This document discusses various plantation methods including sowing methods (broadcasting, drilling, dibbling, transplanting, planting), cropping systems (mono-cropping, intercropping, crop rotation), and permanent raised bed farming. Sowing methods such as broadcasting scatter seeds across a field while drilling places seeds in rows. Intercropping grows multiple crops together to better utilize resources while crop rotation improves soil health. Permanent raised bed farming provides benefits like improved soil quality and water management for higher yields.
In this presentation discuses about what is seed testing and what are the objective and important , what are the different types of quality assessment test .
In this presentation discuses about what is seed testing and what are the objective and important , what are the different types of quality assessment test .
Canopy management is a vital part of fruit cultivation. It influences the quality and quantity of fruits. Thus directly or indirectly, it involves farmers benefit and yield increase.
Tillage is the mechanical manipulation of soil with tools and implements for obtaining conditions ideal for seed germination, seedling establishment and growth of crops.
Canopy management is a vital part of fruit cultivation. It influences the quality and quantity of fruits. Thus directly or indirectly, it involves farmers benefit and yield increase.
Tillage is the mechanical manipulation of soil with tools and implements for obtaining conditions ideal for seed germination, seedling establishment and growth of crops.
Author : Vrsabha das
Email : vrsabha@gmail.com
Date : January 3, 2010
Text editing : Lyn Welker (Labangalatika d.d.)
Edited by : Sriman Subhananda Hari Das
Serial No. : 17 of 54
Most of the text was taken from Stephen Knapp
www.stephen-knapp.com
Author : Srimati Radha Duyti d.d.
E-Mail : Radhaduyti@gmail.com
Date Produced : August 7, 2009
Editor : Srimati Vrindavan Lila d.d.
Serial No : 13 of 54
Report at Rural Development Conference sponsored by
National Institute for Rural Development – India
Author : Sriman Hari Kirtan das
Email : hkd75@yahoo.com
Date Produced : November, 2016
Editor : HH RP Bhakti Raghava Swami
Serial No. : 48 of 54
Author : Sriman Sanat Kumar das
E-Mail : sanat.kumar.RNS@pamho.net
Date Produced : July 5, 2010
Editor : Srimati Vrindavana Lila d.d.
Serial No : 9 of 54
Author : HH RP Bhakti Raghava Swami
E-Mail : Bhakti.Raghava.Swami@pamho.net
Date Produced : 2015
Editor: Sriman Prafullakumar Seelam
Serial No: 1 of 54
Conservation Agriculture
introduction
Principles of conservation Agriculture
Advantages of C.A .
Tools And Technologies Involved In Conservation Agriculture
Vedic eco village western canada development plan 2017 26 SriSurabhi
We need more people to expand the eco village. New guest facilities will attract workers for infrastructure building & farming.
Eco Village plots to develop this year are Go Shala foundation (for future cows), gardens, kitchen, Patha Shala (Learning Center), Yoga Shala, and Yajna Shala
Author : Vrsabha das
Email : vrsabha@gmail.com
Date : April 2020
Text editing : Lyn Welker (Labangalatika d.d.)
Edited by : Sriman Subhananda Hari Das
Serial No. : 12 of 54
Most of the text was taken from Stephen Knapp
www.stephen-knapp.com
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
5.
Sowing Methods
1. Broad casting
2. Drilling or Line sowing
3. Dibbling
4. Transplanting
5. Planting
6. Putting seeds behind the plough
6.
Broadcasting
It is the scattering of
seeds by hand all over
the prepared field
followed by covering
with wooden plank or
harrow for contact of
seed with soil
Wheat, Paddy, Sesame,
Methi, Coriander etc.
are sown by this
method
9.
Drilling or Line sowing
It is the dropping of seeds into the soil with the help
of implement such as mogha, seed drill, seed-cum-
ferti driller or mechanical seed drill and then the
seeds are covered by wooden plank or harrow to
have contact between seed & soil
Jowar, wheat, Bajra, etc. are sown by this method
12.
Dibbling
It is the placing or dibbling of seeds at cross marks
(+) made in the field with the help of maker as per
the requirement of the crop in both the directions. It
is done manually by dibbler
Crops like Groundnut, Castor and Hybrid Cotton
etc. which are having bold size and high value
14.
Transplanting
It is the raising of seedlings on nursery beds and
transplanting of seedlings in the laid out field
Crops like paddy, fruit, vegetable, crops etc.
Seedlings are allowed to grow on nursery beds for about
3-5 weeks. Beds are watered one day before the
transplanting of nursery to prevent jerk to the roots. The
field is irrigated before actual transplanting to get the
seedlings established early & quickly which reduce the
mortality
15.
16.
Planting
It is the placing of vegetative part of crops which are
vegetatively propagated in the laid out field
Tubers of Potato, mother sets of ginger & turmeric,
cuttings of sweet potato & grapes, sets of sugarcane
etc.
17.
18.
Putting seeds behind the
plough
It is dropping of seeds behind the plough in the
furrow with the help of manual labour by hand. The
seeds are covered by successive furrow opened by
the plough
This method is followed for crops like pea, maize or
Gram in some areas for better utilization of soil
moisture
22.
Inter-Cropping
Growing of two or
more crops
simultaneously on the
same piece of land
(field). There is a crop
intensification in both
time and space
dimensions. There is
intercrop competition
during all or part of
crop growth
23.
Advantages of Inter
Cropping
Better use of growth resources including light,
nutrients and water
Suppression of weeds
Reduced plant and disease incidence
Yield stability
Ecological stability i.e. improvement of soil health
and agro-ecosystem
Other e.g. Physical support of one crop to another
and home gardening leading to a more unified food
supply is a good example of realization of
intercropping advantages
25.
Mixed Cropping or
Crop Mixtures
Process of growing two or more crops together in the
same piece of land simultaneously. The cereals are
usually mixed with legumes viz.
Jowar or Bajara mixed with Tur, Urad, Green gram,
Black gram, Gran.
Wheat is mixed with peas, gram or mustard
Cotton is grown mixed with Tur or sunflower
3 Sisters concept – corn, beans and squash
29.
Relay Cropping
It refers to planting of succeeding crop before
harvesting the preceding crop like a relay race
where a crop hands over the land to next crop in
quick succession.
31. Advantages:
Getting one time more production, suitable for mono
cropped zones
No ploughing required. Save a lot of money
Less amount of water is needed, environment friendly
farming technique
Increase soil fertility through nitrosomonas bacteria
Disadvantages:
Requires 20% more seeds than usual
As the plants grow zigzag, sometimes need more labour
Relay Cropping
32.
Ratoon cropping or
Ratooning
When a crop is harvested and allowed to regrow
from the crowns or root systems, the term ratoon
cropping is used
Sugarcane, alfalfa, and Sudan grass are commonly
produced in this way, while the potential exists for
such tropical cereals as sorghum and rice
34. is the cultivation of food, forage or specialty crops between
rows of trees. It is a larger version of intercropping or
companion planting conducted over a longer time scale. Alley
cropping can provide profitable opportunities for row crop
farmers, hardwood timber growers and nut growers
Alley cropping
35.
Companion Planting
Companion planting is the placement of various crops in close
physical proximity to one another so as to symbiotically
compliment the progress of each other.
Discourage harmful pests without losing the beneficial allies
Help enhance the growth rate and flavour of other varieties
some plants can affect the flavour of vegetables or their growth
rate
Reduce the number of weeds
Saves space
43.
Crop Rotation
It refers to recurrent succession of crops on the same
piece of land either in a year or over a longer period of
time, with an objective to get maximum profit from
least investment without impairing the soil fertility
In the rotation of crops, leguminous crops like pulses,
beans, peas, groundnut and Bengal gram are sown in-
between the seasons of cereal crops like wheat, maize
and pearl millet
44.
45.
Advantages of Crop Rotation
1. There is an overall increase in the yield of crops due to maintenance of proper
physical condition of the soil and its OM content.
2. Rotation of crops helps in saving on nitrogenous fertilizers, because leguminous
plants grown during the rotation of crops can fix atmospheric nitrogen in the soil
with the help of nitrogen fixing bacteria.
3. Rotation of crops help in weed control and pest control. This is because weeds and
pests are very choosy about the host crop plant, which they attack. When the crop is
changed the cycle is broken. Hence, pesticide cost is reduced.
4. There is regular flow of income over the year.
5. Proper choice of crops in rotation helps to prevent soil erosion.
6. It supplies various needs of farmer & his cattle.
7. Crop rotation adds diversity to an operation.
‘The supervisory work also becomes easier’
46.
Selection of crops for rotation
Vegetables and flowers are grown in areas close to the cities
for higher income.
52.
Land preparation and Plantation
requires huge labour
very time consuming process
Sensitive to Climatic changes
Therefore there is a need for alternative plantation
method
Permanent Raised Bed is the solution.
Why?
53.
Improved soil fertility and quality
soil physical, chemical, and biological properties
Improved water management
better infiltration, storage, and less evaporation
Reduced salinity problems
Reduced wind/water erosion
Reduced labour/fuel costs
Higher Yields
Extended seasons
No soil compaction
Benefits
66. Hare Krishna Hare Krishna
Krishna Krishna Hare Hare
Hare Rama Hare Rama
Rama Rama Hare Hare
67. ISKCON Daiva Varnasrama
Ministry Promoting Rural
Development in India
www.iskconvarnasrama.com
OM Sri Surabhi Campaign
www.srisurabhi.org
68.
69.
ABOUT THE EDITOR
Name HH RP Bhakti Raghava Swami
Age and Gender 71, Male
Country/Province of Origin Canada, Ontario
Educational Degree and Year B.A, 1968, M.Ed., 2004
Educational Institution State University of Yogyakarta
Professional Work/Experience Social Worker/Counselor
Affiliation with ISKCON Since 1974
Present Service in ISKCON Minister, IDVM-India
