For over 10 decades, agents of infectious diseases have been identified through their phenotype directly in specimen and after a growth in culture.
Today, we are in a molecular era, there is an opportunity to detect organisms more rapidly and accurately based on their genetic signatures.
Biomedical science research discovery offers a growing numbers of a nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATS) among which is polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection and identification of bacterial, parasitic, fungi and viral pathogens.
These assays improve patient care, reduce antibiotic usage, enhance test utilization and increase laboratory and hospital efficiency.
In this seminar, we will explore the clinical usefulness and potential of both conventional and real-time PCR assays in Clinical Microbiology.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Other Sexually Transmitted Infections - Test...Christine Joyce Javier
IF YOU ARE GOING TO DOWNLOAD THIS FILE, PLEASE NOTIFY me by sending a message via Facebook.
It's a pleasure to help you through my presentation. Thank you so much!
NOTE: This presentation is in PDF format. If you want to have a copy of this file in PPT format, kindly message me thru Facebook also.
For over 10 decades, agents of infectious diseases have been identified through their phenotype directly in specimen and after a growth in culture.
Today, we are in a molecular era, there is an opportunity to detect organisms more rapidly and accurately based on their genetic signatures.
Biomedical science research discovery offers a growing numbers of a nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATS) among which is polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection and identification of bacterial, parasitic, fungi and viral pathogens.
These assays improve patient care, reduce antibiotic usage, enhance test utilization and increase laboratory and hospital efficiency.
In this seminar, we will explore the clinical usefulness and potential of both conventional and real-time PCR assays in Clinical Microbiology.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Other Sexually Transmitted Infections - Test...Christine Joyce Javier
IF YOU ARE GOING TO DOWNLOAD THIS FILE, PLEASE NOTIFY me by sending a message via Facebook.
It's a pleasure to help you through my presentation. Thank you so much!
NOTE: This presentation is in PDF format. If you want to have a copy of this file in PPT format, kindly message me thru Facebook also.
Prevalence of Rota Virus Detection by Reverse TranscriptasePolymerase Chain R...IOSRJPBS
The present study was conducted for the period from 1/6/2016 to 20/1/2017 in Baquba city. The study aimed to detection of rotavirus in stool specimens of children fewer than five age and also explore the effects of certain demographic factors on the detection rates by revers transcriptase- polymerase chain reaction. The study included 49 patients with acute diarrhea, 32 were male and 17 were female. The age range was two months to 5 years. Demographic information on the patients regarding age, sex, residence, type of feeding and source of drinking water were collected from their parents. Stool specimens were collected from each patients and. Detection of rotavirus in stool specimens was done by conventional reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The results of present study showed that the overall infection rate by rotavirus among patients with acute diarrhea by RT-PCR tests was 93.88%. The highest infection rate was recorded among those >10-≤15 months of age. None of the results showed significantly difference between female and male, PCR (88% vs 96.87%). Likewise, there was insignificantly difference between urban and rural residence, PCR (95.65% vs 92.30%). The results revealed insignificantly higher infection rate among patients (those below 2 years) feed mixing (91.66%) and bottled (100%) compared to that breast feeding (77.77%) by RT-PCR. The rotavirus infection rate was insignificantly higher among patients consuming municipal water for drinking (97.22%) compared to those consuming bottled water (84.61%) by the RT-PCR. The study concluded that rotavirus was detected in high rates among children less than 5 years old with acute diarrhea in Baquba city, particularly those less than 2 year old.
Serological test for virus identificationPlock Ghosh
This presentation consist of detailed study of serological method of virus identification. Basically ELISA is vastly used for virus detection. Western blot method is used for HIV identification.
detect and identify common human bacterial pathogens in high purity water.Saad Farooqi
A rapid culture independent methodology toquantitatively detect and identify common human bacterial pathogens associated with contaminated high purity water
This is a research article presentation. I have prepared an original article for power point presentation, it will be helpful for you all to know how to present an original article on journal club.
Before doing research in any field it is very important to know the way of writing a research article . We should know which different points to remember at the time of research paper presentation .I have included all the headings which fulfill all the demands of a better way to present a research article on journal club.
Prevalence of Rota Virus Detection by Reverse TranscriptasePolymerase Chain R...IOSRJPBS
The present study was conducted for the period from 1/6/2016 to 20/1/2017 in Baquba city. The study aimed to detection of rotavirus in stool specimens of children fewer than five age and also explore the effects of certain demographic factors on the detection rates by revers transcriptase- polymerase chain reaction. The study included 49 patients with acute diarrhea, 32 were male and 17 were female. The age range was two months to 5 years. Demographic information on the patients regarding age, sex, residence, type of feeding and source of drinking water were collected from their parents. Stool specimens were collected from each patients and. Detection of rotavirus in stool specimens was done by conventional reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The results of present study showed that the overall infection rate by rotavirus among patients with acute diarrhea by RT-PCR tests was 93.88%. The highest infection rate was recorded among those >10-≤15 months of age. None of the results showed significantly difference between female and male, PCR (88% vs 96.87%). Likewise, there was insignificantly difference between urban and rural residence, PCR (95.65% vs 92.30%). The results revealed insignificantly higher infection rate among patients (those below 2 years) feed mixing (91.66%) and bottled (100%) compared to that breast feeding (77.77%) by RT-PCR. The rotavirus infection rate was insignificantly higher among patients consuming municipal water for drinking (97.22%) compared to those consuming bottled water (84.61%) by the RT-PCR. The study concluded that rotavirus was detected in high rates among children less than 5 years old with acute diarrhea in Baquba city, particularly those less than 2 year old.
Serological test for virus identificationPlock Ghosh
This presentation consist of detailed study of serological method of virus identification. Basically ELISA is vastly used for virus detection. Western blot method is used for HIV identification.
detect and identify common human bacterial pathogens in high purity water.Saad Farooqi
A rapid culture independent methodology toquantitatively detect and identify common human bacterial pathogens associated with contaminated high purity water
This is a research article presentation. I have prepared an original article for power point presentation, it will be helpful for you all to know how to present an original article on journal club.
Before doing research in any field it is very important to know the way of writing a research article . We should know which different points to remember at the time of research paper presentation .I have included all the headings which fulfill all the demands of a better way to present a research article on journal club.
Background &Objective: Klebsiella pneumonia causes different serious nosocomial infections for human and several strains became multiple drug resistance .This study was conducted to describe the epidemiology and molecular typing of Klebsiella pneumonia with the extended spectrum of B lactamase enzyme in Gaza strip .Methods :A cross-sectional survey was conducted during the period of December 2008 to November2009. One hundred and fifty clinical specimens were collected from patients admitted in different wards . Results : Sixty six percentage of the isolates were K.pneumonia .These were isolated from different infected sites : urine 24% , sputum 14%, wound 11% , stool11% , blood14% , cerebrospinal fluid 11% , skin16% . The ESBLs was detected in 67% of the strains ,53% strains were resistant for more than eight antibiotics , PCR demonstrated different patterns for the presence of SHV(80%) , TEM(60%) enzyme and CTX-M(20%), PFGE Showed 10 clusters of genetically unrelated strains with high prevalence of polyclonal strains of Klebsiella pneumonia. Antibiotic resistance was found against Cephalothin(95.0%),Cefotaxime(82.0%),Ceftazidime(59.0%),Ceftriaxone(86.0%),Gentamicin(56.0%),Trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole(47.0%)..Chloramphenicol(42%),Amikacin(33%),Aztreonam (32%) and Imipenem(0%). Interpretation, Conclusion : our findings showed that genetically-related isolates of K. pneumoniae producing SHV and TEM and CTX-M were present in Gaza Strip. Larger studies need to be done to better define the molecular epidemiology of ESBL producing K. pneumoniae and its clinical implications
A original article presentation in journal club.
It gives you better idea how to present a research article.
A cross sectional study was conducted to compare two different methods first is rapid card test and other is real time pcr for the diagnosis of corona virus disease.
Automated hematology analyzer as a cost effective aid to screen and monitor s...nisaiims
Praveen Kumar, Parul Arora, Subhadra Sharma, Arti Kapil$, A.K.Mukhopadhyay
Departments of Lab Medicine & Microbiology$
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Are There Any Natural Remedies To Treat Syphilis.pdf
Plex ID Congrès SJBM Marseille 2013
1. Syndicat des Jeunes
Biologistes Médicaux
Marseille, 14 décembre 2013
ESI-TOF PLEX ID
UNE NOUVELLE TECHNIQUE DE PRISE
EN CHARGE MICROBIOLOGIQUE
CHU
Saint
Louis
Paris
GH Saint Louis – Lariboisière-F Widal
Prof François SIMON
2. DIRECT SEQUENCING : A COST-EFFECTIVE AND
CONVENIENT APPROACH IN MICROBIOLOGY ?
could identify the isolates, gene resistance to
antibiotics of bacterial/fongi pathogens
next-generation sequencing will soon be sufficiently
fast, accurate and cheap to be used in routine clinical
microbiology practice
2
Nature Reviews Genetics 13, 601-612 (September 2012) Xavier Didelot et al
3. A NOVEL STRATEGY IN MICROBIOLOGY
I
(direct patient
specimens)
NA extraction
II
Multiplex
PCR
III
ESI-TOF MS
(single-plex)
6 - 8 hours
IV
Convert
mass to base
composition
4. From Sept 2001, 11 to June 2009, 29
The assay was able to detect
and characterize the new flu
pandemic stain H1N1 in 2009
…An untypable influenza A strain was identified
at a surveillance site of the Naval Health
Research Center by a new diagnostic device.
…Further characterization by PCR assay and
electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
indicated a swine-origin virus,
– D Faix, et al. New England Journal of Medicine, June 29, 2009
7. MASS SPECTROMETER ANALYSIS
lower mass amplicon travel faster
Spectral Signal
Mass Spectrometer
(ESI)
(TOF)
Ion Source
Ion Source
Generation of of Ions
Generation Ions
Mass Analysis
Mass Analysis
Seperation of of Ions
Seperation Ions
Signal Processing
Masses to Base Compositions
#
Mass
Base Count
Quantity
1 35875.03 A25G35C30T26
4260
2 35297.70 A29G33C27T25
1948
3 35619.87 A26G36C29T24
1555
4 36196.21 A23G37C31T26
1306
5 35297.70 A29G33C27T26
1949
6 33734.22 A19G21C17T27
1000
Detector
Detector
Detection of of Ions
Detection Ions
Base Compositions Map
to Microbes
7
8. PCR PRODUCTS IDENTIFICATION
PRINCIPLE OF MASS SPECTROMETRY
different A, C, T, G in
your PCR
8.5 g
Poids: 36,2 g
7.5 g
7.8 g
different coins in your
pocket
.
5.74 g
?
1 x 1 Euro
5 x 20 Cent
8
9. During the deconvolution m/z-data are converted
in molecule mass (Kda) From molecule mass the
basecount/- composition is calculated
9
11. PATHOGEN DETECTIONS, MIXTURE, QUANTIFICATION
ie 3 BACTERIA IN THE SAMPLE
Semi quantification
Clincial research study results on blood
culture samples obtained at LABCONOWL, Germany
S.
aureus
(A30G29
C30T29)
Amplitu
de
Detection of mixture
3
0
0
0
K.
pneumoniae
1
5
0
0
(A26G32C
28T30)
E. coli
(A27G33
C27T29)
0
3
5.
6
3
6.
molecular
1
mass (kDa)
3
6.
6
11
12. ASSAYS FOR RUO IN 2013 :
- BAC ASSAY : identifies more than 6000 species of
bacteria, 40 species of Candida and 4 antibiotic
resistance markers (kpc, mec A, van A, van B) direct for
sample
- Broad Fungal ASSAY : identifies more than 350 families
and over 2,000 species of fungi including Aspergillus,
Fusarium, Penicillium, Clasvipora and Cryptococcus
direct from sample
- VIRAL IC II ASSAY for IC patients : Herpes 1-8, ADV,
polyomaV, HEV ParvoV…
13. ASSAYS FOR RUO IN 2012 : BAC AND FUNGAL ASSAYS
Broad Fungal
BAC SPECTRUM
6 samples /plate
14. Assay Kit Configuration
Amplification Kit:
• 10 Assay plates (10 plates, 60 assays)
– Primers
– Calibrant
– DNA Polymerase
• 10 Extraction Control vials
• 10 % BSA, vials
• Protocol for processing PLEX-ID BAC Spectrum SF Assay Plates (1x)
Ultra-Clean Sample Preparation Kit (Promega): 10 x 6
• Kit Component
Part Number
– Beat-beating tubes (zirconium/yttrium)
MG-00361
– Ultra-Clean SDS, 20%
MG-00349
– Microparticles
MT-00416
– Wash 1
MT-00371
– Wash 2
MG-00351
– Elution Buffer
MG-00350
Quantitiy
60
10
10
10
10
10
BAC Spectrum Control Kit: 5 x 12
– Negative Control (2 kits required per sample prep kit)
MG-00354
5
Pro K Kit
– Proteinase K
MT-00600
10
For Training Purposes Only – Not for Publication or Distribution Outside Customer Training
17. PLEX ID Viral IC Spectrum
Exemples d’espèces identifiées
12 échantillons (plasma et autres) par plaque
Temps par cycle de PCR: 2 heures
Temps total< 8 h
17
21. ADENOVIRUS IN HEMATOPOETIC STEM CELLS RECIPIENTS
- 7 species A G -
> 60 serotypes
Various diseases in IC
Enteritis – Cystitis
Hepatitis – Pneumonia - Encephalitis
Disseminated disease Mortality ≈ 50%
Persistent infection in children Adv C
Nosocomial infections
22. ADENOVIRUS INFECTIONS IN HSCT PATIENTS
VIRAL IC IN ESI-TOF (PLEX ID) VS REAL TIME PCR
Objectives
PLEX ID Sensitivity and specificity in ADV detection in HSCT
patients on plasma
Plex ID ADV genotyping versus traditional sequencing
93 positive plasma from
60 ADV-infected patients
22
23. SPECIES / SEROTYPE AGREEMENT :
SEQUECING vs ESI-TOF (PLEX ID)
Species/Serotype
n
PlexID
A31
16
A31
A12
4
A12
F41
5
F41
B (B3, B7, B11, B undet)
13
B
C
101
20
58
17
1
5
C
C2 n=10
C5 n=8
D56
1
D
D undet
5
D
C1
C2
C5
C6
C undet
Undetermined
A31
B
C (n-4)
serotype identification
Species identification
The base composition
matched with several
serotypes
24. SIMULTANEOUS DETECTION OF OTHER VIRUSES
IN ADV-INFECTED PATIENTS
PCR ESI-TOF MS with VIRAL IC assay is allowing a large and combined
detection of others viruses in the sample during the same run
93 plasma ADV +
BKV +
EBV +
CMV +
JCV +
HSV-1 +
n
39
32
31
10
9
24
28. SET-UP OF THE STUDY
• Tested on ESI-TOF PLEX ID in parallel to the Routine process
Starting point for
Final point for
time measurement
time measurement
Registration of tube in LIS
Result available for biologist
28
32. ROUTINE PCR VS PCR – ESI - TOF – MS WORKFLOW
FINAL POINT FOR TIME MEASUREMENT
PLEX ID = 28 Hours WITH 1
TECHNICIANS
VS
ROUTINE = 48H WITH 3
TECHNICIANS
34. 1-C ALBICANS INFECTION EARLY DETECTION IN PLEX ID
hemoculture negative the patient being onto
capsofungine
C albicans DNA detected in PLEX ID
- Liver biopsy culture +
- Clinical and therapeutical
confirmation of nodular candidiasis
35. 2-PULMONARY ACTINOMYCOSIS DETECTED
BY PLEX ID
June 2012 Miss Cham…42 y o
Pulmonary mass without diagnosis
Transthoraxic biopsy
ESI TOF MS identified Actinomyces Naeslundi
36. 3 PULMONARY FUSOBACTERIOSIS DETECTION
BY PLEX ID
Pulmonary mass without diagnosis
Transthoraxic biopsies
ESI TOF MS : F nucleatum in accordance with the
scanner
37. IC PATIENT H CAPSULATUM :
positive detection in BAL by ESI TOF (PLEX ID)
19 days before the 1st positive culture
Liver graft 3 years ago , general skin erythrosis
following a bath in a swimming pool. Orphan diagnosis.
ESI TOF onto skin biopsy : F solani
-Negative samples (65% for BAL) can be considered
in < 1-2 days in stead of 3 weeks.
38. Success stories - cont
– Testis mass from unknowm origin in HIV –infected
Pt : Plex ID identified a T pallidum onto the biopsy
- M hominis in a renal liquid-transport before
transplantation
– Lariboisière ED : N meningitidis post AB, typed as
serotype C by Plex ID
- Positive blood culture at M bovis following bladder
instillation
PLEX ID : a high predictive negative value
39. PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS ONTO PCR-ESI-TOF MS
A highly valuable system that will change the workflow
and the organization of the microbiology : large panel
adapted to medical monitoring
With potential major clinical implications
Ongoing research 2013-2015 :
2013 BAL in Saint Louis
2014 St Louis/Val de Grâce + Londres +
Frankfurt +Brussel +Varsovia + Genève : ICU
40. PERSPECTIVES 2014
A new system « Next Plex »
- lighter, higher throughput with unitary
cartridge for Bac, Fungal and viruses
- mass spectrometer smaller and easier
to use
- - more conducive to a clinical
diagnostics setting.
- Cheaper
- Adapted to bacterio/mycological rapide
identifications
40