#1 INTRODUCTION-The term “plastics” includes materials composed of various elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, and sulphur.
Plastics are macromolecules, formed by polymerization and having the ability to be shaped by the application of reasonable amount of heat and pressure or any other form of forces.
It is one of the few new chemical materials which pose environmental problem.
Polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene is largely used in the manufacturing of plastics.
##2Rapid population growth, urbanization and industrial growth have led to severe problem of waste generation in urban centres.
The waste quantities increased from 46 million tones in 2001 to 65 million tones in 2010.
Report says that per capita per day production will increase to 0.7 kg in 2050.
The characteristics of waste depends on various factors such as food habits, traditions, lifestyle, climate etc.
for more contect
This ppt describes the usage of plastics and its management
Though plastics has huge applications, it has various harm fullness. So we need to find methods to manage plastic waste.
This is study to assess the potential of using “WASTE PLASTIC RECYCLING MACHINE”. We are working together to find ways to work with plastic waste, Plastic pollution is a huge problem regarding all of us. We want to find a solution and fix this. now plastic has become a warning to entire ecosystems and societies. we want to show the world the incredible opportunities of plastic waste in order to eliminate plastic pollution, we are made from basic materials are very affordable and easy to build. Their simplicity allows effective maintenance and easy repair. The machines are also modular so they can be adapted to different contexts and needs. This resource (plastic) locate around everywhere can become a source of income or an educational tool for your community.
This ppt describes the usage of plastics and its management
Though plastics has huge applications, it has various harm fullness. So we need to find methods to manage plastic waste.
This is study to assess the potential of using “WASTE PLASTIC RECYCLING MACHINE”. We are working together to find ways to work with plastic waste, Plastic pollution is a huge problem regarding all of us. We want to find a solution and fix this. now plastic has become a warning to entire ecosystems and societies. we want to show the world the incredible opportunities of plastic waste in order to eliminate plastic pollution, we are made from basic materials are very affordable and easy to build. Their simplicity allows effective maintenance and easy repair. The machines are also modular so they can be adapted to different contexts and needs. This resource (plastic) locate around everywhere can become a source of income or an educational tool for your community.
Whenever word plastic comes to our mind the first thing that strikes is HARMFUL!
So here is a little presentation to show how to convert that harmful thing into something innovative :)
ENJOY
Right now the Movement Of "Say No To Single Use Plastic" is on every where so i made this small presentation for Public Awareness. I Referred The Book Which is published By U.N.with Name single Use Plastic_sustainability.
I am sure it will motivate many by saying that NO TO SINGLE USE PLASTIC After watching this presentation.
Plastic Waste Management by Dr. A.B. Harapanahalli, DIRECTOR, Ministry of Env...India Water Portal
Presentation by Dr. A.B. Harapanahalli at the Seminar on Packaged Water Industry in India which was organised by Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) on 30th June 2009.
To know more click on the link http://indiawaterportal.org/post/6790
We thank CII and the presenters for giving us permission to make these presentations available online.
This poster describes the affects of plastic used plastic goods that do not biodegrade naturally on environment and how plastic recycling can play a great role in playing the savior on the case.
2018: Effects of Plastic Pollution on Land and WaterJoshua Amponsem
Plastic pollution is threatening life on land and life under water. The presentation shows the effects of plastics on life on land and life under water. Additionally, it shows simple steps on how to avoid Single-use plastics.
Plastic pollution involves the accumulation of plastic products in the environment that adversely affects wildlife, wildlife habitat, or humans.[1] Plastics that act as pollutants are categorized into micro-, meso-, or macrodebris, based on size.[2] The prominence of plastic pollution is correlated with plastics being inexpensive and durable, which lends to high levels of plastics used by humans.[3] However, it is slow to degrade.[4] Plastic pollution can unfavorably affect lands, waterways and oceans. Living organisms, particularly marine animals, can also be affected through entanglement, direct ingestion of plastic waste, or through exposure to chemicals within plastics that cause interruptions in biological functions. Humans are also affected by plastic pollution, such as through the disruption of the thyroid hormone axis or hormone levels. In the UK alone, more than 5 million tonnes of plastic are consumed each year, of which an estimated mere 24% makes it into recycling systems. That leaves a remaining 3.8 million tonnes of waste, destined for landfills.[5][6] Plastic reduction efforts have occurred in some areas in attempts to reduce plastic consumption and pollution and promote plastic recycling.
Whenever word plastic comes to our mind the first thing that strikes is HARMFUL!
So here is a little presentation to show how to convert that harmful thing into something innovative :)
ENJOY
Right now the Movement Of "Say No To Single Use Plastic" is on every where so i made this small presentation for Public Awareness. I Referred The Book Which is published By U.N.with Name single Use Plastic_sustainability.
I am sure it will motivate many by saying that NO TO SINGLE USE PLASTIC After watching this presentation.
Plastic Waste Management by Dr. A.B. Harapanahalli, DIRECTOR, Ministry of Env...India Water Portal
Presentation by Dr. A.B. Harapanahalli at the Seminar on Packaged Water Industry in India which was organised by Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) on 30th June 2009.
To know more click on the link http://indiawaterportal.org/post/6790
We thank CII and the presenters for giving us permission to make these presentations available online.
This poster describes the affects of plastic used plastic goods that do not biodegrade naturally on environment and how plastic recycling can play a great role in playing the savior on the case.
2018: Effects of Plastic Pollution on Land and WaterJoshua Amponsem
Plastic pollution is threatening life on land and life under water. The presentation shows the effects of plastics on life on land and life under water. Additionally, it shows simple steps on how to avoid Single-use plastics.
Plastic pollution involves the accumulation of plastic products in the environment that adversely affects wildlife, wildlife habitat, or humans.[1] Plastics that act as pollutants are categorized into micro-, meso-, or macrodebris, based on size.[2] The prominence of plastic pollution is correlated with plastics being inexpensive and durable, which lends to high levels of plastics used by humans.[3] However, it is slow to degrade.[4] Plastic pollution can unfavorably affect lands, waterways and oceans. Living organisms, particularly marine animals, can also be affected through entanglement, direct ingestion of plastic waste, or through exposure to chemicals within plastics that cause interruptions in biological functions. Humans are also affected by plastic pollution, such as through the disruption of the thyroid hormone axis or hormone levels. In the UK alone, more than 5 million tonnes of plastic are consumed each year, of which an estimated mere 24% makes it into recycling systems. That leaves a remaining 3.8 million tonnes of waste, destined for landfills.[5][6] Plastic reduction efforts have occurred in some areas in attempts to reduce plastic consumption and pollution and promote plastic recycling.
Prevention Of Plastic Pollution And Comparison With PaperJeelkumar Patel
What is Plastic Waste and How to harmful effects of Plastics in nature all things explain. How to manage Plastic Waste Management and explain with case study.
Here we will see the classifications, Collection, Handling & Sorting, different methods of sorting of plastics
About Biodegradable polymers, how to use it and reuse it
In todays life the generation of plastic waste has become the serious issue. It causes serious health and ecological problems like breeding of mosquitos and if eaten by cattle and wild animals endangers their lives too, also it stops vegetation from growing and obstructs in drain and piping, etc. The consumption of plastic has reached to 100 million tons, and this has caused increase in depletion of natural resources such as petroleum and natural gas etc. About 13 percent of the municipal solid waste is caused by plastic. 32 million tons of plastic waste was deposited in 2011, which is 12.7 percent of total MSW. Annually approximately 500 billion plastic bags are used worldwide every year. More than 1 million bags are used every minute. The main aim of this project is to make useful product from waste thermocol i.e. adhesive. Kaushal Harsola | Gautam Shelar | Manjusha Donde | Faisal Shaikh"Adhesive from Petrol and Thermocol" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12760.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/12760/adhesive-from-petrol-and-thermocol/kaushal-harsola
Plastic Waste Management and Recycling Technology : P2Vignesh Sekar
To emphasize the reduced use of plastic and the beneficial management of plastic waste. Efficient transformation of plastic into energy and fuel. Making our environment an eco friendly zone. Modify the design of recycling Machines. Install the recycling unit at TNAU. Compare the envi.factors of Coimbatore with other cities. Making our Eco fest - 15------Plastic free & Models
Plastic Waste Management and Recycling TechnologiesBHU
Its time to prevent the plastic usage by using 4Rs such as- Refuse, Reduce, Reuse and Recycle.
How to manage and utilize the Plastic Waste with the developed Technologies for Recycling.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
2. The term “plastics” includes materials composed of various
elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine,
and sulphur.
Plastics are macromolecules, formed by polymerization and having
the ability to be shaped by the application of reasonable amount of
heat and pressure or any other form of forces.
It is one of the few new chemical materials which pose
environmental problem.
Polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene is largely used in the
manufacturing of plastics.
3. Rapid population growth, urbanization and industrial growth have
led to severe problem of waste generation in urban centres.
The waste quantities increased from 46 million tones in 2001 to
65 million tones in 2010.
Report says that per capita per day production will increase to
0.7 kg in 2050.
The characteristics of waste depends on various factors such as
food habits, traditions, lifestyle, climate etc.
4. Polyethylene terephthalate
high density polyethylene
V (Vinyl) or PVC
LDPE (low density polyethylene)
PP (polypropylene)
PS (polystyrene)
Miscellaneous
8. Plastic bags kill animals.
During product manufacturing various types of gases are
released.
Indiscriminate plastic waste disposal on land makes the land
infertile due to its impervious nature.
Burning of plastics generates toxic emissions such as Carbon
Monoxide, Chlorine, Hydrochloric Acid, Dioxin, Furans, Amines,
Nitrides, Styrene, Benzene, 1, 3- butadiene, CCl4, and
Acetaldehyde.
9. Sub-standard plastic bags, films etc. pose problem in collection
and recycling.
Littered plastics give unaesthetic look and choke the drain.
Garbage mixed with plastics interferes in waste processing
facilities and also cause problems in landfill operations.
Lead and Cadmium pigments, commonly used in LDPE, HDPE and
PP as additives are toxic and are known to leach out.
Non-recyclable plastic wastes poses disposal problem.
BPA problem in humen urine.
thyroid hormone axis
10. Disposal of plastic waste is a serious concern in India. New
technologies have been developed to minimize their adverse
effect on the environment.
Figure 1: Co-processing of plastic waste plastic Waste Management
11. Recycling of plastics through environmentally
sound manner
Plastics recycling technologies have been historically divided into
four general types- primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary.
Steps Involved in the Recycling Process:
Selection: The recyclers/reprocessors have to select the waste
/scrap which are suitable for recycling/ reprocessing.
Segregation: The plastics waste shall be segregated as per the
codes mentioned in the BiS guidelines.
Processing: After selection and segregation of the preconsumer
waste (factory waste) shall be directly recycled. The post
consumer waste (used plastic waste) shall be washed, shredded,
agglomerated, extruded and granulated.
12. Landfilling
Landfill is the conventional approach to waste
management, but space for landfills is becoming scarce in
some countries.
A well-managed landfill site results in limited immediate
environmental harm beyond the impacts of collection and
transport, although there are long-term risks of
contamination of soils and groundwater by some additives
and breakdown by products in plastics, which can become
persistent organic pollutants.
A major drawback to landfills from a sustainability aspect
is that none of the material resources used to produce the
plastic is recovered.
13. Incineration
Incineration reduces the need for landfill of plastics waste,
however, there are concerns that hazardous substances
may be released into the atmosphere in the process.
Incineration can be used with recovery of some of the
energy content in the plastic.
The useful energy recovered can vary considerably
depending on whether it is used for electricity generation,
combined heat and power, or as solid refuse fuel for co-
fuelling of blast furnaces or cement kilns.
14. Negative effects of incineration
Exhaust Gases
Contaminated Ashes’
Waste to Energy
15. Polymer Blended Bitumen Road
A brief description of the technique used in laying road using
plastic waste is given in figure.
16. The following types of waste plastic can be used in the
construction of rural roads:
Films ( Carry Bags, Cups) thickness up to 60micron (PE, PP and
PS)
Hard foams (PS) any thickness
Soft Foams (PE and PP) any thickness.
Laminated Plastics thickness up to 60 micron (Aluminum coated
also) packing materials used for biscuits, chocolates, etc.,
Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) sheets or Flux sheets should not be used
in any case.
17. Characteristics of the process:
Easy process without any new machinery
Simple process without any industry involvement
In situ process
Use of lesser % of bitumen and thus savings on bitumen resource
Use of plastics waste for a safe and eco-friendly process
Both Mini Hot Mix Pland and Central Mixing Plant can be used
Only aggregate is polymer coated and bitumen is not modified
No evolution of any toxic gases like dioxin
Fly ash can also be used to give a better performance
18. Merits of Polymer Blended Bitumen Roads
Stripping and pothole formation
Leaching
Effect of Bleeding
Effect of fly ash
Demerits of Polymer Blended Bitumen Roads
There is no observable demerit either in this process or in the road
characteristics. For the last several years various roads have been
laid using waste plastics are functioning well.
19. Plastic Road Laid in India by different Govt. Authorities:
Tamil Nadu Government
Kerala Government
Pondichery Government- PWD
Goa Government- Ponda municipality
Maharashtra Government - Mumbai Corporation
Andhra Pradesh Government- Hindpur - Private sector
20. Co-processing of Plastic waste in Cement Kiln
Co-processing of plastic waste as Alternative Fuel and
Raw Material (AFR).
Co-processing indicate substitution of primary fuel and raw
material by waste.
Waste material such as plastic waste used for co-processing are
referred to as alternative fuels and raw material (AFR).
One of the advantage of recovery method used in existing facility
is eliminating the need to invest on other plastic waste practices
and to secure land filling.
21. Plasma Pyrolysis Technology (PPT)
Pyrolysis is the thermal disintegration of carbonaceous material
in oxygen-starved atmosphere.
The intense and versatile heat generation capabilities of Plasma
Pyrolysis technology enable it to dispose of all types of plastic
waste including polymeric, biomedical and hazardous waste in a
safe and reliable manner.
When optimized, the most likely compounds formed are
methane, carbon monoxide, hydrogen carbon dioxide and water
molecules.
22. Conversion of Plastics Waste into liquid fuel
The entire process is undertaken in closed reactor vessel
followed by condensation, if required.
Waste plastics while heating upto 2700 to 3000 C convert into
liquid-vapour state, which is collected in condensation chamber
in the form of liquid fuel.
The tarry liquid waste is topped-down from the heating reactor
vessel.
The organic gas is generated which can be used in dual fuel
diesel generator set for generation of electricity.
25. The plastic carry bags used for the purpose of carrying or
dispensing commodities but don’t include these bags which are
integral part of packaged products. The thickness of bag shall not
be <40µ;
Carry bags can also be made from compostable plastics
conforming IS/ISO:17088:2008;
Multilayered pouches or sachets used for packaging of gutkha
etc. shall not use plastic material in any form;
Every carry bags made from plastic shall bear a label or mark
“recycled” as per IS:14534:1998. Each carry bag made from
“Compostable Material” shall bear a label “Compostable” & shall
conform to IS/ISO:17088:2008;
26. Each State Government shall for constitute a State Level Advisory
(SLA) Body to monitor implementation of Rules. This body shall
meet once in a year and may invite experts, if it considers
necessary.
No carry bag shall be made available free of cost by retailers to
consumers. The concerned Municipal Authority may be
notification determine the minimum price for carry bags in order
to encourage re-use so as to minimize plastic waste generation;
27. Plastic Waste Management has assumed great significance in view
of the urbanisation activities.
Various strategies are being devised to mitigate the impact of
plastic waste in India.
Some significant challenges still exist from both technological
factors and from economic or social behaviour issues relating to
the collection of recyclable wastes, and substitution for virgin
material.
