Albert Einstein (1879–1955) was a German-born physicist known for developing the theories of relativity and the equation E=mc2, significantly impacting the fields of physics and atomic energy. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for his work on the photoelectric effect and later emigrated to the U.S. to escape the Nazis, where he continued his research and became a prominent advocate for civil rights and humanitarian issues. Einstein's legacy includes his significant contributions to science, his influence on modern physics, and his advocacy for social justice.

1. QUICKFACTS
NAME
AlbertEinstein
OCCUPATION
Physicist,Scientist
BIRTHDATE
March14,1879
DEATHDATE
April18,1955
DIDYOUKNOW?
EinsteinwasaskedtobethepresidentofIsrael,buthedeclined:AfterChaimWeizmann,Israel's
firstpresident,diedin1952,thecountry'sprimeministerofferedthejobtoEinstein.
DIDYOUKNOW?
Einsteindiedafterrefusingsurgery,saying,"IwanttogowhenIwant.Itistastelesstoprolonglife
artificially.Ihavedonemyshare,itistimetogo.Iwilldoitelegantly."
DIDYOUKNOW?
EinsteinwasamemberoftheNAACP,drawingcorrelationsbetweenblacksinAmericaandJews
inGermany.Hebelievedracismwasadisease.
EDUCATION
EidgenössischePolytechnischeSchule(SwissFederalPolytechnicSchool),LuitpoldGymnasium
PLACEOFBIRTH
Ulm,Württemberg,Germany
PLACEOFDEATH

2. Princeton,NewJersey
QUOTES
“The world is a dangerous place to live; not because of the people who are evil,
but because of the people who don't do anything about it.”
—Albert Einstein
ALBERTEINSTEINBIOGRAPHY
Physicist, Scientist (1879–1955)

AlbertEinsteinwasaGerman-bornphysicistwhodevelopedthegeneraltheoryof
relativity.Heisconsideredoneofthemostinfluentialphysicistsofthe20th
century.
WHO WAS ALBERT EINSTEIN?
AlbertEinstein(March14,1879toApril18,1955)wasaGermanmathematicianand
physicist whodevelopedthespecialandgeneraltheoriesofrelativity.In1921,he
wontheNobelPrizeforphysicsforhisexplanationofthephotoelectriceffect.In
thefollowingdecade,heimmigratedtotheU.S.afterbeingtargetedbytheNazis.
Hisworkalsohadamajorimpactonthedevelopmentofatomicenergy.Inhislater
years,Einsteinfocusedonunifiedfieldtheory.Withhispassionforinquiry,
Einsteinisgenerallyconsideredthemostinfluentialphysicist ofthe20thcentury.
ALBERT EINSTEIN’S INVENTIONS AND DISCOVERIES

3. Asaphysicist, Einsteinhadmanydiscoveries,butheisperhapsbestknownforhis
theoryofrelativityandtheequationE=MC2,whichforeshadowedthe
developmentofatomicpowerandtheatomicbomb.
THEORY OF RELATIVITY
Einsteinfirstproposedaspecialtheoryofrelativityin1905inhispaper,“Onthe
ElectrodynamicsofMovingBodies,”takingphysicsinanelectrifyingnew
direction.ByNovember1915,Einsteincompletedthegeneraltheoryofrelativity.
Einsteinconsideredthistheorytheculminationofhisliferesearch.Hewas
convincedofthemeritsofgeneralrelativitybecauseitallowedforamoreaccurate
predictionofplanetaryorbitsaroundthesun,whichfellshortinIsaacNewton’s
theory,andforamoreexpansive,nuancedexplanationofhowgravitationalforces
worked.Einstein'sassertionswereaffirmedviaobservationsandmeasurementsby
BritishastronomersSirFrankDysonandSirArthurEddingtonduringthe1919
solareclipse,andthusaglobalscienceiconwasborn.
EINSTEIN’S E=MC2
Einstein’s1905paperonthematter/energyrelationshipproposedtheequation
E=MC2:energyofabody(E)isequaltothemass(M)ofthatbodytimesthespeedof
lightsquared(C2).Thisequationsuggestedthattinyparticlesofmattercouldbe
convertedintohugeamountsofenergy,adiscoverythatheraldedatomicpower.
FamedquantumtheoristMaxPlanckbackeduptheassertionsofEinstein,who
thusbecameastarofthelecturecircuitandacademia,takingonvariouspositions

4. beforebecomingdirectoroftheKaiserWilhelmInstituteforPhysicsfrom1913to
1933.
FAMILY
AlbertEinsteingrewupinasecularJewishfamily.Hisfather,HermannEinstein,
wasasalesmanandengineerwho,withhisbrother,foundedElektrotechnische
FabrikJ.Einstein&Cie,aMunich-basedcompanythatmanufacturedelectrical
equipment.Albert’smother,theformerPaulineKoch,ranthefamilyhousehold.
Einsteinhadonesister,Maja,borntwoyearsafterhim.
EINSTEIN’S WIVES AND CHILDREN
AlbertEinsteinmarriedMilenaMariconJan.6,1903.Whileattendingschoolin
Zurich,EinsteinmetMaric,aSerbianphysicsstudent.Einsteincontinuedtogrow
closertoMaric,buthisparentswerestronglyagainsttherelationshipduetoher
ethnicbackground.Nonetheless,Einsteincontinuedtoseeher,withthetwo
developingacorrespondencevialettersinwhichheexpressedmanyofhisscientific
ideas.Einstein’sfatherpassedawayin1902,andthecouplemarriedthereafter.
Thatsameyearthecouplehadadaughter,Lieserl,whomighthavebeenlaterraised
byMaric'srelativesorgivenupforadoption.Herultimatefateandwhereabouts
remainamystery.Thecouplewentontohavetwosons,HansandEduard.The
marriagewouldnotbeahappyone,withthetwodivorcingin1919andMarichaving
anemotionalbreakdowninconnectiontothesplit.Einstein,aspartofasettlement,

5. agreedtogiveMaricanyfundshemightreceivefrompossiblywinningtheNobel
Prizeinthefuture.
DuringhismarriagetoMaric,Einsteinhadalsobegunanaffairsometimeearlier
withacousin,ElsaLöwenthal.Thecouplewedin1919,thesameyearofEinstein’s
divorce.Hewouldcontinuetoseeotherwomenthroughouthissecondmarriage,
whichendedwithLöwenthal'sdeathin1936.
WHEN AND WHERE WAS ALBERT EINSTEIN BORN?
AlbertEinsteinwasbornonMarch14,1879inUlm,Württemberg,Germany.
WHEN DID ALBERT EINSTEIN DIE?
AlbertEinsteindiedattheUniversityMedicalCenteratPrincetonearlyinthe
morningonApril18,1955attheageof76.Thepreviousday,whileworkingona
speechtohonorIsrael'sseventhanniversary,Einsteinsufferedanabdominalaortic
aneurysm.Hewastakentothehospitalfortreatmentbutrefusedsurgery,believing
thathehadlivedhislifeandwascontenttoaccepthisfate."IwanttogowhenI
want,"hestatedatthetime."Itistastelesstoprolonglifeartificially.Ihavedonemy
share,itistimetogo.Iwilldoitelegantly."
EINSTEIN’S BRAIN

6. DuringAlbertEinstein’sautopsy,ThomasStoltzHarveyremovedhisbrain,
reportedlywithoutthepermissionofhisfamily,forpreservationandfuturestudy
bydoctorsofneuroscience.HoweverduringhislifeEinsteinparticipatedinbrain
studies,andatleastonebiographysayshehopedresearcherswouldstudyhisbrain
afterhedied.Einstein'sbrainisnowlocatedatthePrincetonUniversityMedical
Center,andhisremainswerecrematedandhisashesscatteredinanundisclosed
location,followinghiswishes.
In1999,CanadianscientistswhowerestudyingEinstein’sbrainfoundthathis
inferiorparietallobe,theareathatprocessesspatialrelationships,3D-
visualizationandmathematicalthought,was15percentwiderthaninpeoplewith
normalintelligence.AccordingtoTheNewYorkTimes,theresearchersbelieveit
mayhelpexplainwhyEinsteinwassointelligent.
EARLY LIFE AND EDUCATION
EinsteinattendedelementaryschoolattheLuitpoldGymnasiuminMunich.
However,hefeltalienatedthereandstruggledwiththeinstitution'srigid
pedagogicalstyle.Healsohadwhatwereconsideredspeechchallenges,thoughhe
developedapassionforclassicalmusicandplayingtheviolinthatwouldstaywith
himintohislateryears.Mostsignificantly,Einstein'syouthwasmarkedbydeep
inquisitivenessandinquiry.

7. Towardstheendofthe1880s,MaxTalmud,aPolishmedicalstudentwho
sometimesdinedwiththeEinsteinfamily,becameaninformaltutortoyoung
Albert.Talmudhadintroducedhispupiltoachildren’ssciencetextthatinspired
Einsteintodreamaboutthenatureoflight.Thus,duringhisteens,Einsteinpenned
whatwouldbeseenashisfirstmajorpaper,"TheInvestigationoftheStateofAether
inMagneticFields."
HermannEinsteinrelocatedthefamilytoMilan,Italy,inthemid-1890safterhis
businesslostoutonamajorcontract.Albertwasleftatarelative'sboardinghousein
MunichtocompletehisschoolingattheLuitpoldGymnasium.Facedwithmilitary
dutywhenheturnedofage,Albertallegedlywithdrewfromclasses,usinga
doctor’snotetoexcusehimselfandclaimnervousexhaustion.Withtheirson
rejoiningtheminItaly,hisparentsunderstoodEinstein'sperspectivebutwere
concernedabouthisfutureprospectsasaschooldropoutanddraftdodger.
EinsteinwaseventuallyabletogainadmissionintotheSwissFederalPolytechnic
SchoolinZurich,specificallyduetohissuperbmathematicsandphysicsscoreson
theentranceexam.Hewasstillrequiredtocompletehispre-universityeducation
first,andthusattendedahighschoolinAarau,SwitzerlandhelmedbyJost
Winteler.Einsteinlivedwiththeschoolmaster'sfamilyandfellinlovewith
Winteler'sdaughter,Marie.EinsteinlaterrenouncedhisGermancitizenshipand
becameaSwisscitizenatthedawnofthenewcentury.

8. Aftergraduating,Einsteinfacedmajorchallengesintermsoffindingacademic
positions,havingalienatedsomeprofessorsovernotattendingclassmoreregularly
inlieuofstudyingindependently.Einsteineventuallyfoundsteadyworkin1902
afterreceivingareferralforaclerkpositioninaSwisspatentoffice.Whileworking
atthepatentoffice,Einsteinhadthetimetofurtherexploreideasthathadtaken
holdduringhisstudiesatPolytechnicandthuscementedhistheoremsonwhat
wouldbeknownastheprincipleofrelativity.
In1905—seenbymanyasa"miracleyear"forthetheorist—Einsteinhadfourpapers
publishedintheAnnalenderPhysik,oneofthebestknownphysicsjournalsofthe
era.TwofocusedonphotoelectriceffectandBrownianmotion.Thetwoothers,
whichoutlinedE=MC2andthespecialtheoryofrelativity,weredefiningfor
Einstein’scareerandthecourseofthestudyofphysics.
NOBEL PRIZE FOR PHYSICS
In1921,EinsteinwontheNobelPrizeforPhysicsforhisexplanationofthe
photoelectriceffect,sincehisideasonrelativitywerestillconsidered
questionable.Hewasn'tactuallygiventheawarduntilthefollowingyearduetoa
bureaucraticruling,andduringhisacceptancespeechhestilloptedtospeakabout
relativity.
Inthedevelopmentofhisgeneraltheory,Einsteinhadheldontothebeliefthatthe
universewasafixed,staticentity,akaa"cosmologicalconstant,"thoughhislater

9. theoriesdirectlycontradictedthisideaandassertedthattheuniversecouldbeina
stateofflux.AstronomerEdwinHubblededucedthatweindeedinhabitan
expandinguniverse,withthetwoscientistsmeetingattheMountWilson
ObservatorynearLosAngelesin1930.
BECOMING A U.S. CITIZEN
In1933,EinsteintookonapositionattheInstituteforAdvancedStudyatPrinceton,
NewJersey.AtthetimetheNazis,ledbyAdolfHitler,weregainingprominence
withviolentpropagandaandvitriolinanimpoverishedpost-WWIGermany.The
partyinfluencedotherscientiststolabelEinstein'swork"Jewishphysics."Jewish
citizenswerebarredfromuniversityworkandotherofficialjobs,andEinstein
himselfwastargetedtobekilled.Meanwhile,otherEuropeanscientistsalsoleft
regionsthreatenedbyGermanyandimmigratedtotheU.S.,withconcernoverNazi
strategiestocreateanatomicweapon.Aftermoving,Einsteinneverwentbackto
hisnativeland.ItwasatPrincetonthatEinsteinwouldspendtherestofhislife
workingonaunifiedfieldtheory—anall-embracingparadigmmeanttounifythe
variedlawsofphysics.
NotlongafterhebeganhiscareeratPrinceton,Einsteinexpressedanappreciation
forAmerican"meritocracy"andtheopportunitiespeoplehadforfreethought,a
starkcontrasttohisownexperiencescomingofage.In1935,Einsteinwasgranted
permanentresidencyinhisadoptedcountryandbecameanAmericancitizenafew
yearslater.DuringWWII,heworkedonNavy-basedweaponssystemsandmade

10. bigmonetarydonationstothemilitarybyauctioningoffmanuscriptsworth
millions.
EINSTEIN AND THE ATOMIC BOMB
In1939,Einsteinandfellowphysicist LeoSzilardwrotetoPresidentFranklinD.
RoosevelttoalerthimofthepossibilityofaNazibombandtogalvanizetheUnited
Statestocreateitsownnuclearweapons.TheU.S.wouldeventuallyinitiate
theManhattanProject,thoughEinsteinwouldnottakedirectpartinits
implementationduetohispacifistandsocialistaffiliations.Einsteinwasalsothe
recipientofmuchscrutinyandmajordistrustfromFBIdirectorJ.EdgarHoover.
Afterlearningofthe1945bombingofHiroshima,Japan,Einsteinbecameamajor
playerineffortstocurtailusageofthea-bomb.ThefollowingyearheandSzilard
foundedtheEmergencyCommitteeofAtomicScientists,andin1947,viaanessay
forTheAtlanticMonthly,EinsteinespousedworkingwiththeUnitedNationsto
maintainnuclearweaponsasadeterrenttoconflict.
MEMBER OF THE NAACP
Inthelate1940s,EinsteinbecameamemberoftheNationalAssociationforthe
AdvancementofColoredPeople(NAACP),seeingtheparallelsbetweenthe
treatmentofJewsinGermanyandAfricanAmericansintheUnitedStates.He
correspondedwithscholar/activistW.E.B.DuBoisaswellasperforming

11. artistPaulRobesonandcampaignedforcivilrights,callingracisma"disease"ina
1946LincolnUniversityspeech.
TIME TRAVEL AND QUANTUM THEORY
AfterWorldWarII,Einsteincontinuedtoworkonhisunifiedfieldtheoryandkey
aspectsofthetheoryofgeneralrelativity,suchaswormholes,thepossibilityoftime
travel,theexistenceofblackholesandthecreationoftheuniverse.However,he
becameincreasinglyisolatedfromtherestofthephysicscommunity,whoseeyes
weresetonquantumtheory.Inthelastdecadeofhislife,Einstein,whohadalways
seenhimselfasaloner,withdrewevenfurtherfromanysortofspotlight,preferring
tostayclosetoPrincetonandimmersehimselfinprocessingideaswithcolleagues.
LEGACY
SinceEinstein’sdeath,averitablemountainofbookshavebeenwrittenonthe
iconicthinker'slife,includingEinstein:HisLifeandUniversebyWalterIsaacson
andEinstein:ABiographybyJürgenNeffe,bothfrom2007.Einstein'sownwords
arepresentedinthecollectionTheWorldasISeeIt.
SOMEPHOTOS OFALBERTEINSTIEN

12. ALBERTEINSTEIN AT THE AGEOF3
ALBERT EINSTIENATTHE AGE OF21
BEAUTIFUL QUOTES BYALERTEINSTEIN
ALBERTEINSTIEN TEACHING HIS STUDENTS

13. THANKYOU
BY CHEKITSHARMA[IX D]