2. 1
Topic Page
Definition 2
Energy efficiency & sustainability 3-8
Podium 9
Core 10-12
Vertical circulation & Service 12-18
Load & Structure 19-30
Fire safety 31-36
Electromechanical & Ducting system 36-39
Parking 40-52
Case study: The Gherkin 53-71
Case study: Bahrain World Trade
Center
72-82
Case Study: Agora Garden 83-94
3. 2
❑ Enclosed structure
❑ Having many stories
❑ Equipped with elevators[lifts]
❑ ‘A building 35 meters or greater in height ,which is
divided at regular intervals into occupiable levels.’
Low rise:
12-70 ft or 1-6 story.
Mid rise:
75-115 ft or 7-12 story.
High rise:
115-300 ft or 13-30 story.
Skyscraper:
300ft-UP or 31 stoty to up.
Supertall:
Above a hight of 300m(984 ft),
Megatall:
Beyond 600 m(1,996ft)
4. 3
▪ Conserve Natural Resource
▪ Save The Environment
▪ Preserve Ozone Layer
▪ Create Healthier Living Space
▪ Reduce Cost
❑ devices such as photovoltaic solar
panels help to provide sustainable
electricity for any use.
➢ Can be installed in expected height.
➢ .No need for vertical poles
➢ contribute against the air pressure acting
on the high-rise
❑ Energy efficiency means using less energy to provide the same
level of energy
❑ to reduce human greenhouse gas emission
For Heating, ventilation and cooling system efficiency using renewable energy generation
➢ Using solar panels
➢ Using wind Turbine
➢ planting in roof and balconies
5. 4
sustainability -“Development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability o f future generation.’
➢ Includes interconnected domains: social, economics and environment.
For example:
Environmental sustainability: s the ability to maintain rates of renewable resource
harvest, pollution creation, and non-renewable resource depletion that can be
continued indefinitely.
Economic sustainability: Is the ability to support a defined level of economic
production indefinitely.
Social sustainability: is the ability of a social system, such as a country, to function
at a defined level of social well being indefinitely.
Difference Between Energy Efficiency and Sustainability
❑ Energy efficiency = profits = growth = higher energy use
❑ Energy efficiency = profits = unsustainable growth =higher CO2e emissions
❑ Sustainability = profits = sustainable growth = zero emissions
MAIN INDICATOR
Sustainable Site
MATERIAL
ENERGY
Water Efficiency
INDOOR AIR QUALITY
Carbon foot print
6. 5
Sustainable Site
TO MAKE SITE SUSTAIN- ABLE:
❖ MANDATORY UNPAVED AREA:
❑ 50% of the mandatory open space shall be permeable on sites of all occupancy categories.
❑ make green or have permeable pave like organic mulch or charcoal.
❖ SITE DRAINAGE AND RUN-OFF CO-EFFICIENT: -
❑ Site over 1340sq.m shall have site drainage
❑ Excessive paving is responsible for fast water run-off and flash flooding.
❑ The net run-off shall not be greater than 60%.
❖ VEGETATION PLAN:
For sites over 3 acres vegetation plan shall be submitted along with site plan and the
irrigation plan.
Materials
➢ managing wastes produced by construction
➢ Gathering and saving renewable material
➢ using recycled materials
➢ using materials with immediate recyclability.
BENEFITS
➢ Limit use of natural resource.
➢ Minimizing pollution
7. 6
Indoor Air Quality
➢ controlling the amount of smoke released of the environment (obligatory).
➢ installing carbon dioxide measurement systems of building output air.
➢ flow, increasing ventilation system, managing the quality of indoor air
before operation of the building.
8. 7
RAIN WATER HARVESTING
➢ Building of floor area greater than 4000 sq. m shall have own rain water
harvesting plant.
➢ Reservoir
capacity=Ground
coverage area X Rain
collection coefficient
0.73. -Reservoir should
be under roof or at
lower level.
IRRIGATION PLAN:
➢ For sites over 10 acres
,an irrigation plan is
beneficial.
➢ pound shall be provide
with are greater than
3% of the site .
➢ Eliminate potable water
demand for conveying
wastewater
Façade and Opening Technology
➢ Day lighting and shading are usually the key aspects to façade design for
typical green buildings.
➢ The façade covers over 90 to 95 percent of the external building surface
➢ Used to control the internal conditions of the building
9. 8
Shading
➢ For naturally ventilated buildings of all occupancies, horizontal sunshades
shall be provided over windows on South, East and West,
➢ depth of louver shall not be less than 0.234 Vertical Shading devices shall
be provided on the West,
➢ The north side of all buildings are exempt from the above rules.
Green Roofing System
➢ The roof slab design shall consider structural support of the green roof
system
➢ The design will indicate protection from dampness and provide a drainage
system Horizontal roof slabs, which are not covered by green roofing
system
➢ Reduce carbon footprint
Carbon Foot Print
➢ A carbon footprint is a measure of the impact our activities have on the
environment, and in particular climate change
➢ relates to the amount of greenhouse gases produced in our day to-day lives
through burning fossil fuels for electricity, heating and transportation etc.
➢ The total set of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions caused by an organization,
event,product or person.“
10. 9
The height of the podium will be maximum 40ft (12m). This height is determined
with parapet. According to BNBC, MGC of the podium will be 75%. In this case the
MGC of the high rise tower will be recessed to 37.5%.
§According to rules we can provide 50% paved area from uncovered spaces
§Shades on this paved area can be provided where the minimum
height should be 13ft(4m) from ground level or 10ft(3m) from plinth level.
The uncovered ground of the site must used for guard room & parking.
Guard room:
From roadside boundary wall the height of the guard room will be 8’6”(2.5m)
from finished ground level & the maximum Floor area will be 53 sft(5sqm).
Boundary wall:
Maximum height for boundary wall is 9ft (2.75m) . For rear & side walls solid
height is 6’ (1.75m) & Perforated height is 3.28’(1m).
Balcony:
The height of the railing of the balcony will be max. 3.9’ or 1200mm. The balcony
must not extend above the set back area.
11. 10
The core of a multistory building that integrates functions and service needs for
established occupants. Such areas are normally composed of toilet facilities,
elevator banks, janitors’ closet, utilities, mechanical facilities, smoke shafts and
stair. Core also known as facade envelope is a spatial element for loadbearing
high-rise building system.
1. central core
2. Split core
3. End core
4. Atrium core
Advantage:
i.it allows all window space to be utilized as rental office space.
ii.Permitsoffices to varying depth to receive natural light.
iii.Itis suitable in terms of access and in some cases may be equidistant from all
sides.
iv.Simplifiesarea division.
Disadvantage:
1. The central interior location limits the depth of the offices.
12. 11
ii. It requires an access corridor around its perimeter.
Some examples of the central core:
Equitable Building
Place Victoria office Tower
Alcoa Building etc
All the above building cores are shown later.
Advantage:
The double cores are placed on the hot sides (east, west) thus, provide buffer
zones, and minimum air-conditioning is required.
The window openings run through north and south.
Lift lobbies, stairways and toilets are naturally ventilated and a view out is
possible.
The double core has more flexibility in floor area division.
Disadvantages:
If the building is not that big, then it becomes costly.
Some examples of the central core:
One first national plaza
Overseas Chinese Bank etc.
Advantages:
It leaves the entire floor area of the building available for tenant use.
The core does not complicate the floor plan either functionally of structurally.
Maximum flexibility is achieved with respect to tenant distribution of office depth
and plan layout.
Disadvantages:
In case of multi-tenant occupancy, the core requires a long access corridor thus
the flexibility of tenant distribution is reduced.
The core occupied desirable window spaces, so that, the offices immediately
adjacent to the core may not receive any natural light.
13. 12
a. If the building structure been R.C.C,the core structure should be shear wall. In
this case core structure may not be steel structure.
b. If the building structure been steel , the core structure should be steel
structure. In this case core structure may be R.C.C structure.
c. If the building structure been Composite ,the core structure should be shear
wall. In this case core structure may not be steel structure.
Vertical circulation, as usually applied in architecture, is the movement of people
and goods between interior spaces in buildings and to entrances and exits. Safe,
convenient, rapid circulation is essential for all buildings under both normal and
emergency conditions.
Element of Vertical circulation:
1. RAMP.
2. STAIR.
3. ESCALATOR.
4. ELEVATOR.
14. 13
Simply state that service is defined as those part of a building that consists of the
service lift, fire stair,Toilet, M&E service riser duct .
Element of Service :
1. TOILET
2. FIRE STAIR.
3. SERVICE/FIRE ELEVATOR
4. RISER DUCT
Dimension & standards of Stairs
▪ Should be clearly visible and easy to identify.
▪ Width of a stair (minimum 90 cm in residential use).
▪ Length of flight (maximum 12 steps).
▪ Pitch of stair (should not exceed 40° and should not be flatter than 25°
▪ Head room (should not less than 2.14m).
▪ Materials.
▪ Step proportion.
▪ Landing (should not be less than the width of stair).
Limitations Or safety issues of stairs for high rise
▪ All step risers should be solid.
15. 14
▪ Open risers can be a source of visual confusion and are disconcerting for
many people to use.
▪ Spiral stairs and stairs with tapered treads should not be used, as they are
much more likely
▪ Spiral stairs create problem as the load is more in high rise.
▪ a) Every high rise building Have minimum 2 number of Staircases.
b) Width of staircases varies from 1 m. to 2m
▪ Elevator is a type of vertical transportation that moves people or goods
between floors of a building or other structure.
▪ Considered as a requirement in all building over three storeys .
▪ Minimum standards of service – one lift for every four storeys with a
maximum distance of 45m to the lift lobby.
▪ Floor space estimates and car capacity can be based on an area of 0.2𝒎 𝟐
per person.
. LIFT LOBBY MINIMUM 1.5MX1.5M
. LIFT CABIN MINIMUM 1.5MX1.2M
. LIFT DOOR WIDTH MINIMUN 800 MM/0.8M
Typology Of Elevators
▪ Passenger Elevators - capacity vary between 5 and 25 peoples.
• Express Elevators - not for all floor service. notably from lobby to the top
floor/sky lobby.
• Freight Elevators - transportation of goods instead of passengers .
16. 15
TWO-CAR GROUPING
•Side-by-side arrangement is best
•Passenger face both cars& can react
immediately
•AVOID separation of elevators
•EXCESSIVE separation destroy advantages of
group
operation
THREE-CAR GROUPING
•3 cars in a row is PREFERRABLE
•2 cars opposite 1 is acceptable
•PROBLEM: location of elevator call button
FOUR-CAR GROUPING
•commonly in large, busier buildings
•2-opposite-2 arrangement is the most
efficient
SIX-CAR GROUPING
•found in large office buildings, public
buildings & hospitals
•provide quantity & quality
17. 16
•3-opposite-3 position is PREFERRED
•dimension of the LOBBY must not be
less than 3m or 3.6m if function as a
passageway
EIGHT-CAR GROUPING
•the largest PRACTICAL group
•4-opposite-4 arrangement
• fastest elevator
• interval stoppage: specific floor
• interval time: 33 ft/s(World Trade Centre)
54 ft/s (Taipei 101)
• normal speedy elevator
• interval stoppage: each floor
• interval time: up to 10 ft/s
18. 17
An Escalator is a moving staircase-or a conveyor transport Transport device for
carrying people between floors of a building.
❑ Dimension of Escalator
▪ Maximum rise 21 ft 4 in (NCE model)
▪ Minimum depth of tread in direction of travel -153/4 inch
▪ Maximum rise between treads—81⁄2 inch
▪ Minimum width of tread—24 inch
▪ Maximum width of tread—40 inch
▪ Maximum clearance between tread and adjacent skirt panel —3⁄8 inch
❑ Angle of inclination should be 27.3º to 35º
• At least 1 or 5% of total toilet entrance for the disable
• Inner space for toilet minimum (1.5mX1.5m) and
• one side from w.C from the wall minimum distance 900 mm.
• For both space should 1.15 sq m. and 1m. width
Position of toilet
• Toilet layout should be in service core
• Toilet block should be near of riser duct
• Block position is located in a place so that people can use it without access
in lift lobby
19. 18
FUNCTION MALE FEMALE
RESTURENT 1 per 75 1 per 75
HALLS 1 per 125 1 per 75
BUSINESS 1 per 25 1 per 25
RESIDENTIAL CARE 1 per 10 1 per 10
EMPLOYEES 1 per 25 1 per 25
MERCANTILE 1 per 500 1 per 500
HOTELS, MOTEL 1 per guest room 1 per guestroom
MULTIPLE FAMILY 1 per dwelling unit 1 per dweling
unit
NIGHT CLUB,BARS 1 per 40 1 per 40
BANQUET HALL & FOOD
COURTS
1 per 75 1 per 75
TEMPORARY
AUDITORIUMS’
LIBRARIS,EXHIBITIIONHALL,
GYMNASIUMS.
1 per 125 1 per 65
20. 19
Load : Load is the external forces acting on very small area on a
particular point of a supporting structural element .This load is
classified in some points.
Sources of building loads
• Geophysical
• Man-made
Types of loads
• Dead load
• Live load
• Vertical load
• Horizontal
Dead load: Dead loads may be defined as the
static force caused by the weight of every
element within the structure.
Live load: Loads caused by contents of objects
within or on a building are called occupancy
loads. This loads includes allowance for the
weights of people, furniture, moveable
partitions, mechanical equipment etc.
Vertical Loads: Dead loads arise from the weight of the individual construction
elements and the finishing loads
Horizontal Loads: It generally arises from
unexpected deflections, wind and
earthquake loads.
•Unexpected Deflections
•Wind Loads
• Earthquake Loads
• Temperature load etc.
21. 20
Wind load: The mean wind velocity is generally increases with height. The
formula of pressure generated by the wind.
1. Braced Frame
2. Rigid Frame Structure
3. Tube structure
4. Flat Plate and Flat Slab Structure
5. Shear wall structure
6. Wall-frame structure
7. In-filled Frame Structure
8. Outrigger system
9. Hybrid structure
10. Core structure
11. Space truss
12. Suspended structure
22. 21
Braced Frame Structures
It is a device used as a supporting beam in a building that imparts
rigidity and steadies the structure. It is extremely stiff. It helps
positioning, supporting, strengthening or restraining the member of a
structural frame
Rigid Frame Structures:
• Consist of columns and girders joined
• The frame may be in plane with an interior wall of the building, or
in plane with the facade.
• Also used for steel frame buildings.
• Ideally suited for reinforced concrete buildings.
Suitable for building up to 20 – 30 stories
Knee Bracing
Diagonal
bracing
Double Diagonal
Bracing
23. 22
This study reveals several major frame categories:
A. Parallel cross frames.
B. Envelope frames.
C. Two-way cross frames.
D.Frames on polygonal grids
Infilled Frame Structures:
Consists of a steel or reinforced column and girder frame within fills of
brick work or concrete blockwork.
• For tall buildings above 30 stories
economical way of stiffening
• complex interactive behavior
• It increase the random quality of masonry.
• Increase the stiffness and strength of an infilled
24. 23
frame
Materials: Reinforced concrete & steel.
Wall Frame Structures
• Shear walls are combined with rigid frames
• The walls and frame interact horizontally, especially at the top, to
produce stiffer and stronger structure.
• appropriate for the building in the 40 – 60 story range
• The braced frames behave with an overall flexural tendency to
interact with the shear mode of the rigid frames.
25. 24
Tubular Structures:
Tubular systems are so efficient that in most cases the amount of
structural material used per square foot of floor space is comparable to
that of used in conventionally framed buildings half the size.
• similar to the framed tube but have fewer exterior columns space
• it forms a rigid box which is capable of resisting lateral loads
• it is possible to have a lot of clear spaces for window
• diagonals interact with the perpendicular face trusses to make the
structure tubular
• The outer tube carries 100% of the lateral loads inner tube
carries 75 to 90% of the gravity loads.
Types of tubular structure:
• Tube in tube
• Bundle tube
• Braced tube
Tube in Tube
• improved by using the core not only for gravity loads but to resist
lateral loads.
• exterior and interior tubes together, and they respond as a unit
to lateral forces.
• exterior tube is much stiffer than a rigid frame
• the floors are connecting to the tube
• It is possible to introduce more than one tube inside the
perimeter tube
26. 25
Bundled Tube
• The concept allows for wider column spacing in the tubular walls
• Interior frame lines without seriously compromising interior space
planning.
• The ability to modulate the cells vertically can create a powerful
vocabulary for a variety of dynamic shapes.
• Offers great latitude in architectural planning of at all building
27. 26
OUTRIGGER structure
• Outrigger serve to reduce the overturning moment in the core
that would otherwise act as a pure cantilever.
• economical 120 stories
• reduce the critical connection
• Time-consuming and costly
• Expensive and intensive field work connection
• reduction of the base core over-turning moments and the
28. 27
associated reduction in the potential core uplift forces.
• Their potential interference with occupiable and rentable space.
Materials: steel,concrete or composite construction.
29. 28
Space Structure
• Space structure consists essentially of a three dimensional
triangulated frame.
Flat Plate And Flat Slab Structures:
Connected rigidly to supporting columns.
Creating a minimum possible floor depth.
• Is the simplest and most logical of all structural forms in that it
consists of uniforms slabs, connected rigidly to supporting
columns.
• Economic for spans up to about 25 ft (8m),above which drop
panels can be added to create a flat-slab structure for span of up
to 38 ft (12m).
• Suitable for building up to 25 stories height.
30. 29
Shear- Wall Structures:
• Vertical walls
• Very high in plane stiffness and
strength
• Act as vertical cantilevers in the
form of separate planar walls
• excellent acoustic and fire
insulators between rooms and
apartments.
• Minimum shrinkage restraint
reinforcement & economical
upto 55 stories
• Shear wall vertical movements
will continue throughout the
life of the building.
31. 30
CORE STRUCTURE
• Core serve to reduce the overturning
moment in the core that would
otherwise act as a pure cantilever.
• reduction of the base core over-turning
moments and the associated reduction
in the potential core uplift forces.
• Their potential interference with
occupiable and rentable space.
• reduce the critical connection
• Time-consuming and costly
• Expensive and intensive field work
connection
• economical 120 stories
Suspended Structures:
• Central core with horizontal
cantilevers at roof level, to which
vertical hangers
• Floor slabs are suspended from the
hangers.
32. 31
PROBLEMS IN HIGHRISE BUILDINGS
• 3-D spreading of fire
• Violation of fire safety norms
• Delayed access to seat of fire
• Total Evacuation
• Limitation of the fire fighting equipment
• Limitations posed by the fire fighters
• People’s behavior
Fire control are two types
▪ Passive control
▪ Active control
Passive control:
DOOR(BNBC):
• For exit door: width=1m; height=2m
(minimum)
• Sliding or hanging door are unfit for exit
• If the exit door open outside ;the preparation
space should keep (.9m+width of door)
Fire-resistance rated walls
Fire-resistance rated floors
33. 32
ACTIVE CONTROL
• Smoke control management
• Manual fire alarm system
• Manual fire Extinguish system
• fire hydrants
• fire axe
• Automatic fire alarm system
Fire detection
Manual fire alarm system
Automatic fire alarm system
Manual fire extinguishing system
FIRE STAIR
• Every high rise building Have minimum 2 number of Staircases.
• Out of 2 staircases, 1 can be used as a fire escape staircase
• Width of fire escape should be minimum 0.75 meter.
34. 33
• Number of staircases shall be given as per the travel distances.
• Staircase shall be of enclosed type to prevent entry of smoke &
fire to the staircase & vice versa.
THE REFUGE AREA
• (AT LEAST 50%)
• the refuge area shall be provided on the
periphery of the floor & open to air atleast
on one side protected with suitable railing.
• For floors above 24m & up to 39m one
refuge area on the floor immediately above 24m.
• For floors above 39m one refuge area on the floor immediately
above 39m & so on after 15m refuge area shall be provided.
LIFTS
• Minimum 1 lift capable of carrying minimum 8 persons
weighing 545 kgs. Shall be provided for every high rise building.
• 1 lift shall be designed as a “Fire Lift”.
• “Fireman Switch” shall be provided for each lift.
• Lifts shall not be used as means of evacuation.
• Collapsible gates shall not be provided for the lift.
• If more than 1 lifts are installed the partition wall should be of
minimum 2 hours. fire resistance.
36. 35
PUMP CAPACITY
• For underground water storage tank, pump shall be installed of a capacity
either 1800 L.P.M. or 2400 L.P.M. depending on the type and occupancy of
the building along with jocky pump.
CORRIDOR AND PASSAGE
The width of the corridor and the passage will be controlled by the number of
users on every floor and its minimum level.
For the number of above 50= 1.1 m.
For the number of below 50=0.9 m.
For the health care =2.4 m.
above user 150 =1.8 m.
The compulsory height for corridor and passage is 2.4 m. (minimum)
Minimum fire rating for exit access will 1 hour
EXIT
• Exit never use such work that means of scape does not hamper
• Exit and exit accesses corridor should not use as supply or return air duct
• All exit should clear appearance and exit access sign should given
• Any path of exit path way should not go through the part of building that
lock while using the building
WATER TANK
Under Ground Water Storage tank Terrace Level Tank
50,000 ltrs. to 250,000 ltrs. 10,000 ltrs. to 20,000
37. 36
LOCATION OF EXIT
Exits will in such way that all part of building can get a free pathway
USER NUMBER OF EXIT
apartment 18 glos
Office and
others
10 glos
markets 3 glos
Danger use 10 glos
MECHANICAL DIVISION
1. GENERATOR
2. AC PLANT
AIR COOLED WATER CHILLER & WATER COOLED WATER CHILLER
38. 37
3.HVAC SYSTEM
MECHANICAL
A mechanical equipment room should be located on the first floor or basement
floor to accommodate the incoming domestic water service main, the fire
protection service mains, and the gas service.
Mechanical equipment rooms require from 12 to 20 feet clear from floor to
underside of structure
Electrical rooms must be clear of elevators and stairs on at least two sides,
preferably on three sides
AC SYSTEM
1.Central system
2.Decentralized system
3.Hybrid system
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
1.SINGLE BOOSTER SYSTEM.
2.ZONE-DIVIDED SYSTEM
3.ROOF TANKS
4.A SERIES-CONNECTED SYSTEM
5.SERIES-CONNECTED SYSTEMS WITH INTERMEDIATE BREAK TANKS
H.V.A.C. SYSTEM
-Heating
-Ventilation
-Air Conditioning
39. 38
TECHNICAL terms
Cool air/water is transferred to the required rooms through ducts from the air
handling unit. The sub main ducts are connected to the main duct. A damper is
placed at the end of is sub main duct.
1. VAV Systems
2. Packaged Units
3. Individual Split Units
4. Four-pipe Water System
5. Central Water-Cooled System
DUCT
• It is usual to need some 7 – 10% of the total floor area for plant spaces and
ducts
• Duct layout should be near of toilet block for cost effective ducting
• Duct shaft should be included maintenance door
Facade
▪ The facade forms the external weather proof envelope of a building.
In modern buildings, the facade is often attached to the building frame and
provides no contribution to structural stability.
Air filter duct
Supply
plenum damper
blower
40. 39
Type of facade
Glazing type:
➢ Curtain walling
➢ Point support glazing
➢ Spider glazing
➢ Bolted glazing
➢ Glazing on cable truss
➢ Atrium
➢ Skylight, canopies,dome
➢ Door& windows
GLASS
Glass is an amorphous(non-crystalline)solid which is often transparent and has
widespread partical,technological,and decorative usage in things like window
panes.
DIFFRENT TYPES OF GLASS
▪ Liminated Glass
▪ Toughened glass
▪ Fusion glass
▪ Etched Glass
▪ Mirrors
▪ Stained Glass
▪ Cast Glass
▪ Tinted Glass
▪ Frameless Door
▪ Beveled Glass
Cladding type:
➢ Timber cladding
➢ PVC cladding
➢ Stone cladding
➢ Ceramic cladding
➢ Terracotta cladding
➢ Stone cladding
➢ Metal cladding(cap
➢ Stick frame cladding
➢ Brick cladding
41. 40
Parking is the act of stopping a vehicle & leaving it unoccupied for more then a
brief time. parking facilities are constructs in combination with most buildings ,to
facilities the coming and going to the buildings users.
Criteria for the quality of car parkings are:
Parking width Parking length
Normal car (for each 7.8 ft 15 ft
2 wheel motor bike
(for each)
Truck
3.28 ft
7.11 ft
6.56 ft
31 ft
Fire fighter 7.7 ft 25.8 ft
Safety in use
Clear visiblity
ventilation Natural lighting
42. 41
Ref: Time-saver Standards for Building Types
Bangladesh National Building Code(BNBC)
Ref:Bangladesh National Building Code(BNBC)
Business and Mercantile
(Occupancy type-B)
Shops, department store
1 car parking per 200 m² gross area
Restaurants 1 car parking per 100 m² gross area
Office 1 car parking per 2000 ft² gross area
Other 1 car parking per 300m² gross area
Theater or auditorium 1 car parking per 20 seats
Residential 1 car parking per 134m² gross area
44. 43
SPLIT-LEVEL OR STAGGERED FLOOR SYSTEMS:
Floor levels in one section is staggered vertically by one half story from
those in adjacent sections
SLOPING-FLOOR SYSTEMS:
Consist of sloping levels (full width ramp/continuous ramp) & two
adjacent parking modules tilted in opposite directions.
Two-way staggered-floor ramp system Three-level staggered-floor ramp system
This staggered-floor system provides
parking on level floors and desirable one-
way traffic flow Tandem staggered-floor ramp system
Sloping –floor system with
crossover ramp of mid point
Double sloping-floor system with
midpoint crossover Plan view of sloping
floor systems
45. 44
LAYOUTS:
Ref: Time-saver Standards for Building Types Bangladesh National Building Code(BNBC)
items LANGTH WIDTH TWO WAY ONE WAY
00
23’ 15’ 10’ 7’8” 21 14’ 11’ 11’
300
18’ 17’ 10’ 7’8” 27’ 14’ 12’ 11’
450
19’ 10” 12’ 10’ 7’8” 30’ 14’ 13 13’
600
21’ 9’8” 10’ 7’8” 42’ 14’ 18’’ 15’
900
19’ 8’5” 10’ 42’ 14’ 24’ 15’
46. 45
Ramp break over angle
•Measure ability of the car to break over the
steep ramp either climbing or descending
without scrapping (Min 10⁰)
•Transitional blend top and bottom of ramps
composed of two or more break point can multiply
the steepness with workable break angles beyond
the normal capacities of cars or driver.
Angle of departure
•Min 10⁰
•To reduce incident of tailpipe and rear bumping
dragging
Angle of approaches
•Min 15 ⁰
head clearance
in terms of standard head clearance should be 8'
RAMP GRADIENT:
47. 46
Ramp gradient specify the slope of the ramp expessed either in percentage or
ratio and calculated s follows:
Ramp gradient (slope)=
a) self park design
-not exceed 15 %
-not exceed than 10% if had a pedestrian walkway on vehicles ramp
b)sloping floor self park design
-ramp grades max 4%
-angle parking 60º-minimizes gravity roll back of vehicles STANDARD
RAMP DIMENSIONS:
floor to floor hight ×100
ramp lenth along with the horizontal plane
Straight single lane Straight double lane curved single lane Curved double lane
48. 47
Driveway exits
a) Ramp driveway exit rising up to public sidewalk
•have transition section min 16 feet long at almost level before intersecting the
sidewalk.
•Prevent hood of the car from obscuring the driver’s view of pedestrians on walk.
b) Property line wall
•Must not interfere with the driver’s view of pedestrian on public side walk.
•If exit driveway is parallel and adjacent to the property line that extends all the
way to side walk, edge of the driveway should physically establish by curbing or
railing.
•min 6 feet from the wall.
49. 48
STRAIGHT RAMP:
• more horizontal distance is required to satisfy ramp grade criteria than
accommodate vehicular movement between ramp ends.
• Requires less floor area and simple to construct with economical space on
lot that is long and narrow.
• Up and down circulation lanes intersect on the parking floor unless the
floor area is so large that each circulation can be kept within its own half on
one-way lanes
CURVE RAMP:
• Single surfaces that permits vehicles to travel on a continuous helical path
between parking levels
Movement;
Up-counterclockwise
50. 49
Down-counterclockwise
Entrance and exit in the side
• Should be clearway type
•Continuous-360º of rotation between two parking levels & Diameter of ramp is
controlled by required turning radius.
•Located near corners of rectangular structure to minimize floor space loss but
required more space than straight ramp.(fit narrow site but waste more spaces)
•Offer better traffic operation by providing gradual turning as compared to sharp
turning movement usually required at ends of straight ramp.
•No crossing of up and down traffic, even at parking floor connection & Driver
have a clear view each way even there is a crossing of traffic at each parking floor
•Each traffic stream confined to its own ramp all the way from the top to bottom
of the building
1) Clearway parking
• Interflow travel path completely separated
from potentially conflicting parking –unparking
movements
• Preferred for self park design
51. 50
2) Adjacent parking
Part or all of ramp travel is performed on access
aisles
•Requires less area per parking stall
•Twofold use of travel paths
1) Opposed ramp design
• Vehicles rotate in the same direction
• The operation is safer
2) Parallel
• Up and down ramp slope in the same
direction
• Ramp surfaces are parallel
Parking loops
Their should be a clear circulation in parking loop so people can easily identify the
way to in & out.
I pattern L pattern U pattern
52. 51
Mechanised parking systems can be broadly categorised under two groups:
a. Lateral Displacement Systems and
b. Vertical Systems.
VARIOUS TYPES OF PARKING
• SURFACE PARKING
• Roof top parking
• Basement parking
• Podium parking
• Independent car parking
T pattern Cantor l pattern
S pattern O pattern
53. 52
Parking for disabled people
❑ The minimum specification for disabled parking:
❑ You must provide a minimum of at least 1 disabled car parking space per 20
parking spaces. If you have less than 20 parking spaces you must provide 1
disabled parking space. Where physically possible allocate 4-6% of your
available parking spaces for disabled people.
❑ Disabled parking must be located as close as possible to the main entrance
to your building. Where physically possible, locate your disabled parking no
more than 45 m away from the entrance. You can also provide disabled
parking near other key locations that are a long way from your car park.
❑ The minimum standard size of 4.8 m x 2.4 m for a designated disabled
parking space must be used.
❑ There must be 1.2 m wide safety zone behind the car for boot access and
cars with rear hoists.
❑ There must be 1.2 m wide marked access zone between the designated
parking spaces; this may be shared between
❑ two parking spaces.
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❑ Heavily steeped in energy efficiency.
❑ Open shafts built in between each floor
that act as ventilation and require no
energy for use.
❑ The shafts pull warm air out during the
summer and use passive heat from the sun
to bring heat during the winter.
❑ Also allow available sunlight to penetrate
deep to cut down on light costs.
❑ Uses only half of the energy that a
similarly-sized tower would use.
BUILDING : 30 ST.MARY AXE,LONDON, U.K
STYLE : HIGH TECH ARCHITECTURE ,NEO FUTURISM
FUNCTION: OFFICE SKYSCRAPERS
OWNER : SAFRA GROUP
ARCHITECT: NORMAN FOSTER
CONSTRUCTION: 2001-2004
HEIGHT : 180M (591ft)
FLOORS: 41
AREA : 47,950sq.m
56. 55
• 30 ST. MARY AXE IS KNOWN AS ‘ THE GHERKIN ‘ BECAUSE THE PLANS LOOK
LIKE GHERKIN IE: THE SLICE OF CUCUMBUR.
• LONDONS FIRST ECOLOGICAL GREEN SKYSCRAPER.
• ONE OF THE HIGHEST BUILDING IN LONDON.
• HONOURED WITH THE AWARD OF BEST BUILT PROJECT IN 2006.
HISTORY
• Starts in 1992 .
• Detonated an explosive device and catastrophically injured the building.
• Decided to put a larger tower in its place.
• Began as a much larger building that was dubbed the "Millennium
Tower" but failed to materialise.
• Original design was shot down & Norman Foster created the scaled-down
version.
• Construction began in 2001 and finished in December 2003.
• Didn't open half of a year later.
• With demand for space for new offices, Swiss Re allowed to build "the
Gherkin" on the site, with economic benefit of its jobs, and a huge
investment.
PRELIMNARY DESIGN IDEA:
• Breaking the hierarchy of solid
rectangular boxes.
• Offers minimal resistance to wind,
improving the environment for people
on the ground and reducing the load.
• The slim base reduces the reflections
and increase daylight penetration.
• The bullet shaped building responds to
specific demands of small site area.
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❑ Shape is influenced by the physical environment of the city.
❑ Smooth flow of wind was one of the main considerations.
❑ The variation of the diameter of the plans is significant, it measures 49
meters at the base, 56.5 at its widest, narrowing to 26.5 on the top floor,
which gives it the appearance of "Rocket" or "cucumber“.
COMPUTER
SIMULATION OF WIND
FLOW FLOWS AROUND
THE BUILDING
58. 57
BUILDING USE AND FUNCTIONALITY
❑ Ground floor and first floor consist of reception and a series of shops.
❑ Third to sixteenth floor is the office of swiss re insurance company.
❑ Private dining area at 38-40 floors.
❑ The basement is used for the parking.
❑ Column-free floor space, light and views and sustainable.
❑ Spiralling light wells allow the maximum sunlight to flood the interiors.
❑ Each floor rotates 5 degrees from the one below.
6THFLOOR PLAN
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FOUNDATION :
❑ No.of piles : 333
❑ Length of pile : 9 km
❑ Dia of pile: 750mm
❑ 25m deep
Because of site restrictions and in order to
create a monolithic foundation, all the
piles were poured in one day.
GENERAL STRUCTURE :
The structure is based on primary elements
1. DIAGRID
2. CORE
Diagrid is the main structure resisting horizontal and gravitional loads.
The core resists the gravitional loads.
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DIAGRID:
❑ Aluminium coated tube steel.
❑ Series of two stories high.
❑ One full diamond is four stories tall.
❑ Diagrid is a series of triangle that combine the
gravity and lateral support into one.
❑ It makes the building stiff, efficient and lighter
than traditional high rise buildings.
❑ It was later on adopted in many other
buildings.
How diagrid works?
❑ Original diagonal bracing member laid over exterior structure as
supplementary support. However, the current diagrid system that used in
exterior structures is primary mean of support.
❑ Diagrid tower is model as vertical cantilever. The size of diagonal grid is
defined by the dividing tower height into series of modules.
❑ Does not have the sufficient strength. Ring beam connection to the floor
edge can tied diagrid with the floor and the core.
❑ Normally multiple floors interesting with each long diagonal of the grid,
these intersections will occur at the nodes as well as the several instances
along the diagonal.
❑ When the diagonal bracing extends over several stories, each floor’s edge
beam can frame into the diagonal members providing connection the core
to support the floor edge beam.
“Diagrid is a series of triangle that combine gravity and lateral
support into one, making the building to be stiff , efficient, and
lighter than a traditional high rise”
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Diagrid nodes:
(1) Pin node: Not rigid pin connection can be used in the symmetrical structure
since the structure have balance load.
(2) Rigid Node: The needs of rigid nodes to assist the structure to support
during the construction process.
64. 63
Diagrid Joint
(i) Diagrid structure sit external and the envelope or curtain wall will clad on
floor structure,
(ii) Diagrid structure sit internal and the
envelope have to clad on the diagrid.
Two main joint for the diagrid structure:
welding or bolting. Rely on what
appearance require for the design. For
example when the structure to be expose,
welding cans provides better aesthetic
value.
& if the structure will be expose to external
and cannot be visible, bolt and nut will be
65. 64
the better choice. A welding connection is needed if the diagrid structures
decided to architectural exposed it but required more skillful workers .
Somehow, if the structure are to be clad or concealed like Hearts Tower, the
diagrid can choose to bolted on site for speed erection.
Vertical Load
❑ The gravity and vertical load will distribute toward the apex of the diagonal
structure. Somehow, it will affected by the height and angle of the
diagonal.
❑ The vertical forces will be divide into the other diagonal member.
❑ Compression and tension result in the diagonal will transfer into the
bottom section.
Lateral Load
❑ The lateral load happened toward the "flange" of the structure receiving
directional wind load. this will result the lateral load into two part;
windward and leeward.
❑ These diagonal members receiving two different direction of force load.
❑ Able to resist both force and achieve equilibrium.
66. 65
MERITS OF DIAGRIDS:
❑ Mostly column free exterior and interior, hence free and clear, unique
floor plans are Possible.
❑ The Glass facades and dearth of interior columns allow generous amounts
of day lighting into the structure.
❑ Use of Diagrids results in roughly 1/5th reduction in steel as compared to
Braced frame structures.
❑ Construction techniques involved are simple, yet they need to be perfect.
❑ Makes maximum exploitation of the structural Material.
❑ Aesthetically dominant and expressive.
DEMERITS OF DIAGRIDS:
❑ Construction techniques are not thoroughly explored.
❑ Lack of availability of skilled workers .
❑ Can dominate aesthetically, which can be an issue depending upon design
intent.
❑ Hard to design windows that create a regular language from floor to floor.
❑ The DiaGrid is heavy-handed if not executed properly.
67. 66
The cores takes a portion of the vertical gravity
loads and is a secondary structure to the diagrid.
The core act as a tie back to the hoop structure
preventing splay.
The structure system of the core is rigid using
moment frames.
❑ Provides rigidity
❑ Resists torsion.
❑ Increases stiffness
❑ The basement is used for the parking (only two wheelers , no four wheelers
are allowed in the parking).
❑ The designers and owners also wanted to discourage motor vehicle.
❑ The basement provides three times the bicycle space, 118 spaces, than the
minimum required.
❑ Does not have car parking for visitors or employees, just 5 handicap spaces
and 52 motorcycle spaces.
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❑ Aerodynamically designed to reduce wind load,
whilst the lower part tapers so that wind wraps
around the tower.
❑ Six fingers & shape maximize daylight
penetration , reducing artificial ighting.
❑ Ventilated cavities and blinds , provides up to
85% solar protection.
❑ Gas is the main fuel use, generate half the
carbon emission.
❑ A system of weather sensors monitors the
temperature, wind speed and level of sunlight,
closing blinds and opening window panels as necessary.
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❑ Pipes used for cooling in the
summer, drawing warm air, and
for heating in winter.
❑ Façade ,two layers of glass .
❑ The systematic internal
microclimate and solutions for
energy savings have led to a
50% reduction in energy.
❑ 20 requirements for fire safety.
❑ In this case all six floors linked by a set of light
wells are evacuated in the case of a fire on any
one of them.
❑ Light wells are designed following the guidance
for simultaneous evacuation, which allows them
to be open to the accommodation.
❑ Because the light well base floors are protected
by sprinklers on the overhanging soffits above,
they can be used as office space too.
❑ Tower has two firefighting shafts with dedicated lifts.
❑ Dedicated smoke detectors in each lobby ,cause the vent to open , the
smoke shaft and the top of the stair.
❑ The window glazing may break, thus allow cool air to enter and hot gas to
escape.
❑ The smoke containment curtain is automatically lowered by a control signal
to a desired height.
❑ Channelling smoke away from occupant and out.
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❑ Ensure that Gherkin’s 41 floors were protected.
❑ Safe means of escape.
71. 70
❑ 18 passenger lifts
❑ 378 people can be vertically transported at speeds up to 6m per second at
any time.
❑ Goods and firefighter elevators, as well as a car park elevator to the
reception from the basement.
❑ Two special shuttle elevators serve the top floors.
❑ 3 different levels:
❑ Low rise go from lobby to level 12.
❑ Medium rise lifts go from lobby to 22 stopping from level 11.
❑ High rise lifts go from lobby to 34 stopping from level 22.
❑ Shuttle lift goes from level 34 to level
39.
❑ Each of the two main stairwells contain
1037 stairs.
❑ Well designed corridors.
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❑ 35 km of steel, 10 thousand tons were used.
❑ 24,000 square meters of glass were used for the exterior,equivalent to five
football fields.
❑ Designed to use recycled or recyclable materials whenever possible
❑ The glazing to the office areas consist of a double –glazed outer and a single
–glazed inner screen.
❑ Sandwiched in between is the ventilated cavity reduces heating and cooling
requirements.
❑ The solar-control blinds intercept solar gain before it enters the office
environment.
❑ The façade is clad with double-paned glass filled with argon.
The elements of the facade:
❑ Openable glass screen.
❑ Perforated aluminium louvers (internal sun-screen).
❑ A column casing of aluminium.
❑ Façade frame of extruded aluminium.
Gherkin London. Windows
open on the outer skin to
allow air to enter the cavity
between the inner and outer
skin.
73. 72
Façade material:
❑ One piece of curved glass –the lens at the top of the building which is 2.4m
in diameter and weighs 250kg.
❑ The glass dome provides 360 degree views of London.
EXTERNAL CLADDING SYSTEM
❑ OVERVIEW OF THE FAÇADE:
❑ The building’s exterior cladding systems consists of full glazed, double-
skinned façade comprising approximately of 5,500 flat triangular and
diamond shaped glass panels. These metal and glass prefabricated panels
are fixed to the diagrid.
❑ Heavily dependent on the six shafts.
❑ Natural ventilation and air circulation occurs within these shafts
supplements the air conditioning in the building for about 40% of the year
❑ Six spiralling light wells allow daylight to flood down onto the floors
❑ Windows and blinds are computer controlled
❑ Solar blinds to reclaim or reject heat
❑ Windows open when external temperature is between 20°C and 26°C and
wind speed is less than 10 mph.
The shafts are essentially light wells in that light travels through these wells and
naturally light the six radial fingers of the building.
75. 74
The world’s first large-scale integration of wind turbines into a building.
Unique to this building and rising to the challenge of incorporating renewable
energy solutions within sustainable architecture.
76. 75
Location Manama, Bahrain
Use : Commercial
Height: 240m (787 ft)
Floors : 50
Architect(s) : Atkins
❑ qThe site has an area of 120000 sq. m. this area contains landscaping, office
buildngs, Anchor ,Tenant, Garden Court, Car Parking.
❑ The plan remodelled a hotel and a shopping mall in a prestigious area near
the Arabian Gulf.
❑ Building, its parking and mall area is 88,617 sq.m.
❑ Its floor area is 16,500 sq. m.
❑ Built in 2008 by the multi-national architectural firm Atkins.
❑ Located on the main King Faisal Highway in Manama,Bahrain.
❑ More than half its area was previously developed, and comprised the
Sheraton Bahrain Hotel, an associated single-storey luxury shopping
mall, an office tower, car parking facilities, services and landscaped
areas.
❑ Developed the masterplan for the extended development that
rejuvenates the existing mall and hotel and provides additional 50
storey twin office towers with unobstructed views over the Arabian
Gulf.
❑ Technical validation included computational fluid dynamics modelling,
wind tunnel testing, vibration and acoustic assessments, electrical
integration analysis and SARM analysis.
❑ Bahrain is an island in the Persian Gulf and is exposed to wind
flows that come across the Persian Gulf.
77. 76
❑ 70% of the wind flow from the Persian Gulf comes directly
onshore in Bahrain.
❑ This natural exposure to wind makes Bahrain
an ideal location for energy generation from wind.
❑ The WTC architects created a world’s structural first by
atheistically incorporaeting commercial wind turbines into the
fabric of the building.
❑ Inspired by the traditional Arabian“Wind Towers” and the shape of the sails
of ships that use wind energy to surf in that the shape of the buildings
harness the prevailing onshore breeze from the Gulf.
❑ Aims to show the world that countries of the United Arab Emirates, known
globally for its oil production, also have launched renewable energy.
• Each tower has a separate continuous piled raft foundation at basement level.
• The raft slabs vary in thickness according to loading and incorporate lift pits.
• Beneath the main cores the raft thickness is 3.0 metres and the piles are
1200mm diameter, closely spaced and rated at 18MN safe working load.
• Away from the main core the raft thickness reduces progressively to 2.0 metres
and the piles to 1050mm diameter, more widely spaced and rated at 8MN safe
working load.
78. 77
• The loads acting on the pile group are predominantly dead loads, imposed loads
and wind loads.
• These act in combination to generate maximum and minimum pile loads.
• Individual piles were modelled in the finite element analysis as vertical springs.
❑ ‘V’ formation, typically mirrored about their axis of symmetry.
❑ The primary structure comprises main and secondary reinforced concrete
cores, the main core consist housing lifts, escape stairs and toilets and
secondary core housing an escape stair and electrical/telecoms rooms.
❑ The floor plates typically consist storey height of 3.6 metres and are framed
with reinforced vertical concrete columns on an 8.0m grid.
❑ The wind load on the towers is resisted primarily by the main concrete
core; secondary concrete core helps to relieve the main cores loads. The
load transfer between the two cores occurs between the 20th and 24th
floor levels.
80. 79
VERTICAL LOADS
❑ Columns are positioned in a 26 ft grid pattern and the floor plates have a
typical storey height of 12 ft.
❑ The raking columns triangulate both of the cores providing the towers with a
stiff framework. Due to the tapering shape of the towers, the secondary core
terminates before reaching the highest office.
❑ The panoramic core extends higher into the towers supporting the duplex
offices and viewing gallery.
❑ Above the gallery, lattice steelwork is used to structure the top clad section
to help reduce weight.
❑ The tapering shape of the towers also means that the center of gravity, center
of mass, and center of stiffness vary on each floor, moving towards the
panoramic lifts with increasing height.
❑ The results of this may lead to dead load sway, however the possibility of
that is very small because of the stiffening framework provided by the
raking columns and the concentration of piles beneath the main core to
reduce base rotation.
81. 80
❑ The two towers are linked via three
skybridges, each holding a 225KW wind
turbine, totalling to 675kW of wind power
production.
❑ Each of these turbines measure 29 m
(95 ft) in diameter, and is aligned north,
which is the direction from which air
from the Persian Gulf blows in.
❑ The sail-shaped buildings on either side are designed to funnel wind
through the gap to provide accelerated wind passing through the turbines.
❑ This was confirmed by wind tunnel tests, which showed that the buildings
create an S-shaped flow, ensuring that any wind coming within a 45° angle
to either side of the central axis will create a wind stream that remains
perpendicular to the turbines.
❑ This significantly increases their potential to generate electricity.[3]
❑ The wind turbines are expected to provide 11% to 15% of the towers' total
power
consumption, or approximately 1.1 to 1.3 GWh a year.
❑ This is equivalent to providing the lighting for about 300 homes
annually.[4]
❑ The three turbines were turned on for the first time on the 8th of April,
2008.
❑ They are expected to operate 50% of the time on an average
day.
The bridge is a shallow V-shape in plan (173º) to take account of blade deflection
during extreme operating
conditions and to afford adequate clearance and thus avoid blade strike.
83. 82
Using precise wind tunnel measurements and computer simulations on a model
of the Bahrain WTC, Blocken calculated that the towers would actually produce
14 percent more wind energy if they were positioned the other way round. Or
better still, suspending the wind turbines further back would have given a 31%
higher energy output per year, Blocken discovered. Also if they build it facing
north west direction, then it will get more power capacity. But that is no fair
comparison, says the researcher. “Because of constructive and financial reasons
this option isn’t realistic.”
85. 84
AGORA GARDEN ( TAIPEI,
TAIWAN)
A plant-covered twisting tower
shaped like a DNA .
"Different from the modern city
built of concrete, glass and steel,
the Agora Garden tower appears
in an urban centre as a green
twisted mountain,"
ABOUT THE INSPIRATION
BEHIND THIS DESIGN.
❑ The tower is respectful of the
Taiji Philosophy and is
directly inspired by the
structure in double helix of the DNA, source of life, dynamism, symbol of
harmony revealing the notion of ultimate balance praised by the project.
❑ Everything begin with poetry in 2010 during a walk in the street of Taipei by
seeing a Samara fruit falling on this piece of land and drawing a spiralling
movement from the sky to the earth.
❑ Besides this moving geometry wearing a planted dress with sensual style,
the project represents really a built ecosystem that repatriates the fauna and
the flora in the heart of the city and generates a new nest of subtropical
biodiversity.
❑ “To Transform the City into an ecosystem, the districts into forests, and the
towers is into urban trees”
86. 85
Architects: Vincent Callebaut Architectures
Area :4233534.0 m2
Structure : Double helix structure
Floor :20 floors.
Apartment:40 luxury apartments
Design features of the double helix building
❑ The 20-storey Agora Tower was designed to resemble the double helix
structure of DNA, with two helicoidal towers twisting around a fixed central
core. The building contains two or four apartments on each floor.
❑ Each 540m² apartment is completely free of columns, providing spatial
flexibility in terms of interior layout and partitioning inside.
❑ From the simple and standardized element of the double helix of housing
superimposed vertically and put in successive rotation of 4.5 degrees level
by level, a multi-facial morphology appears all in convex and concave
curves.
87. 86
❑ The levels are structurally supported
by Vierendeel truss system behind the
glass facades, which consist of a set of
beams for every two floors. Along
with a suspended structural system,
this transfers all the weight through
the beams to the central core and
down to the foundation.
❑ The successive floors are twisted by
4.5° clockwise and are connected at
both ends by two spiralling
mega-columns coated in
green walls. The double helix
tower twists 90° in total from
base to tip, rendering it a
moving geometry that morphs
its shape depending on which
direction it is being viewed
from. Its north-south
elevation gives it a reverse
pyramid shape, while its east-
west elevation is shaped like a
rhomboidal pyramid.
88. 87
❑ The central core of the building accommodates two staircases, four high-
speed elevators, one car elevator and two glazed sky garages at the entrance
of each apartment. It also holds the vertical shafts for the main flows, which
are covered by a huge bearing exoskeleton in reinforced steel
The central core, a vertical twisted garden surrounded by sky
entry foyers:
❑ The central core has been designed to separate totally the vertical
circulations into two housing units on the same level. This core is fixed (it
does not pivot).
❑ But in order to ensure the rotation of the storeys floor by floor, it is
surrounded by a (naturally lightened) horizontal circulation loop welcoming
the entry foyer dedicated to each unit.
❑ This buffer loop enables thus to set the main entrance always in the axis of
each apartment and this despite of the 4.5 degrees rotation storey by storey.
89. 88
❑ An alternative has been studied to build sky entry foyers directly around the
cylindrical central core offering thus planted entry foyers with spectacular
front view on the city of Taipei.
❑ The levels are structurally supported by Vierendeel truss system behind the
glass facades, which consist of a set of beams for every two floors. Along
with a suspended structural system, this transfers all the weight through the
beams to the central core and down to the foundation.
Vertical circulation:
❑ By level, the central core gathers 2 staircases,
❑ 4 high speed elevators of 24 people (1800 kg),
❑ 1 car elevators (also useful to carry enormous art pieces, luxury antique
vehicles, or even huge pianos, etc.),
❑ 2 sky garages in glass and also all the vertical shafts for the main flows.
❑ All these vertical flows are covered by a huge bearing exoskeleton in
reinforced steel.
Parking
From the level B1, we can access to both car elevators inside the central core and
go very quickly to the sky garages located at the entrance of each apartment. The
car park is designed in the existing perimeter of the current car park of the pre-
existing Agora Garden hotel in order to limit the works cost of excavation and
foundations.
Only the south-west wall has been corrected so as to set up a laying-out with
double helix. Actually, in the continuation of the rotating tower, the car park is
drawn according to a circular plan with an ascending interior helix around the
core in the direction of the exit and a second descending helix in the direction of
the entrance. The whole set forms a continuous banister that welcomes more
than 230 cars and 500 scooters.
90. 89
• The spatial flexibility is divided in 4 main typologies of storeys of 2 or 4 units:
Typology A : 2 units with curved living rooms around a central core.
Typology B : 2 units with living rooms stretched in the length behind the Southern
façades.
Typology C : 2 units with living rooms set in bow by the panoramic storey.
Typology D : 4 units in duplex with living rooms benefiting from a double height.
In addition to these basic typologies, two huge clubhouses are set up on the roof
floors so as to respect the setback required by the building volume.
91. 90
Green features of the building
The exterior of the building features a cascading
layer of greenery with balconies on the periphery
of each apartment, containing fruit trees, organic
vegetable gardens, as well as aromatic and
medicinal plants, which will enable the residents to
grow their own produce.
The suspended open-air gardens integrate a
compost system to generate organic fertilisers, a
rainwater capture system to irrigate the plants, and
nests for birds. The planting beds are covered by a
layer of Bethel white granite on honeycomb to
protect the plants from excess heat.
The building also features a photovoltaic roof
located 100m above ground. With a surface area of
1,000m², the photovoltaic pergola will integrate
electricity produced from solar rays into the
electric network of the building.
Two huge rooftop clubhouses under the pergola
are surrounded by sky gardens that will naturally
filter and purify rainwater with the action of the
plants. The purified rainwater is injected into the
building’s water distribution systemby gravity.
The floor area ratio preference of open space has
been sacrificed by planting a green wall
surrounding the residence. The area covered by plants amounts to 6,060㎡ for a
green coverage ratio of 246％, which is equivalent to an urban forest park. A
total of 23,000 trees and shrubs have been combined with grass areas, forest
trails, artistic landscaping, and recreational areas. A natural waterfall is
connected to a warm water pool in the basement. A modern healthy Feng Shui
was created by employing natural elements to generate a breathing building and
ensure the mental and physical health of residents.
92. 91
ANTI-SEISMIC
Finally, one of the most important challenge was to create an anti-seismic tower.
To ensure a completely safe environlent, EPS isolation cushions, of the same
grade is used for US roads and bridges, have been employed in accordance with
the shock resistant design of the 4th nuclear power plant in taiwan. The design
can resist a peak ground acceleration of 400gal and provide maximum protection
against 7 grade earthquakes (maximum strength in Taiwan).
The structure remains elastic and does not incur damage.
The Ecologic Philosophy of the Project
1. The reduction of the climatic global warming.
2. The protection of the nature and the biodiversity.
3. The protection of the environment and the quality
of life.
4. The management of the natural resources and
waste.
planted areas will allow the building to absorb 130
tons of carbon dioxide from the air annually.
FLEXIBLE
The objective of the Client, BES, was to develop 2 big units, of 550 square meters
each one, completely free of columns, pipes and walls presenting a maximum of
flexibility for the interior layouts of each tenants.
We have thus developed two typical plans:
The typical uneven floor plan with virendeel beams along longitudinal facades
The typical odd floor plan without vierendeel beams.
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The cross sections through floors presents the integration of the planting beds in
the thickness of double decks to maximize the indoor-outdoor connectivity
towards the skyline.
The spiraling mega-columns, located at both ends of the storey, are doubled by
oblique shafts wrapping the skew pipes.
These skew shafts are transformed into continuous vertical skew green walls all
along the height of the tower.
During all the year, the species selected by our landscape architects for the
landscape balconies will create various scenery with the seasons change.
With the hyper-flexibility of the typical storey free of columns, walls and shafts, all
the interior layouts are possible
The central core has been designed to separate totally the vertical circulations
into two housing units on the same level. This core is fixed (it does not pivot). But
in order to ensure the rotation of the storeys floor by floor, it is surrounded by a
(naturally lightened & ventilated) horizontal circulation loop welcoming the entry
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foyer dedicated to each unit. This buffer loop enables thus to set the main
entrance always in the axis of each apartment and this despite of the 4.5 degrees
rotation storey by storey.
The core is wrapped by a double skin, developed with our facade consultant,
enables to temperate passively the vertical circulation inner spaces.
