Calculation of Optical Properties of Nano Particle
PHYSICS 5535- Optical Properties Matter-Spring 2017
Raznah Yami
Outline
1. Introduction: this part gives a precise overview of the whole paper. It begins by illustrating a brief introduction and importance of Nano Particles and the theoretical approaches used for their calculation.
2. Main idea: this section provides a step-by-step in-depth analysis of recently developed theories the calculation of optical properties of nanoparticles. It also provides calculation and equations employed these approaches.
2.1 Optical Properties of Nanoparticles: this section talks about the basics principles and governing the optical behavior of Nano particles and provides in-depth knowledge of different phenomena observed while dealing with optical properties of Nano particles.
2.2 Mie-Theory: the research provides exhaustive information the study optical properties of nanoparticles using Mie theory. This research focuses on Mie theory for the calculation of optical properties of Nano particle according to which we can calculate the place of surface Plasmon resonance in optical spectra of metallic spherical nanoparticle.
2.3 Discrete Dipole Approximation method: this section enumerates sufficient information about the calculation of absorption and scattering efficiencies and optical resonance wavelengths for three commonly used classes of nanoparticles: gold Nano spheres, silica-gold Nano shells, and gold Nano rods and we examine the magneto-optical scattering from nanometer-scale structures using a discrete dipole approximation.
3. Conclusion: This section provides a summary of the most important points, which presents an overview of the practical application and calculation methods of optical properties of Nano particles talking about core principles, which therefore explain the behavior exhibited by nanoparticles.
List of figures:
Figure 1: Localized surface Plasmon resonance ,resulting from the collective oscillations of delocalized electrons in response to an external electric field
Figure 2: Absorption spectra of semiconductor nanoparticles of different diameter. Right-nanoparticles suspended in solution.
Figure 3: Comparison of absorbance along increasing wavelength between Nano GaAs (7-15 nm) and Bulk GaAs showing an apparent blue shift
Figure 4: Showing the effect of blue shift because of quantum confinement as the wavelength shifts from 1100 nm to 2000 nm when we move from particle size of 9nm to parcile size of 3 nm.
Figure 5: Emission spectra of several sizes of (Cdse) Zns core-shell quantum dots.
Figure 6: The optical spectra and transmission electron micrographs for the particles in vials 1–5 are also shown. Scale bars in micrographs are all 100 nm
Figure7: Shows the effect of varying relative core and shell thickness of gold Nano Shells, there is an apparent blue shift as the frequency increases
References:
1. . P. S. Per ...
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International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
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International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
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2) Key optical effects in nano materials are quantum confinement, which increases the band gap with decreasing size, and surface plasmons, which are coherent electron oscillations at interfaces that influence color.
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APPLYING ANALYTIC TECHNIQUES TO BUSINESS1APPLYING ANALYTIC T.docxRAHUL126667
APPLYING ANALYTIC TECHNIQUES TO BUSINESS
1
APPLYING ANALYTIC TECHNIQUES TO BUSINESS
2Applying Analytic Techniques to Business
3/16/2020Introduction
Ford Motor is a company that has its original situation in the United States of America. The company has its core business as producing motor vehicles; the company is the Fourth highest producer in the world. The company came to existence in the year 1903, with the present state being one of the companies with a production rate of higher standards compared to its competitors. The company has produced motor vehicles not only in the United States of America but the whole world consisting of diverse brands. Throughout the years, the firm has created different development techniques planned for supporting the general target of keeping up the upper hand in the market. The organization's development is bolstered by different escalated techniques that incorporate market improvement, item advancement, and market entrance. There likewise exist conventional methodologies that steer Ford's business seriousness. Even though there have been a few nonexclusive procedures, cost administration remains the hugest power behind the automaker's prosperity.
Ford’s Operations
The Ford Motor Company has an extensive list of their products and administrations which incorporate autos and substantial business vehicles just as car financing administrations. Their engines include minimal effort vehicles that are created to pull in a more extensive client extend, extravagance autos, trucks, transports, and Motorsport vehicles. Their blend of items and administrations guarantees that the firm can contend well in the vehicle business. Through advancement, the organization has likewise added to a superior situation by creating vehicles that sudden spike in demand for less fuel, hydrogen, and power along these lines empowering the association to acquire clients in recent years.
The firm effectively executes its commitments to its outer clients who buy their vehicles just as its inward clients who comprise of staff in different divisions and who depend on various offices to encourage the smooth progression of their day by day obligations. For the outside clients, the vehicles they buy must satisfy specific guidelines dependent on the details for which they are fabricated. For example, the extravagance vehicles ought to be in a situation to give solace and security dependent on the base market models, simplicity of route, and saving money on fuel utilization. While such principles are structure qualifiers, the firm should endeavor to think of more request champs that recognize their extravagance vehicles from those of contenders. To accomplish this, ford had created a technology that aimed at producing their products with diverse differentiation compared to their competitors.
Ford prior concocted advancements that set their items apart from others. For instance, it built up the EcoBoost suite of advances that decreased the s.
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Matter and energy exist in various forms and interact in many ways. Nano materials are materials that have at least one dimension sized between 1 to 100 nanometers. They exhibit different properties than bulk materials due to greater surface area to volume ratio and quantum effects. Nanotechnology involves designing and engineering structures at the nanoscale to utilize these size-dependent properties. Nano materials find applications in industries such as electronics, energy, medicine, and more.
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This document provides an overview and comparison of three types of solar cells: crystalline silicon solar cells, plasmonic solar cells, and dye-sensitized solar cells. Plasmonic solar cells use metal nanoparticles to increase light absorption and scattering in thin-film solar cells. Dye-sensitized solar cells separate the functions of light absorption and charge transport to provide a potentially low-cost alternative to traditional p-n junction photovoltaics. The document discusses the operating principles, advantages, and design considerations of plasmonic and dye-sensitized solar cells, with a brief overview of conventional crystalline silicon photovoltaics provided for context.
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Ford Motor is a company that has its original situation in the United States of America. The company has its core business as producing motor vehicles; the company is the Fourth highest producer in the world. The company came to existence in the year 1903, with the present state being one of the companies with a production rate of higher standards compared to its competitors. The company has produced motor vehicles not only in the United States of America but the whole world consisting of diverse brands. Throughout the years, the firm has created different development techniques planned for supporting the general target of keeping up the upper hand in the market. The organization's development is bolstered by different escalated techniques that incorporate market improvement, item advancement, and market entrance. There likewise exist conventional methodologies that steer Ford's business seriousness. Even though there have been a few nonexclusive procedures, cost administration remains the hugest power behind the automaker's prosperity.
Ford’s Operations
The Ford Motor Company has an extensive list of their products and administrations which incorporate autos and substantial business vehicles just as car financing administrations. Their engines include minimal effort vehicles that are created to pull in a more extensive client extend, extravagance autos, trucks, transports, and Motorsport vehicles. Their blend of items and administrations guarantees that the firm can contend well in the vehicle business. Through advancement, the organization has likewise added to a superior situation by creating vehicles that sudden spike in demand for less fuel, hydrogen, and power along these lines empowering the association to acquire clients in recent years.
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Discuss the standard(s) of care to which the parties will be held in this case scenario. How will the standards of care and your state’s Nurse Practice Act be applied in the courts if the case is sued?
Case Scenario
SK, age 61, went to the hospital with what she thought was a bad cold, and was admitted with a diagnosis of pneumonia. Following admission, she became increasingly feverish and short of breath, but her family’s calls for help went unanswered. In fact, her daughter was unable to find anyone when she went to the nurses’ station looking for help. The patient eventually stopped breathing, and someone finally responded to the family’s desperate and frantic calls for help. SK was successfully resuscitated, but sustained brain damage due to oxygen deprivation. She was left unable to walk, talk, or care for herself.
Because of nurse understaffing in the hospital, her assigned RN had not assessed her often enough and did not monitor her oxygen level. There were 41 other patients on this unit. Although the hospital’s own staffing standards called for five registered nurses and two licensed practical nurses to staff this unit, only three registered nurses were on duty. Records for the unit in question indicated that the hospital failed to meet its own staffing standards for 51 out of 59 days before this incident.
.
Application of the Nursing Process to Deliver Culturally Compe.docxRAHUL126667
Application of the Nursing Process to Deliver Culturally Competent Care.
Research the literature for an appropriate professional article that discusses the health care needs of your selected cultural group.
It should include 5-7 pages within the body of the paper with 3-5 references (at least two articles/book references).
Papers must follow
APA format
7th edition format, and include a title page, citations, and reference pages.
View the
APA Sample Template
APA Sample Template - Alternative Formats
.
Submit the paper in the drop box provided in Blackboard.
View
Formal Paper Rubric
for grading criteria.
Need help with Blackboard?
Review the
Submitting Assignments tutorial
.
Formal Paper Resources
Formal Paper Resources
Formal Paper Resources
Below are helpful resources to assist you with completing the Formal Paper.Click on each link to view.
Dreams from Endangered Culture
- With stunning photos and stories, National Geographic Explorer Wade Davis celebrates the extraordinary diversity of the world's indigenous cultures, which are disappearing from the planet at an alarming rate.
Photos of Endangered Cultures
- Photographer Phil Borges shows rarely seen images of people from the mountains of Dharamsala, India, and the jungles of the Ecuadorean Amazon. In documenting these endangered cultures, he intends to help preserve them.
The Danger of a Single Story
- Our lives, our cultures, are composed of many overlapping stories. Novelist Chimamanda Adichie tells the story of how she found her authentic cultural voice — and warns that if we hear only a single story about another person or country, we risk a critical misunderstanding.
Theories & Models
Cultural Competence Project
Giger and Davidhizar
Giger and Davidhizar - Alternative Formats
Madeleine M.
Leninger
- Transcultural Nursing Culture Care Theory
Resource Library
You can also revisit
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services
- Office of Minority Health
Log in and c lick on the
ToolKit - Resource Library
tab
The Resource Library has many useful descriptions and examples of models to use for your Formal Paper.
*NOTE:
Wikipedia is not a source to be used in any of the generated work; using it will result in a “zero” for the assignmen
.
Application Ware House-Application DesignAppointyAppoi.docxRAHUL126667
Application Ware House-Application Design
Appointy
Appointy allows users grow and manage their business in one and easy to use user interface.
The software helps users schedule online customers daily anywhere and at anytime,
Improve productivity and it enables business manage their staff in multiple locations.
Appointy helps organizations attract more customers through online marketing channels such as facebook and twitter.
Advantages of Saas
Accessibility SaaS can run on any OS regardless of its Mac OS, Blackberry Tablet Os,
Cost reduction and quick commissioning; due to the amount of money saved, there are no initial licensing costs.
Scalability; It is not necessary for an organization to purchase more service space or software licenses.
Updates; Saas providers update software and hardware and this has saved on time and workload for the consumer.
Saas is easily accessible and can run on any operating system regardless of its Mac OS. Besides, it is highly accessible and a user only requires an internet browser to begin their operations.
Saas providers update their software and hardware which saves on time and workload fro the consumer. The software is centrally on the server and new functions and update are implemented more frequently and efficiently.
Saas software is associated with cost reduction and quick comissioning,one of the major benefits o using Saas is the amount of money that culd be potentially saved.
3
Disadvantages of Saas
Data security risks; businesses are required to keep their information private as the provider is the one storing the company data.
Termination of service; Businesses can lose their data and files if the provider terminates their services for reasons such as lawsuits and bankruptcy.
Performance challenges; Software on local machines may run faster compared to Saas being hosted in a remote data centre.
Limited Applications; Saas relies on multiple software solutions.
Saas is associated with limited applications, a number of business that use SaaS grow daily and there are software applications that do not offer a hosted platform, the company will have to be hosted on site especially if it relies on multiple software sources.
Software in local machines are likely to run at a faster speed when compared to Saas that is hosted inn remote data centre.
Organizations are likely to face data security risks since data is stored by a provider.
4
Advantages of An in-house customized software
Users of the program will find the custom-made program more friendly.
The organization is provided with a greater control, which is crucial if the business ha some specific needs that an average commercial product can fulfill.
It also makes the interface more easy to use and provides easy accessibility to knowledgeable support.
The organization is likely obtain support from individual who have developed the software at hand.
customized software is more efficient,as it can cover every aspect of the business without the.
Application of the Belmont PrinciplesFirst, identify your .docxRAHUL126667
Application of the Belmont Principles
First, identify your research topic, including the key concepts you hope to investigate, any relationship you will look for between or among them—if anticipating a quantitative study—and who you anticipate as the target population.
RESEARCH TOPIC: Application of The Cognitive Psychology in Mental Illness or Trauma
Then, briefly identify how you would apply the three Belmont principles (beneficence, justice, and respect for persons) when you conduct your study.
Your post will be assessed based on the following:
· A thorough and high-quality post will apply one or more of the Belmont principles to all of the following elements of a research design:
o How one samples and recruits participants.
o How one collects data from those participants.
o How one manages, organizes, and conducts analyses of the data.
o How one reports the findings.
· An acceptable but lower quality post will apply at least one of the Belmont Principles to at least two of the design elements.
· A low-quality post will apply a Belmont principle to only one design element.
· An unacceptable post will not apply any Belmont principles to any design elements.
.
APPLE is only one of the multiple companies that have approved and d.docxRAHUL126667
APPLE is only one of the multiple companies that have approved and declared a stock split, the most recent one on a 4-for-1 basis last August 28, 2020. Analyze and explain:
(i) What is a stock split;
(ii) Why do you think that APPLE has approved this stock split decision;
(iii) How has that the stock split affected APPLE’s stocks’ value;
(iv) What is the APPLE’s current dividend payout ratio;
(v) How do you think that the APPLE’s dividend payout ratio may affect to the stocks’ value.
This exercise assesses the following learning outcomes:
(i) the evaluation of the dividend payout ratio,
(ii) the trade-off between paying dividends and retaining the profits within the company,
(iii) the purpose and procedure related to stock repurchases, and
(iv) the evaluation and advice on a firm going from private to a public company.
.
Appliance Warehouse Service Plan.The discussion focuses on the.docxRAHUL126667
Appliance Warehouse Service Plan.
The discussion focuses on the appliance Warehouse Service Plan that is made up of the testing plan, an implementation plan and the training plan for the sake of the bettering of services in a warehouse. The testing plan is meant to manage the systems through QA standards meeting the needs of the customers. The implementation plan elaborates and indicates whether one should use parallel, direct, phased, or pilot changeover strategies. The training plan, on the other hand, indicates what a training plan would include for affected employees, such as appointment setters, technicians, management, and the parts department.
Testing Plan
The main reason for the testing plan is to validate and verify the information from the main source or the end to end target warehouse. The two major testing plans for include program testing and acceptance testing (Lewis, 2017). The plan should verify the following, the business required documents, ETL design for the documents, sources to target on the mapping process and the data model for the source and the target schemas. The documents that are considered are meant for the ETL development process in the testing plan. The testing plan is meant further for the supervisors or the quality analysis team to confirm that the work is concerning the objective of the organization. The process of testing might also include the configuration management system and the data quality validation and verification process.
Implementation Plan
The plan for the implementation of the systems is the same as the process that is considered during the development process of the entire system to meet the goals of the organization. The steps to consider for the whole plan of the implementation include the analysis and the enhancement requests, the writing of very simplified and new programs, restructuring of the database, analysis of the program library and its cost, and the reengineering of the test program. The first phase parallels the analysis phase as the parallel strategy is considered for the entire process, which entails the analysis phase of the SDLC. The steps two to four process entails the combining and the construction activities that are done on a new system majorly on a small scale. The last step is meant to parallel the testing that is commonly done during the implementation process. The testing process ensures that the process is free of risk as a quality assurance process (Liang & Hui, 2016).
Training Plan
The training plan should be made up of a training matrix in which it will guide them to know who needs the training what they need from the training and why they want the training not forgetting when they need the training(Kwak,2016). The matrix will allow for the planning and the preparation for the training avoiding scrambling when the due date for the training comes around. The requirements are automatically updated when the employees get done with the first training before transferri.
Applicants must submit a 500 essay describing how current or future .docxRAHUL126667
Applicants must submit a 500 essay describing how current or future technologies may be used to enhance academic learning and/or stimulate student engagement in the online classroom. Essay should include a description of the technology, implementation and perceived benefits.
.
Apple Inc., Microsoft Corp., Berkshire Hathaway, and Facebook ha.docxRAHUL126667
Apple Inc., Microsoft Corp., Berkshire Hathaway, and Facebook have all been identified as companies that have accumulated substantial sums of cash. For this discussion:
Select one of these companies and review their latest Balance Sheet and Statement of Cash Flows.
Suggest at least two (2) advantages and two (2) disadvantages of companies accumulating cash hoards.
Provide a rationale for your suggestion.
.
Appcelerator Titanium was released in December 2008, and has been st.docxRAHUL126667
Appcelerator Titanium was released in December 2008, and has been steadily growing in functionality since its release. Starting with its Titanium Developer product, Appcelerator provides a single-point interface to run applications. Titanium Studio is a full-featured IDE which provides a single place to handle all steps of the development environment including a debugging solution. Titanium is not a magic bullet; however, it does include a solid framework for developing a single codebase to deploy to multiple platforms. In addition, it allows developers to use a language they are more familiar with to create apps in a domain outside of their knowledge.
What are some advantages to using Appcelerator Titanium?
Though Appcelerator is reasonably priced, why do some mobile app developers feel that the bugs don’t make it worth the effort?.
How is Appcelerator different from other mobile application developers?
- apa
- 2 pages
- zero plagiarism
.
APA Style300 words per topic2 peer reviewed resources per to.docxRAHUL126667
APA Style
300 words per topic
2 peer reviewed resources per topic
Topic 1: Communicating Research
What are some possible ways you can communicate your research findings?
Topic 2: Considering the Audience
What do you need to consider when communicating to different audiences?
.
Ape and Human Cognition What’s theDifferenceMichael To.docxRAHUL126667
Ape and Human Cognition: What’s the
Difference?
Michael Tomasello and Esther Herrmann
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
Abstract
Humans share the vast majority of their cognitive skills with other great apes. In addition, however, humans have also evolved a
unique suite of cognitive skills and motivations—collectively referred to as shared intentionality—for living collaboratively,
learning socially, and exchanging information in cultural groups.
Keywords
apes, culture, cognition, evolution, cooperation
Surely one of the deepest and most important questions in all of
the psychological sciences is how human cognition is similar to
and different from that of other primates. The main datum is this:
Humans seemingly engage in all kinds of cognitive activities that
their nearest primate relatives do not, but at the same time there is
great variability among different cultural groups. All groups have
complex technologies but of very different types; all groups use
linguistic and other symbols but in quite different ways; all
groups have complex social institutions but very different ones.
What this suggests is that human cognition is in some way bound
up with human culture. Here we argue that this is indeed the case,
and we then try to explain this fact evolutionarily.
Similarities in Ape and Human Cognition
The five great ape species (orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees,
bonobos, humans) share a common ancestor from about 15 mil-
lion years ago, with the last three sharing a common ancestor
from about 6 million years ago (see Fig. 1 for a picture of chim-
panzees). Since great apes are so closely related to one another
evolutionarily, it is natural that they share many perceptual,
behavioral, and cognitive skills.
Great ape cognitive worlds
Many different studies suggest that nonhuman great apes (here-
after great apes) understand the physical world in basically the
same way as humans. Like humans, apes live most basically in
a world of permanent objects (and categories and quantities of
objects) existing in a mentally represented space. Moreover,
they understand much about various kinds of events in the
world and how these events relate to one another causally (see
Tomasello & Call, 1997, for a review). Apes’ and other
primates’ cognitive skills for dealing with the physical world
almost certainly evolved in the context of foraging for food.
As compared with other mammals, primates may face special
challenges in locating their daily fare, since ripe fruits are pat-
chy resources that are irregularly distributed in space and time.
Other studies suggest that great apes understand their social
worlds in basically the same way as humans as well. Like
humans, apes live in a world of identifiable individuals with
whom they form various kinds of social relationships—for
example, in terms of dominance and ‘‘friendship’’—and they
recognize the third-party social relationships that.
Apply what you have learned about Health Promotion and Disease P.docxRAHUL126667
This document provides instructions for developing a holistic plan of care for a specific population using concepts of health promotion, disease prevention, and telehealth technologies. Students are asked to select a population based on gender, age, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and healthcare needs. They then must develop a case study for a patient within that population, outlining a plan of care using telehealth, alternative therapies, and mobile apps to address the unique needs of and improve access to care for that group.
APA formatCite there peer-reviewed, scholarly references300 .docxRAHUL126667
APA format
Cite there peer-reviewed, scholarly references
300 - 350 words
Write a negative construct on the usefulness of decision making, leadership effectiveness, and employee morale challenges as they impact organizational change.
***Introduction and conclusion not needed***
.
APA formatCite 2 peer-reviewed reference175-265 word count.docxRAHUL126667
APA format
Cite 2 peer-reviewed reference
175-265 word count
Read
and
respond
to the following discussion posts. Be constructive and professional with your thoughts, feedback suggestions or question(s).
Respond to the following:
Crystal Irwin
12:13 PM
Hello Ms. Chimera & Class,
Everyone has different strengths and weaknesses when it comes to academics and the professional world. Thanks to my experience as a financial ops generalist, I have gained great communication skills. I am responsible for contacting vendors to address or fix any issues we may have with the service or product. I have also completed training on effective communication at my current job. This training was helpful being that I have to regularly speak with offenders family members as well. Another one of my strengths is that I am very reliable. My previous supervisor would always assign me extra duties when she had a deadline to meet because she knew that I would make sure it was done by the deadline. An academic weakness that I have is writing papers, I tend to procrastinate when it comes to having to write them. I have found that the writing center is very helpful. The university's library is helpful when having to do research. I have used the citation generator numerous times in the past to help with citations. If you have trouble with citations, this is a good resource or tool to use.
.
APA formatCite at least 1 referenceWrite a 175- to 265-w.docxRAHUL126667
APA format
Cite at least 1 reference
Write
a 175- to 265-word response to the following:
How does employee motivation impact organizational behavior? Provide details.
What do you believe has the biggest impact on employee motivation? Why?
.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Calculation of Optical Properties of Nano ParticlePHYSICS 5535- .docx
1. Calculation of Optical Properties of Nano Particle
PHYSICS 5535- Optical Properties Matter-Spring 2017
Raznah Yami
Outline
1. Introduction: this part gives a precise overview of the whole
paper. It begins by illustrating a brief introduction and
importance of Nano Particles and the theoretical approaches
used for their calculation.
2. Main idea: this section provides a step-by-step in-depth
analysis of recently developed theories the calculation of
optical properties of nanoparticles. It also provides calculation
and equations employed these approaches.
2.1 Optical Properties of Nanoparticles: this section talks about
the basics principles and governing the optical behavior of Nano
particles and provides in-depth knowledge of different
phenomena observed while dealing with optical properties of
Nano particles.
2.2 Mie-Theory: the research provides exhaustive information
the study optical properties of nanoparticles using Mie theory.
This research focuses on Mie theory for the calculation of
optical properties of Nano particle according to which we can
calculate the place of surface Plasmon resonance in optical
spectra of metallic spherical nanoparticle.
2.3 Discrete Dipole Approximation method: this section
enumerates sufficient information about the calculation of
absorption and scattering efficiencies and optical resonance
wavelengths for three commonly used classes of nanoparticles:
2. gold Nano spheres, silica-gold Nano shells, and gold Nano rods
and we examine the magneto-optical scattering from nanometer-
scale structures using a discrete dipole approximation.
3. Conclusion: This section provides a summary of the most
important points, which presents an overview of the practical
application and calculation methods of optical properties of
Nano particles talking about core principles, which therefore
explain the behavior exhibited by nanoparticles.
List of figures:
Figure 1: Localized surface Plasmon resonance ,resulting from
the collective oscillations of delocalized electrons in response
to an external electric field
Figure 2: Absorption spectra of semiconductor nanoparticles of
different diameter. Right-nanoparticles suspended in solution.
Figure 3: Comparison of absorbance along increasing
wavelength between Nano GaAs (7-15 nm) and Bulk GaAs
showing an apparent blue shift
Figure 4: Showing the effect of blue shift because of quantum
confinement as the wavelength shifts from 1100 nm to 2000 nm
when we move from particle size of 9nm to parcile size of 3 nm.
Figure 5: Emission spectra of several sizes of (Cdse) Zns core-
shell quantum dots.
Figure 6: The optical spectra and transmission electron
micrographs for the particles in vials 1–5 are also shown. Scale
bars in micrographs are all 100 nm
Figure7: Shows the effect of varying relative core and shell
thickness of gold Nano Shells, there is an apparent blue shift as
the frequency increases
3. References:
1. . P. S. Pershan. ""Magneto-optical effects." J. Appl. Phys
(2009): 38. Document.
2. al, Dabbousi et. "J. Phys. Chem. B ." 9463-9475 (997): 101.
Paper.
3. al, J.Nayak et. "J. Nayak et al., Physica." (2004: 227–233.
Document.
4. Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering. "Annual Review
of Biomedical Engineering." 23 4 2014.
http://www.annualreviews.org. Document. 22 1 2017.
5. Bhardwaj, Achal. "Optical Properties of Nanoparticles."
(2016): 224.
6. Lin-Wang, Li J. and Wang. "Band-structure-corrected and
density approximation." International Science Congress
Association (2005): Phys.Rew. B, 72. Documnet.
7. Manna, Scher and Alivisats. "Cdse nanocrystals." Cluster Sci
13 (2002): 521. paper.
8. nanocomposix. http://nanocomposix.com. 12 2 2014.
electronic. 23 2 2017.
9. S. J. Oldenburg, R. D. Averitt, S. L. Westcott, N. J. Halas. "
Chem. Phys. Lett. 288." (1998): 288, 243.
6
Calculation of Optical Properties of Nano Particle
4. Summary
Nanoparticles are used in a variety of applications and their
usage is growing vastly because of their superior’s
characteristics among these properties optical properties play a
vital role in various applications. This paper presents an
overview of the practical application and calculation methods of
optical properties of Nano particles talking about core
principles which therefore explain the behavior exhibited by
nanoparticles. Introduction The optical properties of
nanoparticles are highly dependent on the particle size, shape,
chemical composition, and the local dielectric environment. it is
possible to selectively tune these properties to suit a given
application Many studies have explored the optical properties of
metal nanoparticles using simulations, that are useful in
applications including solar cell, imaging, sensing and
constructing nanostructures. This paper focuses on Mie theory
for the calculation of optical properties of Nano particle
according to which we can calculate the place of surface
Plasmon resonance in optical spectra of metallic spherical
nanoparticle Metal nanoparticles are widely used to construct
structures that possess unique electronic, photonic and catalytic
properties such as local surface Plasmon resonance (SPR).
Surface Plasmon resonance of metallic nanoparticles is one of
the reasons of their unique optical properties. (Bhardwaj)
5. Introduction
Many of the optical properties of Nano particle are closely
related to the electrical and electronic properties of the
material. But as we shall see other factors also come into
discussion when we deal with optical properties. Usually talking
about optical properties, we usually refer to the interaction of
electromagnetic radiation with matter. Simply put we may
consider it as a ray of an electromagnetic wave of a single
frequency entering a medium from vacations ray could be
reflected transmitted or may be absorbed. The reflection could
be specular or diffuse. When there is an interaction of a medium
with electromagnetic radiations first being the radiation my
exhibit scattering secondly being the ray may get absorbed i.e.
if one considers a wider range of frequencies then some part of
the spectrum could be absorbed while the other frequencies
could be scattered. Semiconductor and metallic nanomaterials
and nanocomposites possess interesting linear absorption,
photoluminescence emission, and nonlinear optical properties.
Nanomaterials having small particle sizes exhibit enhanced
optical emission as well as nonlinear optical properties due to
the quantum confinement effect. Synthesis, characterization,
and measurement of optical properties of nanomaterials with
different anisotropic shapes have also drawn significant
attention. The selection of nanoparticles for achieving efficient
contrast for biological and cell imaging applications, as well as
for photothermal therapeutic applications, is based on the
optical properties of the nanoparticles. We use Mie theory and
discrete dipole approximation method to calculate absorption
and scattering efficiencies and optical resonance wavelengths
for three commonly used classes of nanoparticles: gold Nano
spheres, silica-gold Nano shells, and gold nanorods. The
calculated spectra clearly reflect the well-known dependence of
nanoparticle optical properties viz. the resonance wavelength,
the extinction cross-section, and the ratio of scattering to
absorption, on the nanoparticle dimensions. A systematic
6. quantitative study of the various trends is presented in this
paper. In this research, a systematic study of recently developed
Mie theory and Discrete dipole approximation method DDA is
derived. Thereafter, a classical analysis of each method is
presented to get an understanding of how they are employed in
development of metamaterials. We also talk about size and
shape effect on the behavior of Nano particles while bringing
some light on the use of these theories and meta materials
applications in the field of super lenses.
Optical Properties of Nano particles
Discussing the optical behavior of nanomaterials, in order to do
that we must first look at the concepts of some various
phenomena in material like reflection, refraction, refractions
and absorptions these phenomena give rise to colors in materials
and they are also responsible for what we call the overall
optical response of the material. (The Physics Classroom)
Light can be considered as having waves and consisting of
particles called photons.
Energy of a photon
· h-Planck’s constant (6.62x J.sec)
· v-frequency
· c-speed of light
· -wavelenght
Absorption essentially involves activating some process in the
material to take it to an excited state. The material can
essentially get excited by the follow ways.
i. Electronics
ii. Vibrational
7. iii. Rotational excitation
Further part of the absorbed energy could be re-emitted or
absorbed dissipated as heat and is known as dissipative
absorption.
Plasmon
We may differentiate of metals on the basis of free electrons
which give rise to Plasmon’s. A Plasmon is a collective
excitation of the electronic "fluid" in a piece of conducting
material, like ripples on the surface of a pond are a collective
mode of the water molecules of the liquid These electronic
ripples can have a well-defined wavelength as light consists of
photons, the plasma oscillation consists of Plasmon’s. That is,
what makes the Plasmon waves we also have to discuss the
frequency regime where the wavelength of the incoming
radiation determines the response of the metal to the incoming
radiation i.e. the metal could itself could become somewhat
transparent or it could even reflect it depending on the
frequency of the incoming radiation we also know that in case
of semiconductors we have to keep in mind the band gap if we
plan to understand how the absorption of a semiconductor is
going to be when we impose an electromagnetic radiation.
(Zhang)
Keeping in view the above statement the important question we
now ask is that when we put a nanomaterial how is the behavior
as compared to bulk metal going to change or a bulk
semiconductor is going to change when we have a material in
the nanoscale. As we discuss the size effect on optical
properties the bulk metal absorbs electromagnetic radiation in
visible region.
Surface Plasmon’s
Thin films of metals may partially transmit just because there is
insufficient material to absorb the radiation (Au films few 10s
nanometers may become partially transparent) apart from the
insufficient material effect there are other phenomena’s which
become relevant in nanomaterials specially Nano free standing
and Nano crystalline particles and these include the phenomena
8. of surface Plasmon’s and quantum confinement effects. Surface
Plasmon’s (SPs) are coherent delocalized electron oscillations
that exist at the interface between any two materials where the
real part of the dielectric function changes sign across the
interface (e.g. a metal-dielectric interface, such as a metal sheet
in air). SPs have lower energy than bulk (or
volume) Plasmon’s which quantize the longitudinal electron
oscillations about positive ion cores within the bulk of
an electron gas (or plasma). (Zhao)
Figure 1 Localized surface Plasmon resonance (LSPR), resulting
from the collective oscillations of delocalized electrons in
response to an external electric field
Quantum Dots
A term that needs to be discussed in the this regard are the
Quantum dots that are very small semiconductor particles, only
several nanometers in size, so small that their optical and
electronic properties differ from those of larger particles. They
are a central theme in nanotechnology. Many types of quantum
dot will emit light of specific frequencies if electricity or light
is applied to them, and these frequencies can be precisely tuned
by changing the dots' size, shape and material, giving rise to
many applications.
Figure 2 Absorption spectra of semiconductor nanoparticles of
different diameter. Right-nanoparticles suspended in solution.
If we take quantum dots like this and we make them different
sizes they either emit different colors or they absorb different
colors, so if we take small cadmium selenide particle 5 nm in
diameter and another one 4 nm in diameter and we hit them with
ultra violet light we will experience luminance meaning they
will emit light corresponding to the energy levels one will emit
9. say blue light and one will emit green light (Manna)
As we know that in a Nano crystalline material, Nano materials
or free standing Nano particles there is a large surface to
volume ratio so surface dominant effects like surface Plasmon’s
come into play, in semiconductor quantum dots optical
absorption and emission shift to the blue higher energies which
implies that inherently there is something changing in
nanostructured materials regarding what we call the
electromagnetic structure or the band structure.
The size reduction is more prominent in the case of
semiconductors as compared to metal, now to see the
confinement effects in metals we have to go down to smaller
sizes as compared to semiconductor crystals this effects
becomes prominent in larger sizes in semiconducting crystals it
will also be seen that very small sizes metal nanoparticles can
develop a bandgap and can become semiconductors and
insulators.
Because of dimension confinement the density of state changes
between a bulk 3D semiconductor, normal conductor to 2D kind
of a system, further as we go to a 1D dimensional metal which
actually develops a band gap i.e. if we take a material like
copper which is a bulk metallic material and reduce its size and
it is seen that the density of state starts to actual develop an
energy gap and it starts to behave like a semiconductor or an
insulator in very small sizes. Now as we go down to a zero-
dimensional metal in the bulk then the material starts to behave
like an atom having discrete energy levels
Now in the case of semiconducting nanoparticles and films on
decreasing the size the electron gets confined to the particle and
confinement effect starts to dominate and this leads to two
important effects first being increasing the band gap energy and
the second being the band levels get quantizes, say you have a
bulk semiconductor we have a valance band and a conduction
band separated by a band gap now in accordance with the
Quantum size confinement effect the energy level spacing
increases with decreasing dimension. (Annual Review of
10. Biomedical Engineering)
Quantum Confinement
If the particle size is too small compared to the wavelength of
the electrons, the quantum confinement effect was observed. To
that end understand, we broke the word as quantum and
Mitigation word meant to the movement of electrons move
arbitrarily restrict their movement in a given energy level
(discrete) in the quantum realm of subatomic reflect limit. As
the particle size decreases until it reaches the limits reduction
nanoscale size makes discrete energy levels, and this increase or
add a wide band gap, and, ultimately, increases the band gap
energy. Since the bandgap wavelength and inversely
proportional to each other, decreases with decreasing
wavelength, it was found to emit blue radiation
Now on the other hand the band gap levels get quantize as in a
nanoparticle there are these discrete levels but since they are
places so closely we can consider them to be a continuous state
which we term as a band .But when the number of particles in
the system reduce obviously there are not enough particles to
make a continuous or semi-continuous level and therefore the
we observe discretization effect and these level start to become
discrete so there are two important factors that come into play
when you reduce the size of the particle namely being the
increase in bandgap and the band levels get quantized or start to
show the discreteness level of the band. (Lin-Wang)
·
·
·
·
·
·
In a case study of Bulk GaAs (Gallium arsenide) and Nano
GaAs we see that along the wavelength the bulk shows a
11. decrease in absorbance as the wavelength is increasing in the
right-hand direction the energy is increasing in the left-hand
direction. On the other hand, we have Nano-GaAs with a size
variation (7-15 nm) which means there isn’t a single but range
of band gaps so expect absorption to take place over a range of
energies and that is a reason that the peak is actually broadened
and is not a very short peak as one would expect. The broad
excitonic peak occurs at about a range of 526nm and
corresponds to an energy of about 2.36eV as compared to the
bulk Gallium arsenide energy gap which is 1.43eV which shows
that the band gap has effectively increased. Bulk Gallium
arsenide has a different absorption spectrum as compared to the
Nano gallium arsenide in Nano gallium arsenide a very strong
peak is observed which corresponds to a band gap of 2.36eV
which means that now the band has “BLUE SHIFTED” which
means it happens at higher frequencies or in other words at
lower wavelengths, the overall absorbance in higher in Nano
material as compared to its counterpart bulk material and this is
attributed to the enhanced oscillator strength (dimensionless
quantity to express the strength of the transition from the
valance band to the conductance band). (J. e. al)
Figure 3 Comparison of absorbance along increasing
wavelength between Nano GaAs (7-15 nm) and Bulk GaAs
showing an apparent blue shift
Now we take up an equivalent case of Pbse nanocrystals we
again observe the effect of blue shift, which is coming from
quantum confinement effect in these semiconductor
nanocrystals the density state becomes more quantized and the
band gap shifts to higher energies which is the root cause of this
blue shift In the case of Pbse Nano crystals again we are we are
again plotting the wavelength as the function of the absorbance
and the curves have been shifted vertically so a comparison can
be made there is a change in the absorption peak as we go from
9 nm particles of Pbse to 5.5 nm particles to 4.5 nm and then to
12. the 3 nm particles. So, as it is clearly visible that there is a blue
shift in the peaks and the peak shifts towards higher frequencies
or in other words lower wavelengths and the energy of the
transition becomes high and therefore the material absorbs at
higher energies when we actually reduce the particle size from 9
nm to 3 nm and the wavelength shifts from 1100 nm to greater
than 2000 nm which demonstrates a clear quantum confinement
effect in these nanoparticles that effects its optical properties.
(D. e. al)
Figure 4 Showing the effect of blue shift because of quantum
confinement as the wavelength shifts from 1100 nm to 2000 nm
when we move from particle size of 9nm to parcile size of 3 nm.
Photoluminescence
The counterpart or other side of the absorbance is called photo
luminance which can be defined as the phenomena when a
material is put into an excited state then it is going to relax to
its ground state and in the process, is going to emit a photon. If
the energy of the emitted photon lies in the range of 1.8 - 3.1
eV the radiation will be in the visible range, by changing the
size of the nanoparticles the frequency of emission can be
tailored the decrease in size of Nano particles accompanies a
blue shift.
Core Shell nanostructures
A semiconductor acts like a core while being enveloped by
another semiconductor that behaves like a shell some prominent
examples of these are CdS coated with MoS4, ZnSe coated with
CdSe, Cdse coated with CdS where the bandgaps are tunable
near the I-R which can be used as IR biological luminescent
markers. In luminescent properties are characteristics of the
13. core and the shell actually leads to an enhancement of the
properties of the core where the shell could be performing many
roles like acting as a permeable layer where it may be
protecting the core from the environment. Deposition of a
semiconductor with a larger bandgap than the core typically
results in ‘luminescence enhancement’ due to radiation less
recombination mediated by the surface states the transition
between these layers may not always result in a luminescence
effect and therefore the shell enhances the luminescence
properties of the semiconductor.
Now in the case of ZnS Shell on Cdse core we will first observe
the luminescence properties with the shell and then in the
absence of the shell, there is a shell of ZnS and we will compare
it with a case where there is no shell of ZnS and the trend
observed due to this change in size is the change in color. There
is an enhancement in the luminescence properties in the
presence of the shell which an important effect of putting a
shell around the core, as change in particle size occurs the
frequency exhibit a blue shift. In each of the in each one of
these cases the core shell structure has a higher emission as
compared to the bare core (only the core).
Figure 5 Emission spectra of several sizes of (Cdse)Zns core-
shell quantum dots.
Metallic Nano Particles
Gold nanoparticles used as a pigment of ruby-colored stained
glass dating back to the 17th century. 1-10 nm sized particles
give rise to this color and this color is due to surface Plasmon’s
resonance. Thin film of Au ~100nm or less will transmit blue-
violet light, the color of metallic particles depends on size in
the nanoscale regime as bulk Au can is golden yellow color
while nanoparticles of gold can have red, purple, or blue color.
The color depends on the size and shape of the particle and
14. dielectric properties of the medium as the surface Plasmon’s are
excited by incident electromagnetic radiation.
For Ag or Au particles of about 50nm and smaller than this
there will be no scattering within the particle and all the
interaction will be with the surface in other words in small
particle we have to consider the effect of the surface more
meaning we have to consider the surface Plasmon more as
compared to the bulk Plasmon’s and these surface Plasmon’s are
going to be the key factors that are going to determine the
optical properties of the nanoparticles.
The optical properties of gold and silver nanoparticles change
drastically with nanoparticle shape. The photograph shows
aqueous solutions of 4 nm gold Nano spheres (vial 0) and
progressively higher aspect ratio gold nanorods (1–5). The
optical spectra and transmission electron micrographs for the
particles in vials 1–5 are also shown. Scale bars in micrographs
are all 100 nm. (nanocomposix)
Figure 6 The optical spectra and transmission electron
micrographs for the particles in vials 1–5 are also shown. Scale
bars in micrographs are all 100 nm
The optical response of gold Nano shells depends dramatically
on the relative size of the core nanoparticles as well as the
thickness of gold shell.
By varying the relative core and shell thickness, the color of
such gold Nano shells can be varied across a board range of
optical spectrum spanning the visible and the near-infrared
spectral regions. Semiconductors Core/Shell Nanoparticles are
used for medical or bioimaging purposes enhancement of optical
properties, light-emitting devices, nonlinear optics, biological
labeling, improving the efficiency of either solar cells or the
storage capacity of electronics devices. (S. J. Oldenburg)
15. Figure 7 Shows the effect of varying relative core and shell
thickness of gold Nano Shells, there is an apparent blue shift as
the frequency increases
Recently Developed LMTO Methods
Mie Theory:Mie theory describes the light scattering particles.
"Particles" as used herein refers to an aggregate of, the
surrounding region (NMED), a refractive index (NP) of the
material. In dipole radiation pattern of such particles of
molecular electronic superposition oscillation strong net
radiation. In addition, the re-radiation pattern of all the dipoles
is not in the forward direction of the incident light are shifted,
homogeneous media is correct, but is long and destructively
interfere in the radiation pattern. For example, particles with
different efficiencies "scattering" light in all directions.
Gustav Mie in 1908 published a solution to the problem of light
scattering by homogeneous spherical particles of any size. Mie's
classical solution is described in terms of two
parameters, nr and x:
the magnitude of refractive index mismatch between particle
and medium expressed as the ratio of the n for particle and
medium,
nr = np/nmed
The sizes of the surface of refractive index mismatch which is
the "antenna" for retardation of electromagnetic energy,
expressed as a size parameter (x) which is the ratio of the
meridional circumference of the sphere (2a, where radius = a) to
the wavelength (/nmed) of light in the medium,
x = 2a/(/nmed)
A Mie theory calculation will yield the efficiency of
scattering which relates the cross-sectional area of
scattering, s [cm2], to the true geometrical cross-sectional area
of the particle, A = a2[cm2]:
16. s = QsA
Finally, the scattering coefficient is related to the product of
scattered number density, s [cm-3], and the cross-sectional area
of scattering, s [cm2], (see definition of scattering coefficient):
µs = s
Theoretically, the particles by Mie theory generally spherical,
but, in fact, particles are generally manufactured as a cubic or
cylindrical ease of manufacturing. To the uniform criteria,
which are much smaller than can satisfy in the form of a lattice
constant, said operating wavelength, the relative dielectric
constant of the dielectric particles is significantly higher than
the 1
Consider the source, the spherical scattering particles and the
observer, whose three positions define a plane called the
scattering plane. The incident and scattered light can be reduced
to its parallel or perpendicular to the scattering plane.
Figure 8 shows in the following figure, the parallel and vertical
components can be experimentally selected by a linearly
polarizing filter oriented parallel or perpendicular to the
scattering plane. (Sun)
The scattering matrix describes the relationship between the
vertical and parallel incident and scattered electric field
components observed in the "far field”.
For practical scattering measurements, the above equation
simplifies to the following:
Consider the scattering pattern from a 0.304-µm-dia.
nonadsorbing polystyrene sphere in water irradiated by HeNe
laser beam:
17. Table 1 Nonadsorbing polystyrene spheres in water at a
concentration of 0.1% volume fraction
np = 1.5721
particle refractive index
nmed = 1.3316
medium refractive index
a = 0.152 µm,
particle radius
= 0.6328 µm
wavelength in vacuum
nr = np/nmed = 1.5721/1.3316 = 1.1806
relative refractive index
x = 2a/(/nmed) = (2)(3.1415)(0.152)/(0.6328/1.3316) = 2.0097
size parameter
Mie theory algorithm:
Mie (nr, x) ---> S1(), S1() as complex numbers
Mie (1.1806, 2.0097) ---> S1.re + jS1.im, S2.re + jS2.im as
functions of
To view the results, calculate the intensities of scattering for
parallel and perpendicular orientations of polarized
source/detector pairs:
Ipar =S2S2* =Re{(S2.re +jS2.im)(S2.re -jS2.im)}
Iper = S1S1* = Re{(S1.re + jS1.im)(S1.re - jS1.im)}
which are shown in the following figures, and can be
experimentally measured as described below.
The following figures describe the experimental measurements
that illustrate the angular dependence of the scattered intensities
Ipar and Iper:Iper
Irradiate dilute solution of spheres in water with laser beam
polarization oriented perpendicular to the table. Collect
scattered light as a function of angle in plane parallel to table.
Place linear polarization filter in front of
detector perpendicular to the table.
18. Figure 9 Cylindrical cuvette holding sphere solution
Ipar
Irradiate dilute solution of spheres in water with laser beam
polarization oriented parallel to the table. Collect scattered light
as a function of angle in plane parallel to table. Place linear
polarization filter in front of detector parallel to the table.
Figure 10 Cylindrical cuvette holding sphere solution with
polarization filter in front of detector
For a randomly polarized light source, the total scattered light
intensity is given by the term S11:
S11 is the first element of the so-called Mueller Matrix, a 4x4
matrix which relates an input vector of Stokes parameters (Ii,
Qi, Ui, Vi) describing a complex light source and the output
vector (Is, Qs, Us, Vs) describing the nature of the transmitted
light. For randomly polarized light, S11 describes the transport
of total intensity:
Is = S11Ii
Mie scattering" suggests situations where the size of the
scattering particles is comparable to the wavelength of the light,
rather than much smaller or much larger. Mie scattering
(sometimes referred to as a non-molecular or aerosol particle
scattering) takes place in the lower 4.5 km of the atmosphere,
where there may be many essentially spherical particles present
with diameters approximately equal to the size of the
wavelength of the incident energy.
Double Discrete Dipole Approximation
Electromagnetic scattering from nanometer-scale objects is
currently being investigated both experimentally and
19. theoretically for the understanding and prediction of novel near-
field effects. Typically, near-field optical studies are performed
on noble-metal nanostructures where resonances from surface
Plasmon’s play an important role in near-field coupling and
propagation effects in this paper, we examine the magneto-
optical scattering from nanometer-scale structures using a
discrete dipole approximation (DDA). In the simplest form, the
approximation replaces individual nanoparticles with a single,
electromagnetic dipole radiator. The optical response of a
collection of particles is calculated self consistently by
calculating the response of each dipole to the incident field plus
the scattered field from all the other dipoles
In the DDA approximation, either the spherical nanoparticle,
with diameter , or a similarly small element of an extended
structure with dimensions on the order λ is represented by an
oscillating dipole with polarizability tensor α j which is
determined by the material properties. The dipole moment of the
element located at is , where the local field j is the incident
field , j plus the field radiated by all the other dipoles,
The incident field is given by where ω is the frequency of
radiation and κ is the wave vector with magnitude κ = ω/c.
Substituting the expression for the dipole moment and
rearranging yields,
where the radiation from a dipole has been written , = . Using
the well-known expression for radiation of a dipole located at
position evaluated at point
The optical interactions with a material which exhibits
magneto-optical effects (a gyrotropic material)
are described by its dielectric tensor,
(. P. S. Pershan)
where the magneto-optical Voigt parameter and , and mx m m y
z are the direction cosines of the magnetization vector. The
20. induced (uniform) polarization of a dielectric sphere valid for
arbitrary anisotropy is given by
where 1 is the 3×3 identity matrix and a is the radius of the
sphere This allows the identification of the polarizability as
where 1 ( 2)− ε + 1 is understood as matrix inversion. The
connection between magnetic field and optical field is through
the magnetization-dependent dielectric tensor. In fact, at optical
frequencies, the magnetic permeability is equal to unity and the
effects of the magnetic field are characterized by the dielectric
tensor through its dependence on the magnetization
Optical properties are manifestations of absorption and
reradiation of light from individual elements of the material.
For this reason, a slightly different definition is needed for
magneto-optical effects arising from materials whose
dimensions are on the order of or smaller than an optical
wavelength. We define the complex Faraday rotation angle as
the difference in the scattering extinction coefficients for left
and right circularly polarized light. The Faraday rotation, θ and
ellipticity, η (per unit length), are given by
In general, the calculation of the extinction coefficients requires
the calculation of dipole moments for two orthogonal
polarizations of incident electric field. In this case, we take the
both the incident and scattered fields to be the zˆ direction
(forward scattering), which matches our experimental geometry.
The scattering matrix elements are
where eˆ is a unit vector for the polarization and m and m′
denote the incident and scattered fields, respectively. is the
calculated dipole moment of the jth particle for incident
polarization ˆ. Since both the incident and scattered fields are in
the zˆ direction, the polarization unit vectors are simply xˆ and
yˆ. The Faraday rotation is calculated from the matrix element.
21. We now transform into the left-right circular polarization basis
to show that this is indeed equivalent to Eq. (8). The usual
transformation from (x,y,z) to (r,l,z), where r and l stand for
right and left respectively, is given by
In this basis, the x polarization is written
which is equivalent to difference in extinction coefficients for
left and right circularly polarized light, . The calculation
proceeds as follows. For a, given geometry, a lattice is
established with individual polarizabilities; values of the
dielectric tensor are taken from the literature. Equation (4) is
solved with incident x-polarized electric field which yields
We first apply the DDA calculations to magnetite nanowires.
The model for the nanowires is similar to that used in Ref. [10]
and is shown in Fig 1, showing the diagonal and off diagonal
components of the dielectric tensor. The Faraday rotation is
calculated for nanowires with 2 nm × 2 nm cross section and
lengths from 2 nm to 100 nm.
Figure 11 Model for the magnetite nanowires. The sphere
represents the individual discrete dipole elements. The cross
section is 2X2 elements with a length L varied from 2 to 100
elements. In all cases the element grid spacing d = 1.0nm
The results of these calculations are shown in Fig. 2 for incident
x polarization and nanowires aligned on the x axis and z axis.
The magneto-optics calculations assume that the externally
applied magnetic field is large enough to saturate the
magnetization of the material. In order to highlight differences
in nanowire orientation, we assume that the magnetization is in
the z direction in both Fig. 2 (a) and (b). The absolute Faraday
rotation is dependent on the volume of each scatterer as well as
the number density of scatterers and thickness of the sample.
We have normalized the calculations in Fig. 2 so that the
22. Faraday rotation at the positive peak (~500 nm) is unity. The
spectrum of the 2×2×2 element particle is the same as a single
nanoparticle. Little change in the spectral Faraday rotation is
noted for nanowires when the nanowire is aligned with
polarization of the incident field. However, the Faraday rotation
spectrum changes dramatically when the nanowire is aligned in
the direction of light propagation (z direction). The overall
effect is a blue shift of the spectrum with increasing nanowire
length.
Figure 12 Calculation of the Faraday rotation of a magnetic
nanowire. The long axis of the nanowire is aligned with the (a)
x axis and (b) z axis. In both cases, the magnetic field is applied
in the z direction
The model can be used as finite element method for the
calculation of the magneto-optical response of non-spherical
nanostructures with dimensions approaching the wavelength of
light. The model can also be used to calculate magneto-optical
scattering from collections of nanoparticles, where each
nanoparticle is represented by a radiating dipole. The particle
collections need not be homogeneous; in fact, we apply the
model to binary nanoparticle systems which consist of a noble-
metal and magnetic oxide nanoparticles. We calculate
enhancements of the Faraday rotation near the plasmin
resonances of the metal nanoparticles. These enhancements are
evident for interparticle spacing’s on the order of 20 nm or less.
(Stokes)
Conclusion
The optical properties of nanomaterials are the most attractive
23. and useful properties, and have been extensively studied by
means of different optical spectroscopic techniques.
Semiconductor and metallic nanomaterials and nanocomposites
possess interesting linear absorption, photoluminescence
emission, and nonlinear optical properties. Nanomaterials
having small particle sizes exhibit enhanced optical emission as
well as nonlinear optical properties due to the quantum
confinement effect. Synthesis, characterization, and
measurement of optical properties of nanomaterials with
different anisotropic shapes have also drawn significant
attention. Optical properties and correlation spectroscopy basic
understanding of nanomaterials for anyone interested in
understanding of semiconductors, insulators or metal required.
This is partly because the optical properties, and other
properties are closely related functions. Chemistry and physics
advances extended to a unique and powerful set of optical
properties of nanostructured materials. These nanomaterials
provide a new tool for biomedical engineers, biologists and
medical scientists to explore new instruments such as
biosensors and biological fluids, searching cells and tissues and
chemical characteristics. Nanomaterials are also used for
applications such as the development of drug delivery
adjustment optical test equipment and optical treatment
applications. And control the various components of the optical
properties of Nano-scale integration remains one of the most
difficult challenges. These calculations provide a tool for
modeling the magneto-optical scattering from no spherical
structures as well as provide a framework for the basic,
qualitative understanding of the near-field coupling effects on
magneto-optical scattering. Incidentally, none of these effects
are predicted by any effective-medium type model or any mean-
field theory which does not include near-field interactions The
study shows a model for magneto-optical scattering from
nanometer-scale structures based on a modification of the
discrete dipole approximation. The model can be used as finite
element method for the calculation of the magneto-optical
24. response of non-spherical nanostructures with dimensions
approaching the wavelength of light. The model can also be
used to calculate magneto-optical scattering from collections of
nanoparticles, where each nanoparticle is represented by a
radiating dipole. The particle collections need not be
homogeneous; in fact, we apply the model to binary
nanoparticle systems which consist of a noble-metal and
magnetic oxide nanoparticles. We calculate enhancements of the
Faraday rotation near the plasmon resonances of the metal
nanoparticles. These enhancements are evident for interparticle
spacings on the order of 20 nm or less. However, progress in a
relatively short time internal meta-material is made remarkable.
Different disciplines to the full potential of this new material
will include electronics, communications, medical diagnostics,
healthcare and manufacturing, including a far-reaching impact.
List of Table and Figures
Figure 1 Localized surface Plasmon resonance (LSPR), resulting
from the collective oscillations of delocalized electrons in
response to an external electric field5
Figure 2 Absorption spectra of semiconductor nanoparticles of
different diameter. Right-nanoparticles suspended in solution.5
Figure 3 Comparison of absorbance along increasing
wavelength between Nano GaAs (7-15 nm) and Bulk GaAs
showing an apparent blue shift7
Figure 4 Showing the effect of blue shift because of quantum
confinement as the wavelength shifts from 1100 nm to 2000 nm
when we move from particle size of 9nm to parcile size of 3
nm.8
Figure 5 Emission spectra of several sizes of (Cdse)Zns core-
shell quantum dots.9
Figure 6 The optical spectra and transmission electron
micrographs for the particles in vials 1–5 are also shown. Scale
bars in micrographs are all 100 nm10
25. Figure 7 Shows the effect of varying relative core and shell
thickness of gold Nano Shells, there is an apparent blue shift as
the frequency increases11
Figure 8 shows in the following figure, the parallel and vertical
components can be experimentally selected by a linearly
polarizing filter oriented parallel or perpendicular to the
scattering plane. (Sun)12
Figure 9 Cylindrical cuvette holding sphere solution14
Figure 10 Cylindrical cuvette holding sphere solution with
polarization filter in front of detector14
Figure 11 Model for the magnetite nanowires. The sphere
represents the individual discrete dipole elements. The cross
section is 2X2 elements with a length L varied from 2 to 100
elements. In all cases the element grid spacing d = 1.0nm17
Figure 12 Calculation of the Faraday rotation of a magnetic
nanowire. The long axis of the nanowire is aligned with the (a)
x axis and (b) z axis. In both cases, the magnetic field is applied
in the z direction18
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al, J.Nayak et. "J. Nayak et al., Physica." (2004: 227–233.
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27. What we have learned
In this study, we have learned that nanoparticles are used in a
variety of applications and their usage is growing vastly
because of their superior’s characteristics among these
properties optical properties play a vital role in various
applications and with further research became familiar with the
core principles with control the behavior of these nanoparticles
under different circumstances. The optical properties of
nanoparticles are highly dependent on the particle size, shape,
chemical composition, and the local dielectric environment. We
got valuable insight of how the behavior of the material changes
when it is in its nano state as compared to its bulk form and the
influence of the surface Plasmon’s in deciding their properties.
The use of high extinction coefficient of quantum dots and its
role in deciding the optical properties of nanoparticles is an
important factor in nanotechnology. The case of enchantment of
optical properties of nanoparticles e.g. luminescence by using
shell core arrangements provides us with valuable insight which
helps us in varying the properties of these nano particles to suit
our situations and demands. This research also provides us
information about the effect of size and shape of the particle
and dielectric properties of the medium as the surface
Plasmon’s are excited by incident electromagnetic radiation.
This paper gives us some of the prominent methods used for
calculation of optical properties of Nano particles regarding the
problem of light scattering by homogeneous spherical particles
of any size in the light of Mie theory which is further used to
calculate the model for tissue optical properties followed by an
example for shows us how to calculate angular scattering
pattern which includes the calculation of scattering cross
section and coefficient. As we go towards particle that are much
larger than the wavelength of the incident light source we
discuss discrete dipole approximation for simulation of light
scattering by particles much larger than the wavelength. A near-
28. field calculation of light electric field intensity inside and in the
vicinity of a scattering particle is discussed in the discrete
dipole approximation. A fast algorithm is presented for gridded
data. This algorithm is based on one matrix times vector
multiplication performed with the three-dimensional fast
Fourier transform. The approximation is used as a finite-
element method for non-spherical particles whose dimensions
are on the order of or smaller than the incident light
wavelength, λ. Also, we use the approximation to calculate
scattering from arrangements of spherical nanoparticles with
diameters ≪λ. We propose that for scattering from
subwavelength magnetic particles, the specific Faraday rotation
should be defined as the difference in optical extinction for left-
and right-circularly polarized light. We apply the model to
calculations of Faraday rotation from magnetite nanowires as
well as a binary (two-component) nanoparticle arrangement.
Enhancements in Faraday rotation are predicted for composites
containing both noble metal and ferrite nanoparticles. These
theoretical methods have vast applications and are used for
medical or bioimaging purposes enhancement of optical
properties, light-emitting devices, nonlinear optics, biological
labeling, improving the efficiency of either solar cells or the
storage capacity of electronics devices
Optical Properties of Nano particles and their Calculations