicle development. Increasing day length at 22 weeks as has been recommended
results in a critical period from 24 until 26 weeks of age. Challenge feeding to prevent
underfeeding, can easily result in a poor hatching egg production if carried too far. For this
reason it is recommended to follow the feeding program as indicated in Table 4.1.Page 19.
Do not to apply challenge feeding.
From Peak Production until End of Lay
Also in this period full feeding is detrimental for a good hatching egg performance and
liveability. However take into account that in this period the feed quantity allocated to
Parentstock is not much lower than what fully fed birds would voluntarily consume. Feed
allocation has to be reduced beginning at 2 weeks after peak production.
However make sure that birds do not reduce in bodyweight.
Control of female bodyweight
It is very important to weigh the birds to make sure that the mean weight is not reduced but
does show a steady but slow increase every week according to the recommended weight as
presented in Table 4.3. Page 20.
Monitoring body weight development requires that each week a representative sample of
females is weighed. Females have to be weighed individually as this reduces stress.
Never allow a reduction in female bodyweight gain.
Male Feeding
During the production period separate male feeding is required. If a chain feeder is used, grills
should be put up around 28-30 weeks as Pure-Line males are so active at start of production
that they tend not to eat sufficiently in that period.
For recommended feed rations in the production period see Table 4.2. Page 19.
Control of male bodyweight
It is very important to weigh the breeders to make sure that the mean weight is not reduced
but does show a steady but slow increase every week according to the recommended weight.
Monitoring body weight development requires that each week a representative sample of
males are weighed. Males have to be weighed individually to reduce stress.
For male bodyweights in the production period see Table 4.4.Page 21.
Never allow a reduction in male bodyweight gain.
Selection of males
At 6 weeks of age a selection should be made to reduce the percentage to approx. 13%.
A second selection should be done at 15 weeks and a last selection in rearing should be done
at transfer to start on the production farm with 10% males.
If no spiking at 40 weeks these males can all stay, if you are spiking at 40 weeks 8.5% males
at start of production is enough as PureLine males are very active!
10
12. Even better to start after transfer with 6% males and add some males daily as production
increases.
Spiking
Spiking should only been done after comparing hatch- and fertility results (and the percentage
of present active males).
Remove (select) some of the old males and add up with young good developed (mature)
males.
Maximum % of spiking males should not overreach 2.5% to have a maximum of 8% good
males afterwards.
To keep good fertility until depletion a daily control of the male activity and flock health is
very important.
Light program in the production period
From 22 weeks of age it is recommended to provide 12 hours of light per day of 60 Lux
(Table 3.1, Page 18). As soon as egg production has started increase day length to 14 hours of
light. From then on light intensity and day length have to be tuned to season and local
circumstances. Artificial day length should never exceed 16 hours per day.
11
13. Tables:
Table 1.1: Example of accepted flock uniformity
Body Frequency Number Average Number* Number within Number within
weight class average +/- 20% +/- 10%
weight class
weight
700-750 0 725 0
750-800 Xx 2 775 1550 {(800-778)/50}*2=1
800-850 Xx 2 825 1650 2
850-900 Xxxx 4 875 3500 4 {(900-876)/50}*4=2
900-950 Xxxxxxxxx 9 925 8325 9 9
950-1000 xxxxxxxxxxxxx 13 975 12675 13 13
1000-1050 xxxxxxxxxxxx 12 1025 12300 12 12
1050-1100 Xxxxxxxxx 9 1075 9675 9 {(1070-1050)/50}*9=4
1100-1150 X 1 1125 1125 1
1150-1200 Xx 2 1175 2350 {(1168-1150)/50}*2=1
1200-1250 Xx 2 1225 2450
1250-1300 0 1275 0
1300-1350 0 1325 0
1350-1400 0 1375 0
Total 56 54475 52 40
Average range range
973 778-1168*) 876-1070*)
Number Required 90% of 56 = 50+ 80% of 56 = 45+
within Realized 52/56=93% 40/56=71%
range
Uniformity Good Not good
*) When the figures of the range do not coincide with class limits calculate how many birds in that
particular weight class are estimated to be within the weight range:
In case of under limit:
Under limit amounts 778
Class limits amount 750-800
Class size amounts 50 gram
Accepted weight is 800-778 being only 22 grams of the 50 grams of the class size
So it is assumed that 44% (22/50) of the birds in that particular weight class do have a bodyweight of
over 778 gram
In formulation: {(800-778)/50}*2=1
In case of upper limit:
Upper limit amounts 1168
Class limits amount 1150-1200
Class size amounts 50 gram
Accepted weight is 1168-1150 being only 18 grams of the 50 grams of the class size
So it is assumed that 36% (18/50) of the birds in that particular weight class do have a bodyweight of
less than 1168 gram
In formulation: {(1168-1150)/50}*2=1
12
14. Table 1.2: Example of poor flock uniformity
Body weight Frequency Number Average Number* Numbers within Numbers within
class average class +/- 20% +/- 10%
weight weight
700-750 X 1 725 725
750-800 Xx 2 775 1550
800-850 Xx 2 825 1650 2
850-900 Xxxx 4 875 3500 4
900-950 Xxxxxxxx 8 925 7400 8 8
950-1000 xxxxxxxxxxxxx 13 975 12675 13 13
1000-1050 xxxxxxxxxxx 11 1025 11275 11 11
1050-1100 Xxxxxxx 7 1075 7525 7 7
1100-1150 X 1 1125 1125 1
1150-1200 Xxxx 4 1175 4700 4
1200-1250 Xx 2 1225 2450
1250-1300 0 1275 0
1300-1350 X 1 1325 1325
1350-1400 0 1375 0
Total 56 55900 50 39
average range range
998 798-1198 898-1098
Number Required 90% of 56 = 50+ 80% of 56 = 45+
within range Realized 47/56=89% 39/56=70%
Uniformity Not good Not good
Table 1.3: Uniformity and Coefficient of Variation
Uniformity % CV
+/- 10%
90 6.1
86 6.8
83 7.3
80 7.8
76 8.5
73 9.1
70 9.6
66 10.5
63 11.1
60 11.9
56 12.9
53 13.9
50 14.9
13
19. Table 3.1 Light program PureLine Parentstock
Day Hours light Intensity
1 23 Minimum of 60 Lux
2 23 60 Lux
3 20 60
4 19 60
5 18 60
6 17 60
7 16 50 Lux
8 15 45
9 14 40
10 13 35
11 12 30
12 11 25
13 10 20
14 9 15 Lux
15 - 153 8 15 Lux
Placement production house 24 hours during 1 day 60 Lux
154 12 * 60 Lux **
First eggs 14
Week 32 15-16*** 80 Lux
*) in case of insufficient uniformity it may be necessary to delay stimulation by 1 week
**) light intensity should be at least 4 times light intensity during rearing; preferable 5
times, especially during out of season.
***) depending on seasonal and local circumstances
Lighting Graph
25
20
Hours of light
15
10
5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
Age in w eeks
18
20. Table 4.1: Feeding Program Females during Production Period
Age /production Indication of amount of feed per hen per day (g)*
154 days 126
161days 130
168 days 133
5% production 136
10% production 140
15% production 145
For each 5% increase in production +2
until 65 %
65 % 165
From 28 weeks until 2 weeks after Maximum of 168-170
peak production
Remaining production period Decrease feed allocation based on achieving
recommended weight gain and production
*) feed allocation has to be based on bodyweight development and production
Table 4.2.: Feeding Program Males during Production Period
Age Indication of amount of feed per male per day (g)*
20 weeks 117
21 weeks 120
22 weeks 124
23 weeks 127
24 weeks 131
25 weeks 134
26 weeks 137
Remaining production period Maximum of 145-150
*) feed allocation has to be based on bodyweight development and production
19
21. Table 4.3: Recommended Bodyweights PLG Parentstock females
Production Period
Age Body Wt *) Weekly Gain Feed per bird
days week grams grams per day
154 22 2400 160 127
161 23 2580 180 130
168 24 2760 180 Daily feed
allocation has to
175 25 2940 180 be based on
182 26 3090 150 development of
189 27 3215 125 bodyweight and
temperature
196 28 3315 100
203 29 3390 75 Important:
210 30 3440 50 Each male
loosing weight will
224 32 3490 25 stop mating and
238 34 3530 20 will not start
mating again
252 36 3560 15
266 38 3590 15
280 40 3620 15
308 44 3660 10
336 48 3700 10
385 55 3770 10
420 60 3820 10
455 65 3870 10
20
22. Table 4.4: Recommended Bodyweights PLG Parentstock Males
Production Period
Age Body Wt *) Weekly Gain Feed per male
Week grams grams per day
22 3180 135 128
23 3340 160 132
24 3500 160 135
25 3635 135 138
26 3725 90 141
30 4005 70
Remaining
34 4105 25 production Period
38 4205 25 maximum 145-150
42 4305 25 gram per male per
day
46 4405 25
50 4485 20
54 4565 20
58 4645 20
62 4725 20
*) Bodyweight in this table refer to weighing the birds before eating
21