This document discusses different modes of reproduction in plants. It describes asexual reproduction where parts of plants can grow into new independent plants. Sexual reproduction requires fusion of male pollen and female ovule cells. Plants have a life cycle that alternates between a diploid sporophyte generation that produces haploid spores and a haploid gametophyte generation that produces gametes. Non-flowering plants like mosses rely on motile sperm for external fertilization requiring moist environments. Conifers have reduced gametophytes within pollen grains and ovules allowing wind pollination. Flowering plants evolved showy flowers attracting insect pollinators through rewards of pollen and nectar, allowing reproduction in

1. Reproduction in plants
By chekit sharma

2. Asexual Reproduction
• Asexual reproduction is natural
“cloning.” Parts of the plant, such as
leaves or stems, produce roots and
become an independent plant.
• List some benefits and some drawbacks
to asexual reproduction.

3. Sexual Reproduction
• Sexual reproduction requires fusion of
male cells in the pollen grain with
female cells in the ovule.
• List some advantages and drawbacks to
sexual reproduction.

4. Alternation of Generations
• Plants have a double life cycle with two
distinct forms:
• Sporophyte: diploid, produce haploid
spores by meiosis.
• Gametophyte: haploid, produce
gametes by mitosis.

5. Non-flowering plants
• Mosses, ferns, and related plants have
motile, swimming sperm.
• What kind of environmental conditions
would be required for reproduction in
these plants?
• What kinds of limits does external
reproduction impose on these plants?

6. Moss Life Cycle

7. Fern Life Cycle

8. Conifers
• Conifers (also non-flowering plants)
have reduced gametophytes.
• Male gametophyte is contained in a
dry pollen grain.
• Female gametophyte is a few cells
inside of the structures that become
the seed.

9. Conifer life cycle

10. Conifer pollination
• Conifers are wind-pollinated plants.
• Chance allows some pollen to land on
the scales of female cones.
• Pollen germinates, grows a pollen tube
into the egg to allow sperm to fertilize
the egg.
• What are some advantages and
disadvantages to wind pollination?

11. Pollen go-betweens
• Showy flowers are the result of selection
for more efficient pollination strategies.
• Flower parts are modified leaves. Those
that were brightly colored attracted
insects in search of pollen.
• Why would insects search for pollen?
What other rewards do flowers offer?
• What are advantages and disadvantages
to relying on insects as pollinators?

12. Flowers

13. Flower Parts

14. Incomplete flowers
• Flowers are complete if they have all
parts, and perfect if they have both male
and female parts.
• Grass flowers: incomplete, usually
imperfect (separate male and female
flowers)
• A tulip is complete (though the sepals
are the same color as the petals) and
perfect.

15. Imperfect flowers

16. Angiosperm Life Cycle

17. Gametogenesis: Male

18. Gametogenesis: Female

19. Double Fertilization

20. Flower to Fruit

21. Ovule to Seed

22. Seed Anatomy

23. Seed Germination

24. • Use what you have learned about plant
life cycles to explain why most mosses
and ferns live in moist environments, but
flowering plants can live just about
anywhere.
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