Plegable Biologia Molecular
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The document discusses using PCR to identify sloth species through genetic analysis of DNA, finding variability between individuals of different species. It also discusses how PCR can be used to diagnose dengue by detecting the multiple serotypes of the dengue virus that are mutating to evade antibodies. The research highlighted is important for conservation efforts and improving medical diagnosis techniques.
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Adenovirus
Adenoviruses were first isolated in 1935 from human tissues. They are double stranded DNA viruses that can cause respiratory, gastrointestinal, and eye infections in humans. While many infections are mild, adenoviruses can cause pneumonia, gastroenteritis, and keratoconjunctivitis. Diagnosis involves isolating the virus from samples using cell culture or molecular techniques. Treatment focuses on symptom relief as there are no specific antivirals, though some drugs like cidofovir are being studied. Prevention emphasizes handwashing, pool chlorination, and infection control practices.
General properties of viruses
Virology is the study of viruses and their relationship with hosts. Viruses are acellular organisms that can only replicate inside host cells. They have nucleic acid genomes and use host cell machinery to assemble new viral particles. Viruses come in a variety of shapes and sizes, and some have envelopes derived from host cell membranes. They enter host cells, express their genes, replicate their genomes, assemble new viral particles, and exit host cells to infect new targets. Viruses are cultivated using various methods including cell cultures, embryonated eggs, and animal models to study viral replication and pathogenesis.
Animal vaccine study yields insights that may advance HIV vaccine research
A shot study in apes designed to identify significant signs that the canines were protected after infection by SIV, the monkey release of HIV.
Structure of Animal Viruses
1. The document discusses the structure and classification of several important animal viruses: rhabdovirus, influenza virus, paramyxovirus, hepatitis B virus, and retroviruses.
2. It provides information on their genetic material, morphology from electron micrographs, and proteins. Rhabdovirus is bullet-shaped with a helical nucleocapsid. Influenza virus is spherical with segmented negative-sense RNA.
3. Paramyxovirus is spherical and polymorphic with a helical nucleocapsid. Hepatitis B virus is spherical and enveloped with circular DNA. Retroviruses have spherical cores with two copies of positive-sense RNA and the enzyme reverse transcript
Standard (+) Rna Virus
The document discusses RNA viruses from the Togaviridae and Flaviviridae families that cause hemorrhagic fever and encephalitis. It describes the structure and genome of togaviruses like alphaviruses and rubivirus, and flaviviruses like those that cause dengue, yellow fever, and hepatitis C. These viruses are transmitted by arthropods and can cause diseases ranging from mild fevers and rashes to hemorrhagic fever, encephalitis, and congenital rubella syndrome. Vaccines exist for some viruses like rubella and yellow fever.
Virus2
Virus classification is the process of naming viruses and placing them into a taxonomic system. Similar to the classification systems used for cellular organisms, virus classification is the subject of ongoing debate and proposals. This is mainly due to the pseudo-living nature of viruses, which is to say they are non-living particles with some chemical characteristics similar to those of life. As such, they do not fit neatly into the established biological classification system in place for cellular organisms.
Viruses are mainly classified by phenotypic characteristics, such as morphology, nucleic acid type, mode of replication, host organisms, and the type of disease they cause. Currently, two main schemes are used for the classification of viruses: the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) system and Baltimore classification system, which places viruses into one of seven groups. Accompanying this broad method of classification are specific naming conventions and further classification guidelines set out by the ICTV.
Virus
Viruses are the smallest infectious agents that can only replicate inside living host cells. They are acellular and can infect bacteria, plants, insects, animals, algae, fungi and humans. A virus requires a living host cell to grow and reproduce, and can be transmitted directly or indirectly between hosts. It induces cytopathological changes within the host cell and the prevention and control of viruses depends on maintaining good hygiene at the individual, public, and environmental levels.
Austin Virology and Retrovirology
Austin Virology and Retrovirology is an international scholarly peer reviewed Open Access journal, aims to promote the research in the field of Virology.
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Austin Virology and Retrovirology supports the scientific modernization and enrichment in virology research community by magnifying access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin also brings universally peer reviewed member journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, collaborative and promotion of multidisciplinary science.
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Adenovirus
Adenoviruses were first isolated in 1935 from human tissues. They are double stranded DNA viruses that can cause respiratory, gastrointestinal, and eye infections in humans. While many infections are mild, adenoviruses can cause pneumonia, gastroenteritis, and keratoconjunctivitis. Diagnosis involves isolating the virus from samples using cell culture or molecular techniques. Treatment focuses on symptom relief as there are no specific antivirals, though some drugs like cidofovir are being studied. Prevention emphasizes handwashing, pool chlorination, and infection control practices.
General properties of viruses
Virology is the study of viruses and their relationship with hosts. Viruses are acellular organisms that can only replicate inside host cells. They have nucleic acid genomes and use host cell machinery to assemble new viral particles. Viruses come in a variety of shapes and sizes, and some have envelopes derived from host cell membranes. They enter host cells, express their genes, replicate their genomes, assemble new viral particles, and exit host cells to infect new targets. Viruses are cultivated using various methods including cell cultures, embryonated eggs, and animal models to study viral replication and pathogenesis.
Animal vaccine study yields insights that may advance HIV vaccine research
A shot study in apes designed to identify significant signs that the canines were protected after infection by SIV, the monkey release of HIV.
Structure of Animal Viruses
1. The document discusses the structure and classification of several important animal viruses: rhabdovirus, influenza virus, paramyxovirus, hepatitis B virus, and retroviruses.
2. It provides information on their genetic material, morphology from electron micrographs, and proteins. Rhabdovirus is bullet-shaped with a helical nucleocapsid. Influenza virus is spherical with segmented negative-sense RNA.
3. Paramyxovirus is spherical and polymorphic with a helical nucleocapsid. Hepatitis B virus is spherical and enveloped with circular DNA. Retroviruses have spherical cores with two copies of positive-sense RNA and the enzyme reverse transcript
Standard (+) Rna Virus
The document discusses RNA viruses from the Togaviridae and Flaviviridae families that cause hemorrhagic fever and encephalitis. It describes the structure and genome of togaviruses like alphaviruses and rubivirus, and flaviviruses like those that cause dengue, yellow fever, and hepatitis C. These viruses are transmitted by arthropods and can cause diseases ranging from mild fevers and rashes to hemorrhagic fever, encephalitis, and congenital rubella syndrome. Vaccines exist for some viruses like rubella and yellow fever.
Virus2
Virus classification is the process of naming viruses and placing them into a taxonomic system. Similar to the classification systems used for cellular organisms, virus classification is the subject of ongoing debate and proposals. This is mainly due to the pseudo-living nature of viruses, which is to say they are non-living particles with some chemical characteristics similar to those of life. As such, they do not fit neatly into the established biological classification system in place for cellular organisms.
Viruses are mainly classified by phenotypic characteristics, such as morphology, nucleic acid type, mode of replication, host organisms, and the type of disease they cause. Currently, two main schemes are used for the classification of viruses: the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) system and Baltimore classification system, which places viruses into one of seven groups. Accompanying this broad method of classification are specific naming conventions and further classification guidelines set out by the ICTV.
Virus
Viruses are the smallest infectious agents that can only replicate inside living host cells. They are acellular and can infect bacteria, plants, insects, animals, algae, fungi and humans. A virus requires a living host cell to grow and reproduce, and can be transmitted directly or indirectly between hosts. It induces cytopathological changes within the host cell and the prevention and control of viruses depends on maintaining good hygiene at the individual, public, and environmental levels.
Austin Virology and Retrovirology
Austin Virology and Retrovirology is an international scholarly peer reviewed Open Access journal, aims to promote the research in the field of Virology.
Austin Virology and Retrovirology is a comprehensive Open Access peer reviewed scientific Journal that covers multidisciplinary fields. We provide limitless access towards accessing our literature hub with colossal range of articles. The journal aims to publish high quality varied article types such as Research, Review, Case Reports, Short Communications, Perspectives (Editorials), Clinical Images
Austin Virology and Retrovirology supports the scientific modernization and enrichment in virology research community by magnifying access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin also brings universally peer reviewed member journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, collaborative and promotion of multidisciplinary science.
- Henipaviruses like Hendra virus and Nipah virus are single-stranded RNA viruses in the Paramyxoviridae family. Nipah virus caused several outbreaks in Southeast Asia, primarily among pig farmers and those in close contact with infected pigs.
- Nipah virus's natural reservoir are fruit bats of the Pteropus genus. The virus can spread from bats to other animals and humans. Human-to-human transmission is also possible through close contact with infected individuals or their body fluids.
- The 1998-1999 Nipah virus outbreak in Malaysia involved over 250 confirmed human cases and 105 deaths. Intensive investigation revealed transmission was primarily from infected pigs to farmers and
Ebola
This document provides an overview of the Ebola virus, including its epidemiology, virology, transmission, pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnosis, current situation, prevention and conclusion. It discusses how Ebola was first discovered in 1976 and the current 2014 outbreak in West Africa. It describes the virus taxonomy and species. It explains the virus damages blood vessels leading to bleeding, affects organs like the liver and causes circulatory failure. Current research is evaluating vaccines to prevent and treat Ebola virus disease.
Rabies
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The document is a progress report submitted for a B. Pharm degree. It summarizes rabies, caused by the Lyssavirus, as a zoonotic disease transmitted to humans. It discusses the virus entry and spread in the body through motor and sensory axons. It describes the formation of Negri bodies in infected neurons. It also explains the mechanisms of aerophobia and hydrophobia symptoms, such as involuntary spasms caused by air or water. The diagnosis and management of rabies are also briefly covered.
1st reflection
Kaposi Sarcoma Herpes Virus (KSHV) is a common virus that, like many herpes viruses, undergoes periods of latency and reactivation. During latency, the virus does not express disease-causing genes and reproduces in host cells. Reactivation is important because it causes the virus to express genes that can lead to illnesses and cancer. Understanding the mechanisms of latency and reactivation is significant for developing new virus treatments and modifying infected cells. PhD candidate Olga González and her team are investigating the proteins, nucleic acids, and DNA involved in viral reactivation, which could lead to discoveries treating diseases caused by oncoviruses like KSHV.
Virus Chapter No 5 Class XI
Viruses are non-living obligate intracellular parasites that infect all types of life forms. They consist of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid. Some viruses also have an outer envelope. Viruses lack cellular structures and require a host cell to replicate. They enter the host cell and use the cell's machinery to produce more viruses. Viruses are classified based on their nucleic acid composition and morphology. Viral diseases are transmitted through various routes like droplets, sexual contact, blood, etc. Important viral diseases include influenza, hepatitis, HIV/AIDS, rabies, etc. Treatment focuses on controlling symptoms and developing vaccines.
HospitalRisks
75,000 people in the US die from hospital-acquired infections each year. Common bacteria like C. diff and MRSA spread in hospitals due to poor hand hygiene, overuse of antibiotics, and inadequate cleaning. Only 6% of hospitals do well at preventing the spread of both bacteria. Hospitals can improve by enforcing hand washing, using antibiotics judiciously, and deploying pulsed UV light robots that can disinfect a room in minutes and reduce infection rates by up to 70%.
Human retroviruses
Human Retroviruses are RNA viruses that contain the enzyme reverse transcriptase, allowing them to convert their RNA genome into DNA. The two major genera that affect humans are Lentiviruses, which include HIV-1 and HIV-2, and HTLV-BLV group, which includes HTLV-1 and HTLV-2. HIV binds host cells via gp120, enters via fusion, reverse transcribes into DNA then integrates into the host genome. It replicates using host cell machinery. Infection can lead to AIDS as CD4+ T cells are depleted. Opportunistic infections are treated with antiretrovirals that target reverse transcriptase and protease.
Bacterial & Viral Reproduction
Viruses multiply by entering a host cell and forcing it to produce more viruses. There are two ways viruses can multiply - actively, where the host cell is destroyed as it produces new viruses, or latently, where the viral DNA incorporates into the host cell's DNA and is copied as the cell divides without immediately destroying the cell. Vaccines work by introducing a weakened form of the virus to stimulate an immune response and prevent disease from the full virus.
Giruses
1) The document discusses large DNA viruses called giruses that have genomes over 300 kb and up to 1200 kb.
2) These giruses can encode hundreds of proteins and have more genes than some bacteria. They infect various hosts including protists, bacteria, and animals.
3) Many giruses were only recently discovered due to technical challenges in identifying large viruses. They appear to be more common than originally thought based on metagenomic studies.
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The document discusses rhabdoviruses, which are a family of viruses that includes rabies virus. It provides information on several genera of rhabdoviruses, including lyssavirus which includes rabies virus, vesiculovirus which includes vesicular stomatitis virus, and Novirhabdovirus and Cytorhabdovirus which infect fish. It also discusses some characteristics and examples of diseases caused by specific rhabdoviruses such as vesicular stomatitis virus, viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), and rabies virus.
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This document discusses human viral diseases. It begins by introducing different types of viruses that infect humans, including DNA viruses like herpesviruses and adenoviruses, and RNA viruses like flaviviruses, picornaviruses, and retroviruses. The document then explains the replication cycle of viruses in human cells, involving attachment, penetration, uncoating, gene expression, assembly, and release. Finally, it provides details on specific human viral diseases like influenza, rabies, and hepatitis B, covering symptoms, transmission methods, and key facts.
Herpes simplex virus
The document provides an overview of the syllabus for a course on virology and mycology. It covers 6 units: (1) introduction to medical mycology and fungal infections, (2) classification of viruses and sample collection for viral diagnosis, (3) RNA viruses including polio, influenza, and HIV, (4) DNA viruses like herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, and hepatitis, (5) next generation PCR techniques for viral genome identification, and (6) general points about virus morphology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. The syllabus will examine important fungi and viruses, the diseases they cause, and laboratory methods for detection.
Adenoviral vector
Adenoviral vectors are modified adenoviruses that can deliver genetic material into host cells. Adenoviruses are medium-sized, non-enveloped viruses containing double-stranded DNA. They can efficiently transfer DNA/RNA into cells and have been used to construct viral vectors. Wild type adenoviruses are modified by deleting non-essential genes and adding exogenous genetic material to create viral vectors. Three generations of adenoviral vectors have been developed for gene therapy, with later generations having improved safety profiles and ability to carry larger DNA payloads.
classification of virus
Viruses can be classified according to their genetic material and structure. Unlike living organisms that use DNA, viruses may contain either DNA or RNA as their genetic material. Their genetic material may be single- or double-stranded and linear or circular. RNA viruses must encode their own RNA polymerase enzymes, making copying errors more common than in DNA viruses and allowing RNA viruses to change and adapt more rapidly. Historically, viruses were classified based on morphology and then by nucleic acid type and structure, but the current Baltimore classification groups viruses based on how messenger RNA is generated.
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This document summarizes several viral pathogens including herpes viruses, hepatitis viruses, human papillomavirus, influenza virus, paramyxoviruses, enteroviruses, norovirus, arboviruses, HIV, Ebola virus, and hantavirus. It describes their viral structure, transmission methods, symptoms, treatments, and prevention methods. Key details provided on herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, varicella zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis A, B, and C viruses, influenza virus antigenic drift and shift, measles, mumps, respiratory syncytial virus, poliovirus, rotavirus, dengue,
Characteristics of viruses
Viruses are the smallest of all pathogens, ranging from 20-500 nanometers in size, consist of either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat or capsule, and have characteristics of both living and non-living entities. They contain genetic material and can reproduce but only within a host cell by taking over the cell's machinery. Viruses cause infectious disease, come in different shapes, and have the ability to mutate or become dormant.
Minarcik robbins 2013_ch26-ortho
1) The document discusses the cells, proteins, minerals, and diseases involved in bone structure and remodeling. It describes osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes, as well as collagen, calcium, and other bone components.
2) Bone diseases covered include osteogenesis imperfecta, Paget's disease, osteoporosis, fractures, osteomyelitis, and bone tumors such as osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma. Causes of diseases include defects in proteins, hormones, mineral homeostasis, and bone cell dysfunction.
3) Symptoms, treatments, and complications are mentioned for various bone diseases. Different bone cell types, proteins, minerals and diseases are classified and their roles
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The document summarizes several scientific articles about the therapeutic potential of dental stem cells. It discusses how dental stem cells from teeth, both primary and permanent, can be extracted and multiplied in vitro to generate trillions of cells for therapeutic use. These stem cells are multipotent and can differentiate into various cell types like nerve cells, adipocytes, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, myocytes and odontoblasts. Due to their accessibility and high proliferation rates, dental stem cells are good candidates for tissue engineering and regenerative treatments. The document provides summaries of specific articles about using dental stem cells for conditions like skin regeneration, bone and craniofacial structure regeneration, cardiac regeneration, neurological problems, corneal regeneration and others
Bones And Muscles
1. The document discusses several skeletal developmental and genetic disorders including osteogenesis imperfecta, as well as metabolic bone diseases such as osteoporosis, renal osteodystrophy, osteomalacia, rickets, and hyperparathyroidism.
2. Inflammatory bone disorders including osteomyelitis, sarcoidosis, Paget's disease of bone, and osteonecrosis are described. Trauma and fracture repair processes are also summarized.
3. Several primary bone tumors are discussed including osteoid osteoma, osteosarcoma, chondroma, osteochondroma, and chondroblastoma.
Musculoskeletal tumors
Musculoskeletal tumors can originate from a multistep accumulation of mutations leading to unregulated cell proliferation. Osteosarcoma is the most common type of bone tumor, arising from osteoblasts. It is diagnosed through radiography, cytology, and histopathology. Grading is based on features like pleomorphism and mitoses. Treatment involves surgery with chemotherapy. Variants include osteoblastic, chondroblastic, telangiectatic and fibroblastic subtypes. Multilobular tumor of bone is a slow growing but potentially malignant tumor appearing as islands of bone or cartilage surrounded by spindle cells. Chondrosarcoma arises from cartilage and osteochondroma involves cartilage capped bone protrusions.
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This document provides information about various bone tumors. It begins by describing the structure of long bones and bone cells. It then classifies bone tumors as either benign or malignant, and lists examples of tumors from bone, cartilage, fibrous tissue and other origins. For each tumor type, it provides details on characteristics such as typical age, location, symptoms, radiological features, pathology and treatment options. Some of the specific bone tumors covered include osteoma, osteoid osteoma, osteoblastoma, osteochondroma, chondroma, chondroblastoma and giant cell tumor.
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Bone is a hard connective tissue that forms the skeleton. It has an inorganic mineral component made up of calcium salts and an organic collagen matrix. Bone comes in two types - dense cortical bone forming the hard outer shell and spongy cancellous bone on the inside. Bone is constantly remodeled through the actions of bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Diseases like osteoporosis weaken the bones through decreased bone density while Paget's disease involves abnormal bone deposition and resorption.
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- Henipaviruses like Hendra virus and Nipah virus are single-stranded RNA viruses in the Paramyxoviridae family. Nipah virus caused several outbreaks in Southeast Asia, primarily among pig farmers and those in close contact with infected pigs.
- Nipah virus's natural reservoir are fruit bats of the Pteropus genus. The virus can spread from bats to other animals and humans. Human-to-human transmission is also possible through close contact with infected individuals or their body fluids.
- The 1998-1999 Nipah virus outbreak in Malaysia involved over 250 confirmed human cases and 105 deaths. Intensive investigation revealed transmission was primarily from infected pigs to farmers and
Ebola
This document provides an overview of the Ebola virus, including its epidemiology, virology, transmission, pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnosis, current situation, prevention and conclusion. It discusses how Ebola was first discovered in 1976 and the current 2014 outbreak in West Africa. It describes the virus taxonomy and species. It explains the virus damages blood vessels leading to bleeding, affects organs like the liver and causes circulatory failure. Current research is evaluating vaccines to prevent and treat Ebola virus disease.
Rabies
Neuropsychiatric manifestations of Rabies
The document is a progress report submitted for a B. Pharm degree. It summarizes rabies, caused by the Lyssavirus, as a zoonotic disease transmitted to humans. It discusses the virus entry and spread in the body through motor and sensory axons. It describes the formation of Negri bodies in infected neurons. It also explains the mechanisms of aerophobia and hydrophobia symptoms, such as involuntary spasms caused by air or water. The diagnosis and management of rabies are also briefly covered.
1st reflection
Kaposi Sarcoma Herpes Virus (KSHV) is a common virus that, like many herpes viruses, undergoes periods of latency and reactivation. During latency, the virus does not express disease-causing genes and reproduces in host cells. Reactivation is important because it causes the virus to express genes that can lead to illnesses and cancer. Understanding the mechanisms of latency and reactivation is significant for developing new virus treatments and modifying infected cells. PhD candidate Olga González and her team are investigating the proteins, nucleic acids, and DNA involved in viral reactivation, which could lead to discoveries treating diseases caused by oncoviruses like KSHV.
Virus Chapter No 5 Class XI
Viruses are non-living obligate intracellular parasites that infect all types of life forms. They consist of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid. Some viruses also have an outer envelope. Viruses lack cellular structures and require a host cell to replicate. They enter the host cell and use the cell's machinery to produce more viruses. Viruses are classified based on their nucleic acid composition and morphology. Viral diseases are transmitted through various routes like droplets, sexual contact, blood, etc. Important viral diseases include influenza, hepatitis, HIV/AIDS, rabies, etc. Treatment focuses on controlling symptoms and developing vaccines.
HospitalRisks
75,000 people in the US die from hospital-acquired infections each year. Common bacteria like C. diff and MRSA spread in hospitals due to poor hand hygiene, overuse of antibiotics, and inadequate cleaning. Only 6% of hospitals do well at preventing the spread of both bacteria. Hospitals can improve by enforcing hand washing, using antibiotics judiciously, and deploying pulsed UV light robots that can disinfect a room in minutes and reduce infection rates by up to 70%.
Human retroviruses
Human Retroviruses are RNA viruses that contain the enzyme reverse transcriptase, allowing them to convert their RNA genome into DNA. The two major genera that affect humans are Lentiviruses, which include HIV-1 and HIV-2, and HTLV-BLV group, which includes HTLV-1 and HTLV-2. HIV binds host cells via gp120, enters via fusion, reverse transcribes into DNA then integrates into the host genome. It replicates using host cell machinery. Infection can lead to AIDS as CD4+ T cells are depleted. Opportunistic infections are treated with antiretrovirals that target reverse transcriptase and protease.
Bacterial & Viral Reproduction
Viruses multiply by entering a host cell and forcing it to produce more viruses. There are two ways viruses can multiply - actively, where the host cell is destroyed as it produces new viruses, or latently, where the viral DNA incorporates into the host cell's DNA and is copied as the cell divides without immediately destroying the cell. Vaccines work by introducing a weakened form of the virus to stimulate an immune response and prevent disease from the full virus.
Giruses
1) The document discusses large DNA viruses called giruses that have genomes over 300 kb and up to 1200 kb.
2) These giruses can encode hundreds of proteins and have more genes than some bacteria. They infect various hosts including protists, bacteria, and animals.
3) Many giruses were only recently discovered due to technical challenges in identifying large viruses. They appear to be more common than originally thought based on metagenomic studies.
Rhabdoviridae ppt
The document discusses rhabdoviruses, which are a family of viruses that includes rabies virus. It provides information on several genera of rhabdoviruses, including lyssavirus which includes rabies virus, vesiculovirus which includes vesicular stomatitis virus, and Novirhabdovirus and Cytorhabdovirus which infect fish. It also discusses some characteristics and examples of diseases caused by specific rhabdoviruses such as vesicular stomatitis virus, viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), and rabies virus.
presentation....human viral diseases
This document discusses human viral diseases. It begins by introducing different types of viruses that infect humans, including DNA viruses like herpesviruses and adenoviruses, and RNA viruses like flaviviruses, picornaviruses, and retroviruses. The document then explains the replication cycle of viruses in human cells, involving attachment, penetration, uncoating, gene expression, assembly, and release. Finally, it provides details on specific human viral diseases like influenza, rabies, and hepatitis B, covering symptoms, transmission methods, and key facts.
Herpes simplex virus
The document provides an overview of the syllabus for a course on virology and mycology. It covers 6 units: (1) introduction to medical mycology and fungal infections, (2) classification of viruses and sample collection for viral diagnosis, (3) RNA viruses including polio, influenza, and HIV, (4) DNA viruses like herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, and hepatitis, (5) next generation PCR techniques for viral genome identification, and (6) general points about virus morphology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. The syllabus will examine important fungi and viruses, the diseases they cause, and laboratory methods for detection.
Adenoviral vector
Adenoviral vectors are modified adenoviruses that can deliver genetic material into host cells. Adenoviruses are medium-sized, non-enveloped viruses containing double-stranded DNA. They can efficiently transfer DNA/RNA into cells and have been used to construct viral vectors. Wild type adenoviruses are modified by deleting non-essential genes and adding exogenous genetic material to create viral vectors. Three generations of adenoviral vectors have been developed for gene therapy, with later generations having improved safety profiles and ability to carry larger DNA payloads.
classification of virus
Viruses can be classified according to their genetic material and structure. Unlike living organisms that use DNA, viruses may contain either DNA or RNA as their genetic material. Their genetic material may be single- or double-stranded and linear or circular. RNA viruses must encode their own RNA polymerase enzymes, making copying errors more common than in DNA viruses and allowing RNA viruses to change and adapt more rapidly. Historically, viruses were classified based on morphology and then by nucleic acid type and structure, but the current Baltimore classification groups viruses based on how messenger RNA is generated.
9 - Viral Pathogens
This document summarizes several viral pathogens including herpes viruses, hepatitis viruses, human papillomavirus, influenza virus, paramyxoviruses, enteroviruses, norovirus, arboviruses, HIV, Ebola virus, and hantavirus. It describes their viral structure, transmission methods, symptoms, treatments, and prevention methods. Key details provided on herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, varicella zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis A, B, and C viruses, influenza virus antigenic drift and shift, measles, mumps, respiratory syncytial virus, poliovirus, rotavirus, dengue,
Characteristics of viruses
Viruses are the smallest of all pathogens, ranging from 20-500 nanometers in size, consist of either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat or capsule, and have characteristics of both living and non-living entities. They contain genetic material and can reproduce but only within a host cell by taking over the cell's machinery. Viruses cause infectious disease, come in different shapes, and have the ability to mutate or become dormant.
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Minarcik robbins 2013_ch26-ortho
1) The document discusses the cells, proteins, minerals, and diseases involved in bone structure and remodeling. It describes osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes, as well as collagen, calcium, and other bone components.
2) Bone diseases covered include osteogenesis imperfecta, Paget's disease, osteoporosis, fractures, osteomyelitis, and bone tumors such as osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma. Causes of diseases include defects in proteins, hormones, mineral homeostasis, and bone cell dysfunction.
3) Symptoms, treatments, and complications are mentioned for various bone diseases. Different bone cell types, proteins, minerals and diseases are classified and their roles
Artículos Científicos - Células Madre Dentales - BioEDEN Mexico
The document summarizes several scientific articles about the therapeutic potential of dental stem cells. It discusses how dental stem cells from teeth, both primary and permanent, can be extracted and multiplied in vitro to generate trillions of cells for therapeutic use. These stem cells are multipotent and can differentiate into various cell types like nerve cells, adipocytes, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, myocytes and odontoblasts. Due to their accessibility and high proliferation rates, dental stem cells are good candidates for tissue engineering and regenerative treatments. The document provides summaries of specific articles about using dental stem cells for conditions like skin regeneration, bone and craniofacial structure regeneration, cardiac regeneration, neurological problems, corneal regeneration and others
Bones And Muscles
1. The document discusses several skeletal developmental and genetic disorders including osteogenesis imperfecta, as well as metabolic bone diseases such as osteoporosis, renal osteodystrophy, osteomalacia, rickets, and hyperparathyroidism.
2. Inflammatory bone disorders including osteomyelitis, sarcoidosis, Paget's disease of bone, and osteonecrosis are described. Trauma and fracture repair processes are also summarized.
3. Several primary bone tumors are discussed including osteoid osteoma, osteosarcoma, chondroma, osteochondroma, and chondroblastoma.
Musculoskeletal tumors
Musculoskeletal tumors can originate from a multistep accumulation of mutations leading to unregulated cell proliferation. Osteosarcoma is the most common type of bone tumor, arising from osteoblasts. It is diagnosed through radiography, cytology, and histopathology. Grading is based on features like pleomorphism and mitoses. Treatment involves surgery with chemotherapy. Variants include osteoblastic, chondroblastic, telangiectatic and fibroblastic subtypes. Multilobular tumor of bone is a slow growing but potentially malignant tumor appearing as islands of bone or cartilage surrounded by spindle cells. Chondrosarcoma arises from cartilage and osteochondroma involves cartilage capped bone protrusions.
Bone Tumors
This document provides information about various bone tumors. It begins by describing the structure of long bones and bone cells. It then classifies bone tumors as either benign or malignant, and lists examples of tumors from bone, cartilage, fibrous tissue and other origins. For each tumor type, it provides details on characteristics such as typical age, location, symptoms, radiological features, pathology and treatment options. Some of the specific bone tumors covered include osteoma, osteoid osteoma, osteoblastoma, osteochondroma, chondroma, chondroblastoma and giant cell tumor.
Bone & Its Importance to Prosthodontist
Bone is a hard connective tissue that forms the skeleton. It has an inorganic mineral component made up of calcium salts and an organic collagen matrix. Bone comes in two types - dense cortical bone forming the hard outer shell and spongy cancellous bone on the inside. Bone is constantly remodeled through the actions of bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Diseases like osteoporosis weaken the bones through decreased bone density while Paget's disease involves abnormal bone deposition and resorption.
Osteosarcoma (1)
Highly malignant tumor of mesenchymal origin.Spindle shaped cells that produce osteoid.2nd most common primary malignant bone tumor after MM.Incidence – 1 to 3 per million per year
Treated by chemo,amputation or rotationplasty
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Artículos Científicos - Células Madre Dentales - BioEDEN Mexico
Artículos Científicos - Células Madre Dentales - BioEDEN Mexico
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This document provides information about dengue fever, including its causes, symptoms, distribution, history, and prevention. It is caused by infection with a virus transmitted by the Aedes mosquito. The document describes the characteristics and life cycle of the Aedes mosquito, how it transmits diseases like dengue, and the symptoms of dengue fever ranging from mild to severe including dengue hemorrhagic fever. It also discusses the history of dengue, its global distribution, available tests and treatments. The key message is that prevention through mosquito control and avoiding breeding sites is important since there is no vaccine.
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This document discusses viroids, virusoids, and prions - three types of acellular infectious agents. It notes that viroids are small, circular RNA molecules that can self-replicate and cause diseases in plants. Virusoids are subviral RNAs that require a helper virus to replicate and infect plants. Prions are misfolded protein particles that can induce normal proteins to also misfold, leading to neurodegenerative diseases like Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans and scrapie in sheep. Unlike viruses and viroids, prions contain no nucleic acid and are extremely resistant to destruction.
other viral types.pptx
This document discusses viroids, virusoids, and prions - three types of acellular infectious agents. It notes that viroids are small, circular RNA molecules that can self-replicate and cause diseases in plants. Virusoids are subviral RNAs that require a helper virus to replicate and infect plants. Prions are misfolded protein particles that can induce normal proteins to also misfold, leading to neurodegenerative diseases like Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans and scrapie in sheep. Unlike viruses and viroids, prions contain no nucleic acid and are extremely resistant to destruction.
Gene therapy
Gene therapy is the process of inserting therapeutic genes into cells to prevent or cure wide range of diseases. The newly introduced genes will encode proteins and correct the deficiencies that occur in genetic diseases. Gene therapy primarily involves genetic manipulations in animals or humans to correct a disease, and keep organism in good health. It is a technique for correcting defective genes responsible for disease and development.
Folding Biología Molecular
Rapid diagnostic tests (RIDTs) can diagnose influenza quickly but have lower accuracy than polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, which take 1-10 days for results but are more sensitive. A study found RIDTs have higher accuracy in children than adults. While RIDTs are useful for influenza treatment, they cannot rule out influenza on their own. Additionally, a new PCR-based technique can identify sloth species using mitochondrial DNA, allowing for more effective conservation management.
Diagnostic importance dna
The document discusses several ways in which the discovery of DNA has had important impacts. It allows for earlier disease diagnosis and assessment of genetic susceptibility, enabling customized treatment approaches. DNA analysis can also identify genetic disorders in developing fetuses or from cheek cells. Determining paternity through DNA analysis significantly impacts families and children. DNA evidence has revolutionized forensics science by enabling identification of perpetrators and victims. In agriculture, DNA insights facilitate breeding of disease-resistant animals and more nutritious crops. The impacts of DNA discovery continue across medicine, agriculture, forensics and beyond.
d8a7d984d8a3d985d8b1d8a7d8b6-d8a7d984d985d8b9d8afd98ad8a97.ppt
This document summarizes different types of infectious diseases and their causes. It discusses bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites and how they are transmitted from person to person. It also outlines various methods for preventing the spread of infectious diseases, including maintaining clean food/water and hand hygiene, covering the mouth/nose, avoiding locations of infection, keeping wounds clean and disinfected, vaccinations, and quarantine.
Kevin mendez
The document summarizes malaria, a disease transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito. It describes how the parasite is transmitted via mosquito bites between humans, causing symptoms like fever, vomiting, and headaches. It notes the disease disproportionately affects African children and was responsible for around 781,000 deaths in 2009. Vaccines have been developed that can help treat and prevent malaria.
Genomics in Public Health
This document discusses how genomics is revolutionizing public health microbiology. It provides three examples:
1) Rapid WGS-based diagnosis identified Leptospira bacteria in a patient's cerebrospinal fluid, allowing targeted penicillin treatment that resolved his illness within two weeks.
2) WGS-based drug sensitivity testing allows personalized therapy by predicting resistance from a pathogen's genome within 1 day, compared to weeks for conventional methods.
3) Genomic epidemiology tracks person-to-person disease spread by comparing whole genomes from outbreak isolates. This approach helped determine the key locations and time period fueling a TB outbreak in BC, and later demonstrated transmission had ended.
genetherapy-131009190236-phpapp02.pptx
Gene therapy involves introducing genes into cells to treat disease. It works by correcting defective genes that cause diseases. The first approved gene therapy occurred in 1990 when a child with ADA-SCID was treated. There are two main types of gene therapy - somatic cell therapy targets body cells while germline therapy affects eggs and sperm. Significant challenges remain for gene therapy including developing safe methods for long-term effects and ensuring equitable access to new treatments. However, gene therapy has potential to cure many inherited diseases and revolutionize medicine.
Dengue Fever
Dengue virus is a mosquito-borne virus that causes dengue fever and its more severe forms, dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. It is transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. There are four distinct serotypes of the virus. Infection with one serotype provides lifelong immunity to that serotype but only short-term immunity to the others. Dengue is widespread in tropical and subtropical parts of the world, with severe dengue being a leading cause of hospitalization and death among children in some Asian and Latin American countries. There is no vaccine available for dengue prevention, so control of the mosquito vector through environmental management and insect
“Clever” DNA may help bacteria survive and How DNA is “edited” to correct gen...
The document discusses two main topics:
1) Research showing that bacterial DNA can change structure from a double helix to a more compact form to help bacteria survive adverse conditions like dehydration. This structural change may help explain how bacteria can become active in the human body.
2) Studies observing how enzymes called CRISPR can edit DNA sequences, which could help develop treatments for genetic diseases by correcting mutations. Understanding how these enzymes target DNA may allow engineering them to increase accuracy and minimize unintended effects.
Gene Therapy.pdf
This document provides an overview of gene therapy, including what it is, different types and approaches, vectors used, methods of delivery, advantages and disadvantages. Gene therapy involves inserting a normal gene to replace an abnormal gene responsible for a disease. It can be done via in vivo or ex vivo methods. Viral and non-viral vectors are used to deliver genes. While gene therapy holds promise to treat genetic diseases, it also faces challenges such as short-lived effects and safety issues.
DORN1
The document discusses the nematode C. elegans as a model organism for studying Alzheimer's disease. Some key points:
- C. elegans is a useful model organism for neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's due to its short lifespan, transparency, and genetic similarities to humans.
- Sydney Brenner first introduced C. elegans as a model organism in 1963 due to these advantages.
- About 38% of the C. elegans genome is genetically similar to humans, allowing researchers to study genetic pathways involved in neurodegeneration.
Gene therapy
The document discusses gene therapy and its potential to treat genetic diseases. It describes how gene therapy works by introducing functional genes into cells to replace defective genes causing disease. The first approved gene therapy treated a girl with ADA-SCID by inserting a functional ADA gene. While promising, gene therapy faces challenges like short-lived effects and safety issues that must still be addressed.
Genetically engineered vaccines
The Production of Vaccines using Genetic Engineering as the world’s population continues to rise annually, new technology becomes known to man! Technology is a never-ending process where newer and better things are being discovered. The area of technology that will be discussed here is biotechnology. Biotechnology is the harnessing by man of the ability of organisms to produce drugs, food or other useful products. Micro-organisms are the main ones involved in biotechnology, especially bacteria and fungi. More recently, genetic engineering or the altering of the genes, the building blocks which determine the make-up of an organism, has been increasingly used in biotechnology.
Viral forensics
Viruses can infect humans and cause illness or death. Forensic virology studies viruses in a legal context, such as determining the source of a virus used in bioterrorism. Viruses have genetic material protected by a protein coat and sometimes an envelope. They infect cells and hijack the cell's machinery to replicate themselves before breaking out and infecting new cells. PCR and RAPD techniques can be used to detect, analyze, and trace viruses.
Gene therapy
Gene therapy is an approach to treating diseases by modifying or correcting abnormal genes. It can involve replacing a mutated gene, inactivating an abnormal gene, or introducing a new gene. While the concept was introduced in the 1960s, the first approved human gene therapy trial took place in 1990. Since then, gene therapy has successfully treated various diseases like blindness, immune deficiencies, and Parkinson's disease symptoms. Viral and non-viral vectors are used to deliver therapeutic genes, with both methods having advantages and disadvantages. Ongoing research continues to expand the diseases that can be treated with this promising approach.
dengue fever
Dengue fever is caused by the dengue virus transmitted by the Aedes mosquito. It has been a major pandemic in the last 50 years, affecting over 100 countries. The document discusses the history, epidemiology, transmission, clinical features, diagnosis and management of dengue fever. It focuses on the situation of dengue in Bangladesh, outlining past outbreaks in the country since 1964 and monthly distribution of cases.
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d8a7d984d8a3d985d8b1d8a7d8b6-d8a7d984d985d8b9d8afd98ad8a97.ppt
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Plegable Biologia Molecular
- 1. GENETIC OF PCR: IDENTIFYING SLOTH SPECIES AND DENGUE DIAGNOSIS. ANGÉLICA RIVERA CERMEÑO. Medicine Student. III Semester. UPB Medellín. 2012- I Taken from: http://www.labspaces.net/116946/Patterns_of_chromosome_ab normality__The_key_to_cancer_/
- 2. FOLDING:
- 3. FOLDING:
- 4. INTRODUCTION: Prime r Buf fer PCR Synthesi s Performance, duration, specifity, detection capability and fidelity.
- 5. Identifying sloth species at a genetic level:
- 6. Identifying sloth species at a genetic level: Looks for characteristic patterns in the DNA. ADVANTAGES: 2.Afforadable. 3. Veridical Information. 3 .Easy to elaborate and interpret. 4. No sequencing process.
- 7. Identifying sloth species at a genetic level: Cromosome variability: 2. Between inviduals of both species of two-toed sloth species. 3. Individuals of a same species. ( Hoffman’s >Linnaeus). 3. Helps to differenciate and conserve the species. Taken from: http://www.photaki.com/picture-x- chromosome_152181.htm
- 8. Identifying sloth species at a genetic level: LINNAEU’S SPECIES: HOFFMAN’S SPECIES: Taken from:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoffmann's_two- Taken from:http://www.google.com.co/imgres? toed_sloth q=two+toed+slothLinnaeus&um=1&hl=es&sa=X&biw=1280&bih= 627&tbm=isch&tbnid
- 9. Identifying sloth species at a genetic level: Personal Opinion: I think that researchs like this one are important because science must not only focus on the human stability but also the one for other important species like animals and plants, in special those that are nearly extinguished.
- 10. Dengue: Smarter, Better, Stronger. 1. ¿What is dengue?: Is an infectous tropical disease caused by the dengue virus trasnmited by vectors like mosquitoes; the most common are: Aedes y A. Aegipty. Taken from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/17148. htm
- 12. Dengue: Smarter, Better, Stronger. New virus with DEN-1 ability to mutate Multiple DNA serotypes of Dengue virus. DEN-2 Modification of DEN-3 Antigens Resistent virus to DEN-4 older antibodies. ANTIBODIES Non specific WONT’ PROTECT clinical YOU. presentation. Taken from:http://www.luisesaavedra.com/2010/10/el-juego- de-la-culpa.html
- 13. Dengue: Smarter, Better, Stronger. Taken from:http://www.al caldiadeibague.gov. co/web2/joomla/
- 14. Dengue: Smarter, Better, Stronger. Personal Opinion: I think that researchs like this one are important because it helps to improve medical techniques, and give tools to stablish a veridical and early diagnose that could save many lives. For all this, I think goverments should listen experts and Have into account this type of methods.
- 15. MEDICAL UTILITY:
- 16. MEDICAL UTILITY: Taken from:http://healthmetz.com/2011/06/13/diagnosis-of- addison’s-disease.html
- 17. MEDICAL UTILITY: Taken Taken Taken from:http://lifethroughthewrongendofatelesc from:http://007rica.wikispaces.com/Th from:http://www.socialsecurityinsider.com/200 ope.blogspot.com/2011/06/happy-fathers- e+CSI+Effect 7/12/i-cannot-afford-medical-treatment-what- day-dad.html do-i-do/
- 18. MEDICAL UTILITY: Taken from: Taken http://http://www.msrmc.ac.in from:http://sharppethospital.com/biog /courses.htm raphy.html
- 19. BIBLIOGRAPHY: • MARTINEZ SÁNCHEZ Lina María. Biología molecular.2ed. Medellín: UPB. Fac de Medicina.2006 113p. • Identifying sloth species at a genetic level. Biology & Nature (Jan 6,2012). • Dengue: Smarter, better, sronguer. Pakistan Today. (Feb 27, 2012).