This document discusses strategies for increasing food production efficiency to address rising global population and food demand. It recommends breeding more drought and cold tolerant crops, increasing multi-cropping, additional fertilization in Africa, securing land ownership, raising irrigation efficiency, moving to more efficient animal protein production, aquaculture such as fish polyculture, and using crops and land more productively.
This document discusses feeding the world's growing population in a sustainable way. It summarizes that China has gone from widespread hunger to becoming a major food aid donor through agricultural reforms. World grain production has tripled since 1950 due to new crops and fertilizers, but faces challenges from limited resources. Raising water and land productivity, producing protein more efficiently, and dietary changes can help meet future needs.
This document discusses dry land and farming systems approach (FSA) in India. It begins by noting that about 50% of India's cropped area is rain-fed agriculture due to limited irrigation. Productivity is low on these dry lands due to poor management. It then defines dry land farming as areas receiving less than 750mm of rainfall annually without irrigation. Dry land crops must complete their lifecycle without water. The document contrasts dry land and rain-fed farming and lists characteristics of dry land areas. It describes FSA as a multi-disciplinary approach that views farms holistically to improve production, income, and farmer welfare through sustainable systems. The objectives and methodologies of FSA are outlined, including analyzing existing systems and new options
The document describes the Sahelian Eco-Farm (SEF), an integrated agriculture system designed to address multiple constraints facing rain-fed agriculture in Africa. The SEF incorporates trees, shrubs, and annual crops to provide soil erosion control, increase soil fertility, improve water use efficiency, diversify income sources, and provide more consistent labor and animal feed. Initial research results on components of the SEF, including using Acacia seeds in poultry feed and Jatropha oil as a cowpea pesticide, suggest it has potential to improve yields, incomes, and the sustainability of agriculture in the Sahel region.
The document summarizes a presentation given by the Director General of ICARDA on the challenges facing dryland regions and ICARDA's work to address them. ICARDA focuses on improving livelihoods in drylands by increasing incomes, food access, and sustainable natural resource management. Their work includes developing drought-tolerant crops, raising small ruminant productivity through ultrasound and reproduction technologies, adopting water-saving irrigation techniques, and rehabilitating degraded rangelands through water harvesting and controlled grazing. The presentation concludes that addressing dryland challenges requires integrated solutions and that climate change will be a key driver, presenting opportunities for collaboration between ICARDA and Tottori University.
This document discusses conservation agriculture and its potential benefits for increasing food production in Africa. It notes that Africa's population is projected to increase substantially by 2050 while food production has been declining. Conservation agriculture principles of minimum soil disturbance, permanent soil cover, and crop rotations can help build soil health and increase yields while making agriculture more sustainable. The document questions whether high external inputs alone are a sufficient solution given issues of access and risk for smallholder farmers. It highlights some lessons from other agricultural development programs and the need for diversification beyond a focus on crop yields. Examples from other regions show conservation agriculture being adopted at large scales, and there is potential for it to be scaled up appropriately in Africa.
Presented by T. Erkossa, A. Haileslassie and C. MacAlister at the Nile Basin Development Challenge (NBDC) Science Workshop, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 9–10 July 2013
Dryland horticulture involves cultivating fruits, vegetables, flowers and plantation crops in dry climates with low rainfall through techniques that maximize rainfall harvesting and moisture conservation to obtain satisfactory yields. It is an important practice as about one third of the world's land is arid and growing crops in these dry regions provides nutritional and commercial benefits while making use of marginal lands. Effective dryland horticulture requires adopting strategies like soil moisture conservation practices, suitable crop varieties, and transferring appropriate technologies to farmers.
Dry farming is cultivation of crops in regions with annual rainfall less than 750 mm that require moisture conservation practices. About 70% of rural populations live in dry farming areas and depend on crop success or failure for their livelihood. Currently, dryland crops produce as much food as irrigated crops but from 3 times the land area. New strategies must be developed to make dryland ecosystems more productive and sustainable. The history of dryland agriculture began with early civilizations in places with reliable water supplies. Systematic dryland cultivation began around 1850 in areas like the USA and India. Over time, research stations were established and packages of practices were developed for different regions to improve dryland agriculture techniques.
This document discusses feeding the world's growing population in a sustainable way. It summarizes that China has gone from widespread hunger to becoming a major food aid donor through agricultural reforms. World grain production has tripled since 1950 due to new crops and fertilizers, but faces challenges from limited resources. Raising water and land productivity, producing protein more efficiently, and dietary changes can help meet future needs.
This document discusses dry land and farming systems approach (FSA) in India. It begins by noting that about 50% of India's cropped area is rain-fed agriculture due to limited irrigation. Productivity is low on these dry lands due to poor management. It then defines dry land farming as areas receiving less than 750mm of rainfall annually without irrigation. Dry land crops must complete their lifecycle without water. The document contrasts dry land and rain-fed farming and lists characteristics of dry land areas. It describes FSA as a multi-disciplinary approach that views farms holistically to improve production, income, and farmer welfare through sustainable systems. The objectives and methodologies of FSA are outlined, including analyzing existing systems and new options
The document describes the Sahelian Eco-Farm (SEF), an integrated agriculture system designed to address multiple constraints facing rain-fed agriculture in Africa. The SEF incorporates trees, shrubs, and annual crops to provide soil erosion control, increase soil fertility, improve water use efficiency, diversify income sources, and provide more consistent labor and animal feed. Initial research results on components of the SEF, including using Acacia seeds in poultry feed and Jatropha oil as a cowpea pesticide, suggest it has potential to improve yields, incomes, and the sustainability of agriculture in the Sahel region.
The document summarizes a presentation given by the Director General of ICARDA on the challenges facing dryland regions and ICARDA's work to address them. ICARDA focuses on improving livelihoods in drylands by increasing incomes, food access, and sustainable natural resource management. Their work includes developing drought-tolerant crops, raising small ruminant productivity through ultrasound and reproduction technologies, adopting water-saving irrigation techniques, and rehabilitating degraded rangelands through water harvesting and controlled grazing. The presentation concludes that addressing dryland challenges requires integrated solutions and that climate change will be a key driver, presenting opportunities for collaboration between ICARDA and Tottori University.
This document discusses conservation agriculture and its potential benefits for increasing food production in Africa. It notes that Africa's population is projected to increase substantially by 2050 while food production has been declining. Conservation agriculture principles of minimum soil disturbance, permanent soil cover, and crop rotations can help build soil health and increase yields while making agriculture more sustainable. The document questions whether high external inputs alone are a sufficient solution given issues of access and risk for smallholder farmers. It highlights some lessons from other agricultural development programs and the need for diversification beyond a focus on crop yields. Examples from other regions show conservation agriculture being adopted at large scales, and there is potential for it to be scaled up appropriately in Africa.
Presented by T. Erkossa, A. Haileslassie and C. MacAlister at the Nile Basin Development Challenge (NBDC) Science Workshop, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 9–10 July 2013
Dryland horticulture involves cultivating fruits, vegetables, flowers and plantation crops in dry climates with low rainfall through techniques that maximize rainfall harvesting and moisture conservation to obtain satisfactory yields. It is an important practice as about one third of the world's land is arid and growing crops in these dry regions provides nutritional and commercial benefits while making use of marginal lands. Effective dryland horticulture requires adopting strategies like soil moisture conservation practices, suitable crop varieties, and transferring appropriate technologies to farmers.
Dry farming is cultivation of crops in regions with annual rainfall less than 750 mm that require moisture conservation practices. About 70% of rural populations live in dry farming areas and depend on crop success or failure for their livelihood. Currently, dryland crops produce as much food as irrigated crops but from 3 times the land area. New strategies must be developed to make dryland ecosystems more productive and sustainable. The history of dryland agriculture began with early civilizations in places with reliable water supplies. Systematic dryland cultivation began around 1850 in areas like the USA and India. Over time, research stations were established and packages of practices were developed for different regions to improve dryland agriculture techniques.
Importance of Dry Land Agriculture Management in India.Arunesh Kumar
This document discusses dry land agriculture in India. It defines dry land agriculture as farming in areas receiving less than 750mm of rainfall annually, and notes that 60% of India's cultivated land falls under dry land agriculture. The document outlines the types of dry land farming based on rainfall amounts, characteristics of dry farming in India, importance of dry land agriculture for food production and rural livelihoods, challenges faced, and approaches to management including engineering, physiological and genetic methods. Effective management of dry land agriculture is critical for India's food security and reducing land degradation, according to the conclusion.
- The document discusses rainfed agriculture in the Near East and North Africa region, where around 80% of arable land is rainfed.
- Smallholder rainfed farming systems face numerous constraints including drought, poor soils, low input use, small farm sizes, and lack of infrastructure/market access.
- Climate change is exacerbating problems with more variable rainfall and more frequent droughts and floods.
- There is significant untapped potential to improve productivity and incomes in rainfed areas through strategies like sustainable land management, improved soils, suitable cropping systems, and water management.
11. potential of rained agriculture sharma et alChirag Gautam
The document discusses the potential for improving rainfed agriculture in India through supplemental irrigation. It finds that:
1) Frequent mid-season droughts are a major cause of crop failure and low yields in rainfed regions, and providing critical irrigation during these periods could increase yields significantly for many crops.
2) An analysis identified surplus runoff water available for harvesting and supplemental irrigation across rainfed districts, estimating this could provide critical irrigation to millions of additional hectares.
3) Supplemental irrigation was found to have high marginal returns, with potential to increase rainfed production over 50% in many areas, and be economically viable nationally.
Efficient crops and cropping systems in dry land agricultureSurendra Parvataneni
This document discusses efficient crops and cropping systems for dryland agriculture in India. It begins with an introduction to dryland farming and terminology. The main constraints in dryland farming are inadequate and erratic rainfall. Crop selection depends on length of growing period, genetic crop characteristics, and soil moisture availability. Common crops recommended are sorghum, pulses, groundnuts, and cotton. Cropping systems that can be used include mono-cropping, intercropping, relay cropping, and sequence cropping depending on rainfall and soil moisture storage capacity. Different regions of India are suitable for different cropping systems based on these factors.
Dry farming refers to cultivation in areas receiving less than 750mm of rainfall annually. It is practiced in arid regions where moisture conservation is important. Dry land farming receives between 750mm-1150mm annually and is practiced in semi-arid regions. Rainfed farming receives over 1150mm and is practiced in humid regions where drainage is a bigger problem than moisture shortage. Dry farming crops must be drought resistant and complete their lifecycle without irrigation, while dry land farming can include intercropping and rainfed farming double cropping. Problems of dry farming in India include moisture stress, ineffective rainwater storage, low soil fertility and uneven rainfall distribution.
This document provides information about dryland farming and drought management strategies. It defines dryland farming as crop cultivation under rainfed conditions with annual rainfall less than 750 mm. It notes that about 70% of India's rural population lives in dryland farming areas. The document discusses various climatic and soil constraints to crop production in dryland regions such as variable rainfall, high temperatures, and low soil moisture and fertility. It also describes different types of drought based on duration and impact. The document concludes by outlining some strategies for drought management, including adjusting plant populations, mulching, water harvesting, and adopting alternate land use systems.
Future prospects and problems in dryland agricultureAbhimanyu Tomar
This document discusses dryland agriculture and provides solutions to problems in dryland farming. It begins with defining dryland farming as agriculture dependent on rainfall and outlines some key challenges like low and uncertain yields. The document then discusses 3 categories of dryland farming based on rainfall amounts and lists techniques to conserve soil moisture and reduce evaporation. It also summarizes major problems in dryland agriculture like soil issues, uneven rainfall distribution, dry spells, and lists some solutions like improved varieties, intercropping, and water harvesting. Overall, the document provides an overview of dryland agriculture and strategies to address problems and improve productivity.
Dryland farming refers to cultivation of crops in regions receiving less than 750mm of annual rainfall without artificial irrigation. The document discusses dryland farming in India, including that over 69.5% of cultivated area is rainfed. It describes challenges like uncertain rainfall, drought, and poor soil quality. It provides strategies for dryland farming such as moisture conservation tillage, appropriate crops and cultivars with deep roots and drought resistance, and contingency crop planning for unpredictable rainfall. The document emphasizes maximizing production through alternative cropping patterns and conserving soil moisture.
This document summarizes a lecture on general agriculture. It discusses VERKA, the development of Mexican dwarf wheat, Norin-10 gene, wheat crop details, Chenopodium as a weed of Rabi season, natural insecticides like pyrethrum and nicotine, physiological dry soil due to waterlogging, types of erosion, chemical used for defoliation, India's principal cereal crop, major crops grown, green manure plants, SAMPADA scheme, ICAR-ICRISAT agreement, details about ICRISAT and ICAR, and Prince Charles releasing a digital app for Indian farmers.
Priorities for Public Sector Research on Food Security and Climate Change, Report presentation by Leslie Lipper, FAO and Philip Thornton, ILRI on April 12, 2013 at the Food Security Futures Conference in Dublin, Ireland.
This document discusses the history and development of Conservation Farming Unit (CFU) in Zambia. Some key points:
- CFU was established in 1996 in Zambia to promote conservation agriculture among small-scale farmers. It was initially supported by organizations like Norad, Sida, and Finnida.
- Early pioneers and proponents of conservation farming techniques in southern Africa are acknowledged, including various researchers and farmers in Zambia and Zimbabwe in the 1970s-1990s.
- Conventional farming practices like continuous tillage are identified as unsustainable and causing issues like soil erosion, low yields and food insecurity. Conservation farming techniques like minimum tillage and no-till are presented
1) The document discusses rainfed agriculture in India, which occupies 67% of cultivated land but produces 44% of food grains. It defines dry farming, dryland farming and rainfed farming based on annual rainfall.
2) It provides a brief history of developments in rainfed agriculture in India starting from the 1920s, including establishment of research stations and institutions.
3) The document outlines several problems faced in rainfed agriculture like inadequate and uneven rainfall distribution, long gaps between rainfall, early/late monsoon onset, early cessation of rains, and prolonged dry spells. It provides solutions to address each problem.
Karltun - Reintroducing Vicia faba beans in resource-poor farming systems - ...CIALCA
Presentation delivered at the CIALCA international conference 'Challenges and Opportunities to the agricultural intensification of the humid highland systems of sub-Saharan Africa'. Kigali, Rwanda, October 24-27 2011.
Conservation agriculture & what is the role in drylandshaikh wasim
- Conservation agriculture aims to conserve soil and water resources through minimal soil disturbance, maintaining soil cover through crop residues, and implementing crop rotations. It can help improve yields and resource use efficiency for smallholder farmers in dryland regions.
- Dryland agriculture relies on moisture conservation practices due to limited and variable rainfall. Conservation agriculture helps trap more rainfall in the soil by reducing erosion and evaporation.
- The key principles of conservation agriculture for drylands are minimum soil disturbance through no-till planting, maintaining soil cover through crop residues, and crop rotations including legumes. This conserves soil moisture while improving soil health. Research shows conservation agriculture can increase yields, profits, and land use efficiency compared to conventional tillage systems in dry
Sustainable? agriculture and water in California DavidBainbridge5
California has some serious water supply problems. Use in many areas exceeds annual rainfall. Hundreds of thousands of acres will be abandoned. What can be done?
This document summarizes various agricultural technologies including: 1) dry-land farming and water saving technologies, 2) use of straw mulch, 3) balanced fertilizer application, 4) green manure cropping, 5) integrated pest management, 6) improved crop breeding, and 7) high-yield cultivation techniques. The technologies aim to improve soil and water conservation, increase nutrient use efficiency, control pests, develop high-yielding varieties, and reduce production costs. Diverse approaches are needed to promote sustainable agricultural practices.
PLAN B NO BS - N. IV, III Minimize CARBON, RESOURCES, in Cities where 50% of ...Start Loving
The document proposes several strategies for improving urban sustainability, including redesigning transport systems to be more bike and pedestrian friendly, implementing water recycling and composting toilets to reduce water usage, and promoting urban agriculture. It also discusses examples of cities that have successfully implemented these kinds of sustainability programs, such as Bogota, Curitiba, and Singapore.
PLAN B NO BS - L. IV, III OBSOLETE CARBON Coal, and the Squandering of RESOUR...Start Loving
The document discusses strategies for reducing electricity usage through increased energy efficiency, with a focus on lighting and appliances. It states that shifting to CFLs and LEDs for lighting could cut worldwide electricity usage for lighting from 19% to 7%, saving enough electricity to avoid building 705 new coal-fired power plants. Similarly, it asserts that efficiency gains in lighting and appliances alone could replace the need for all new coal plants projected to be built by 2020. The document outlines additional efficiency strategies for buildings, transportation systems, and other sectors.
PLAN B NO BS - F. I. AVERT MASS POVERTY Increase– Feed 8 billion well. C9 V1Start Loving
1. Farmers are faced with challenges like shrinking irrigation water supplies, diminishing returns from fertilizer, and rising temperatures that are challenging world grain production.
2. Measures to address this include breeding more drought-tolerant crops, expanding multicropping, and improving irrigation efficiency in places like Africa through practices like planting leguminous trees.
3. Securing land ownership, raising irrigation efficiency, and establishing local water user groups can boost productivity by encouraging investment and better management of water resources.
PLAN B NO BS - B. Creation Collapsing as I POVERTY, II POPULATION, III RESOUR...Start Loving
The document discusses several issues facing the world including poverty, population growth, environmental degradation, and their interaction and effects. Key points include:
1) Life expectancy has declined in some areas due to HIV/AIDS and hunger. There are also large gaps between countries and regions.
2) Environmental pollution is causing health issues in places like China where cancer deaths have surpassed others.
3) Poverty, disease, and lack of resources reinforce one another and are overwhelming some national governments. Problems will continue to worsen if not addressed.
Importance of Dry Land Agriculture Management in India.Arunesh Kumar
This document discusses dry land agriculture in India. It defines dry land agriculture as farming in areas receiving less than 750mm of rainfall annually, and notes that 60% of India's cultivated land falls under dry land agriculture. The document outlines the types of dry land farming based on rainfall amounts, characteristics of dry farming in India, importance of dry land agriculture for food production and rural livelihoods, challenges faced, and approaches to management including engineering, physiological and genetic methods. Effective management of dry land agriculture is critical for India's food security and reducing land degradation, according to the conclusion.
- The document discusses rainfed agriculture in the Near East and North Africa region, where around 80% of arable land is rainfed.
- Smallholder rainfed farming systems face numerous constraints including drought, poor soils, low input use, small farm sizes, and lack of infrastructure/market access.
- Climate change is exacerbating problems with more variable rainfall and more frequent droughts and floods.
- There is significant untapped potential to improve productivity and incomes in rainfed areas through strategies like sustainable land management, improved soils, suitable cropping systems, and water management.
11. potential of rained agriculture sharma et alChirag Gautam
The document discusses the potential for improving rainfed agriculture in India through supplemental irrigation. It finds that:
1) Frequent mid-season droughts are a major cause of crop failure and low yields in rainfed regions, and providing critical irrigation during these periods could increase yields significantly for many crops.
2) An analysis identified surplus runoff water available for harvesting and supplemental irrigation across rainfed districts, estimating this could provide critical irrigation to millions of additional hectares.
3) Supplemental irrigation was found to have high marginal returns, with potential to increase rainfed production over 50% in many areas, and be economically viable nationally.
Efficient crops and cropping systems in dry land agricultureSurendra Parvataneni
This document discusses efficient crops and cropping systems for dryland agriculture in India. It begins with an introduction to dryland farming and terminology. The main constraints in dryland farming are inadequate and erratic rainfall. Crop selection depends on length of growing period, genetic crop characteristics, and soil moisture availability. Common crops recommended are sorghum, pulses, groundnuts, and cotton. Cropping systems that can be used include mono-cropping, intercropping, relay cropping, and sequence cropping depending on rainfall and soil moisture storage capacity. Different regions of India are suitable for different cropping systems based on these factors.
Dry farming refers to cultivation in areas receiving less than 750mm of rainfall annually. It is practiced in arid regions where moisture conservation is important. Dry land farming receives between 750mm-1150mm annually and is practiced in semi-arid regions. Rainfed farming receives over 1150mm and is practiced in humid regions where drainage is a bigger problem than moisture shortage. Dry farming crops must be drought resistant and complete their lifecycle without irrigation, while dry land farming can include intercropping and rainfed farming double cropping. Problems of dry farming in India include moisture stress, ineffective rainwater storage, low soil fertility and uneven rainfall distribution.
This document provides information about dryland farming and drought management strategies. It defines dryland farming as crop cultivation under rainfed conditions with annual rainfall less than 750 mm. It notes that about 70% of India's rural population lives in dryland farming areas. The document discusses various climatic and soil constraints to crop production in dryland regions such as variable rainfall, high temperatures, and low soil moisture and fertility. It also describes different types of drought based on duration and impact. The document concludes by outlining some strategies for drought management, including adjusting plant populations, mulching, water harvesting, and adopting alternate land use systems.
Future prospects and problems in dryland agricultureAbhimanyu Tomar
This document discusses dryland agriculture and provides solutions to problems in dryland farming. It begins with defining dryland farming as agriculture dependent on rainfall and outlines some key challenges like low and uncertain yields. The document then discusses 3 categories of dryland farming based on rainfall amounts and lists techniques to conserve soil moisture and reduce evaporation. It also summarizes major problems in dryland agriculture like soil issues, uneven rainfall distribution, dry spells, and lists some solutions like improved varieties, intercropping, and water harvesting. Overall, the document provides an overview of dryland agriculture and strategies to address problems and improve productivity.
Dryland farming refers to cultivation of crops in regions receiving less than 750mm of annual rainfall without artificial irrigation. The document discusses dryland farming in India, including that over 69.5% of cultivated area is rainfed. It describes challenges like uncertain rainfall, drought, and poor soil quality. It provides strategies for dryland farming such as moisture conservation tillage, appropriate crops and cultivars with deep roots and drought resistance, and contingency crop planning for unpredictable rainfall. The document emphasizes maximizing production through alternative cropping patterns and conserving soil moisture.
This document summarizes a lecture on general agriculture. It discusses VERKA, the development of Mexican dwarf wheat, Norin-10 gene, wheat crop details, Chenopodium as a weed of Rabi season, natural insecticides like pyrethrum and nicotine, physiological dry soil due to waterlogging, types of erosion, chemical used for defoliation, India's principal cereal crop, major crops grown, green manure plants, SAMPADA scheme, ICAR-ICRISAT agreement, details about ICRISAT and ICAR, and Prince Charles releasing a digital app for Indian farmers.
Priorities for Public Sector Research on Food Security and Climate Change, Report presentation by Leslie Lipper, FAO and Philip Thornton, ILRI on April 12, 2013 at the Food Security Futures Conference in Dublin, Ireland.
This document discusses the history and development of Conservation Farming Unit (CFU) in Zambia. Some key points:
- CFU was established in 1996 in Zambia to promote conservation agriculture among small-scale farmers. It was initially supported by organizations like Norad, Sida, and Finnida.
- Early pioneers and proponents of conservation farming techniques in southern Africa are acknowledged, including various researchers and farmers in Zambia and Zimbabwe in the 1970s-1990s.
- Conventional farming practices like continuous tillage are identified as unsustainable and causing issues like soil erosion, low yields and food insecurity. Conservation farming techniques like minimum tillage and no-till are presented
1) The document discusses rainfed agriculture in India, which occupies 67% of cultivated land but produces 44% of food grains. It defines dry farming, dryland farming and rainfed farming based on annual rainfall.
2) It provides a brief history of developments in rainfed agriculture in India starting from the 1920s, including establishment of research stations and institutions.
3) The document outlines several problems faced in rainfed agriculture like inadequate and uneven rainfall distribution, long gaps between rainfall, early/late monsoon onset, early cessation of rains, and prolonged dry spells. It provides solutions to address each problem.
Karltun - Reintroducing Vicia faba beans in resource-poor farming systems - ...CIALCA
Presentation delivered at the CIALCA international conference 'Challenges and Opportunities to the agricultural intensification of the humid highland systems of sub-Saharan Africa'. Kigali, Rwanda, October 24-27 2011.
Conservation agriculture & what is the role in drylandshaikh wasim
- Conservation agriculture aims to conserve soil and water resources through minimal soil disturbance, maintaining soil cover through crop residues, and implementing crop rotations. It can help improve yields and resource use efficiency for smallholder farmers in dryland regions.
- Dryland agriculture relies on moisture conservation practices due to limited and variable rainfall. Conservation agriculture helps trap more rainfall in the soil by reducing erosion and evaporation.
- The key principles of conservation agriculture for drylands are minimum soil disturbance through no-till planting, maintaining soil cover through crop residues, and crop rotations including legumes. This conserves soil moisture while improving soil health. Research shows conservation agriculture can increase yields, profits, and land use efficiency compared to conventional tillage systems in dry
Sustainable? agriculture and water in California DavidBainbridge5
California has some serious water supply problems. Use in many areas exceeds annual rainfall. Hundreds of thousands of acres will be abandoned. What can be done?
This document summarizes various agricultural technologies including: 1) dry-land farming and water saving technologies, 2) use of straw mulch, 3) balanced fertilizer application, 4) green manure cropping, 5) integrated pest management, 6) improved crop breeding, and 7) high-yield cultivation techniques. The technologies aim to improve soil and water conservation, increase nutrient use efficiency, control pests, develop high-yielding varieties, and reduce production costs. Diverse approaches are needed to promote sustainable agricultural practices.
PLAN B NO BS - N. IV, III Minimize CARBON, RESOURCES, in Cities where 50% of ...Start Loving
The document proposes several strategies for improving urban sustainability, including redesigning transport systems to be more bike and pedestrian friendly, implementing water recycling and composting toilets to reduce water usage, and promoting urban agriculture. It also discusses examples of cities that have successfully implemented these kinds of sustainability programs, such as Bogota, Curitiba, and Singapore.
PLAN B NO BS - L. IV, III OBSOLETE CARBON Coal, and the Squandering of RESOUR...Start Loving
The document discusses strategies for reducing electricity usage through increased energy efficiency, with a focus on lighting and appliances. It states that shifting to CFLs and LEDs for lighting could cut worldwide electricity usage for lighting from 19% to 7%, saving enough electricity to avoid building 705 new coal-fired power plants. Similarly, it asserts that efficiency gains in lighting and appliances alone could replace the need for all new coal plants projected to be built by 2020. The document outlines additional efficiency strategies for buildings, transportation systems, and other sectors.
PLAN B NO BS - F. I. AVERT MASS POVERTY Increase– Feed 8 billion well. C9 V1Start Loving
1. Farmers are faced with challenges like shrinking irrigation water supplies, diminishing returns from fertilizer, and rising temperatures that are challenging world grain production.
2. Measures to address this include breeding more drought-tolerant crops, expanding multicropping, and improving irrigation efficiency in places like Africa through practices like planting leguminous trees.
3. Securing land ownership, raising irrigation efficiency, and establishing local water user groups can boost productivity by encouraging investment and better management of water resources.
PLAN B NO BS - B. Creation Collapsing as I POVERTY, II POPULATION, III RESOUR...Start Loving
The document discusses several issues facing the world including poverty, population growth, environmental degradation, and their interaction and effects. Key points include:
1) Life expectancy has declined in some areas due to HIV/AIDS and hunger. There are also large gaps between countries and regions.
2) Environmental pollution is causing health issues in places like China where cancer deaths have surpassed others.
3) Poverty, disease, and lack of resources reinforce one another and are overwhelming some national governments. Problems will continue to worsen if not addressed.
The document discusses the importance of developing a business plan to help operate and grow a business successfully. It provides guidance on the essential components of an effective business plan, including describing the business, market, management team, marketing strategy, and financial projections. The business plan should then be used as a management tool and benchmark for progress as adjustments are made based on market conditions.
Chapter 6 failing states and other early signs of declineStart Loving
Early signs of decline are emerging in many parts of the world. In sub-Saharan Africa, life expectancy has fallen by 10 years due to HIV/AIDS. Other problems include rising inequality, environmental degradation, and failing governments overwhelmed by complex problems. Pollution is also damaging health worldwide, with air pollution alone causing 3 million deaths each year.
This document provides background on Libya's descent into a failed state following its 2011 revolution. It describes the divisions in Libya along ideological, regional and tribal lines that have led to ongoing conflict. It notes that Libya initially showed signs of progress after the revolution, with political and economic development as well as integration of former rebels. However, armed militias increasingly exerted influence and undermined state authority. Competing governments now control parts of Libya, the country is divided, and terrorist groups have gained a foothold. Outside powers have also intervened militially while supporting opposing factions. As a result, Libya meets the criteria of a failed state with no central authority over its territory or monopoly on the use of force.
Rebels in Libya have advanced toward the capital city of Tripoli. Inspired by the Egyptian revolution, rebels began peaceful protests in February 2011 but clashes became violent as Gaddafi vowed to fight to the last drop of blood. The rebels have since taken control of military bases and cities from government forces. Though the government has tried to stop the rebels' progress with air strikes, rebel morale remains high as they continue their march on Tripoli. The future implications are unclear but the conflict could escalate into a full civil war or inspire further violence in other revolutions.
PLAN B NO BS - A. Deathbed - Earth, ALL Creation but A final Chance Remains -...Start Loving
The document warns that humanity's extinction is imminent due to accelerating environmental collapse caused by climate change, resource depletion, and pollution. Key points include glacial and ice sheet melting raising sea levels by over 6 feet this century and displacing 600 million people, as well as collapsing ecosystems, forests, fisheries, and water supplies due to market failures to incorporate environmental costs. The author argues that urgent action is needed to transition off fossil fuels and stabilize population to avoid an irreversible extermination of humanity.
Handbook of fundamental social change.
TRANSCRIPT, TEXT, VIDEOS HERE: http://jesusgodgoodetcnjay.blogspot.com/2012/02/occupy-dc-guide-to-accelerated-high.html
More at http://jesusgodgoodetcnjay.blogspot.com/
The document summarizes the 2011 Libyan Revolution which overthrew the dictatorial regime of Colonel Muammar Gaddafi. It describes how Gaddafi's increasingly erratic and violent behavior radicalized former supporters like Abdul Fattah Younis and Mustafa Abdul Jalil, who defected to lead the rebel forces. Though Younis was later killed under mysterious circumstances, the rebels prevailed and captured Tripoli in August 2011. With Gaddafi in hiding and the country in conflict, Jalil as head of the transitional council aimed to move Libya towards elections and restore order.
Unrest has erupted in Libya led by violent protests against the repressive dictatorship of Muammar al-Gaddafi, who has ruled Libya for over 40 years. Gaddafi has ordered security forces to violently crack down on protesters. The international community has condemned Gaddafi and referred him to the International Criminal Court for crimes against humanity. Neighboring countries and the UN have imposed sanctions as hundreds of thousands of refugees flee the violence in Libya.
PLAN B NO BS - C. Saving Creation - Bottom Line Summary, Budget of Plan B. C7...Start Loving
The document outlines a plan to address several global issues through investments in areas like renewable energy, education, health, population stabilization, and environmental restoration. The key points are:
1. It proposes investing over $100 billion per year to fund initiatives to transition to renewable energy, universal education, universal health care including family planning, and debt relief for developing nations.
2. An additional $77 billion per year would be needed to accelerate the shift to smaller families and fill funding gaps in education, health, and reducing population growth.
3. Investing $113 billion annually in environmental restoration initiatives including reforestation, soil conservation, restoring fisheries and rangelands, and expanding protected areas.
PLAN B NO BS - O. Repeat, Saving Creation - Bottom Line Summary, Budget of Pl...Start Loving
The document outlines a plan to address several global issues through investments in areas like renewable energy, education, health, population stabilization, and environmental restoration. The key points are:
1. It proposes investing over $100 billion per year to fund initiatives to transition to renewable energy, universal education, universal health care including family planning, and debt relief for developing nations.
2. An additional $77 billion per year would be needed to accelerate the shift to smaller families and fill funding gaps in education, health, and reducing population growth.
3. Investing $113 billion annually in environmental restoration initiatives including reforestation, soil conservation, restoring fisheries and rangelands, and expanding protected areas.
PLAN B NO BS - I. III. RESTORE, LIVE WITHIN Earth RESOURCES. C8 V1Start Loving
1. Restoring the earth will require massive reforestation efforts, conservation of soils, restoration of fisheries and rangelands, and protection of biodiversity.
2. Achieving this will require investments totaling approximately $113 billion per year through activities like retiring erodible farmland, adopting conservation tillage practices, and reforesting degraded lands.
3. Reforestation costs approximately $400 per hectare including seedlings and labor, so planting 150 million hectares over 10 years would cost around $6 billion annually.
Drainage and Irrigation Principle Ch-1.pptxgemadogelgalu
Irrigation is the artificial application of water to land to aid in growing crops. Early civilizations in Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, and India developed irrigation around 4000-2500 BCE to support permanent settlements and increase crop yields. Irrigation expanded significantly in the 19th-20th centuries and now over 800 million acres worldwide are irrigated, with China, India, USA, Pakistan, and Iran leading. Irrigation is needed where rainfall is inadequate or inconsistent to meet crop water demands. Benefits include higher and more reliable yields, while disadvantages can include waterlogging, salinity, and disease if not properly implemented.
The document discusses the history and impact of the Green Revolution. It describes three major agricultural revolutions: 1) the Neolithic Revolution involving the transition to farming, 2) the British Agricultural Revolution involving increases in labor and land productivity, and 3) the Green Revolution involving the development and adoption of high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice in developing countries between the 1950s-1960s. Key organizations involved in the Green Revolution included the Ford Foundation and Rockefeller Foundation. Norman Borlaug was a leading agricultural scientist who developed disease-resistant wheat varieties, increasing yields and saving over a billion people from starvation. The Green Revolution spread to India in the 1960s and significantly increased food grain production through the adoption of new seeds, fertilizers,
This document summarizes a seminar on the green revolution and the need for a second green revolution. The seminar covered the history and introduction of the original green revolution, including the development of high-yielding varieties, expansion of irrigation, and use of fertilizers and pesticides. Constraints on current agricultural practices and the need for changes were also discussed. The second green revolution would focus on issues like poor irrigation infrastructure, stagnating yields, and rising population through techniques like drought-tolerant crops developed using biotechnology.
The document discusses the links between population growth and food production. It notes that population growth has increased demand for food, resulting in more farmland and water usage. Food production depends on limited resources like cropland and water that are under strain from rising populations. The document recommends strategies like improving crop yields, using resources more efficiently, shifting diets to require fewer agricultural resources, and reducing food waste to help address global food security challenges in the face of population growth.
problems faced b farmers due to environmental changesDivya Sahu
Farmers in India face numerous issues due to environmental changes, including unpredictable monsoon rains that make crop planning difficult, as well as soil degradation from drier conditions. Climate change is projected to further reduce wheat and rice yields. Adaptation strategies implemented by farmers include new crop varieties, changing planting calendars, and altered cropping patterns. The government of India has established programs to help farmers adapt, but more research and awareness efforts are still needed to address the challenges faced by farmers.
India has significant potential to boost agricultural productivity and reduce poverty. While India is the second largest producer of rice, its yields are only about half of those in China and other countries like Indonesia and Vietnam. Improving farming techniques and adopting practices from high-yielding countries could allow India to produce an additional 100 million tons of rice annually. However, Indian agriculture faces challenges like population pressure, small land holdings, inadequate irrigation, depleted soils, lack of storage, and poor farm implements. Steps like incentivizing states to reform agricultural markets, increasing private sector extension, and targeting foreign buyers of Indian foods could help realize India's agricultural potential.
Innovation transforms livelihoods of pastoralists in EthiopiaICRISAT
Until the 1970s, traditional pastoralism used to be a successful livelihood strategy in drought-prone East African lowlands, where the rainfall regime is low and unreliable, and where mobility was essential for ensuring access to critical water and feed resources. It also provided space for the rangeland to regenerate. However, the traditional livelihood strategy has been increasingly constrained.
The Green Revolution refers to high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice developed in the 1960s to address the global food crisis. Dr. Norman Borlaug led efforts to create seeds with traits like short stature and disease resistance. Developing countries adopted these varieties along with irrigation, fertilizers, and mechanization to boost yields. This dramatically increased food production and lowered prices, improving global food security and saving millions from starvation despite population growth. However, overuse of inputs poses environmental risks if not properly managed in the future. Continued research is needed to sustain food security with a growing population and limited resources.
Performance of Large Irrigation Schemes using the Example of the Gezira Schem...Mohammad Al-Saidi
The document discusses the performance issues facing large-scale irrigation schemes like Sudan's Gezira scheme. It summarizes that the infrastructure, processes, and outputs of the Gezira scheme have deteriorated over time. Specifically, increased sedimentation has reduced the relative irrigation supply below optimal levels, while water use efficiency is much lower than global averages. As a result, land productivity and crop yields for cotton and other crops are well below attainable international levels. The document advocates for comprehensive performance management and irrigation governance reforms to improve schemes and achieve higher agricultural productivity and livelihoods.
DRYLAND AGRICULTURE - CURRENT STATUS AND CHALLENGESAshokh Aravind S
Dryland farming, current status, issues, practices, types of dryland agriculture, methods of dryland farming, water conservation, management of dryland, improving dryland productivity
This document summarizes different water management practices for lowland rice cultivation including continuous flooding, saturated soil culture, alternate wetting and drying, and aerobic rice systems. It describes the basic principles of each system, when they should be implemented, and their advantages and disadvantages. The document also discusses the impacts of climate change and agricultural chemicals on food security and human health.
The document discusses food resources and issues related to global food supply. It notes that only a small number of plant and animal species provide the vast majority of human food, with three plant species alone accounting for 65% of global food supply. Industrial agriculture relies on fossil fuels, fertilizers and pesticides to mass produce crops, while traditional subsistence and intensive agriculture aim to produce enough food for families. Major challenges to global food security include natural disasters exacerbated by climate change, poverty, rising food prices, uncontrolled population growth, and foreign acquisition of agricultural land in poor countries.
Agriculture production in Mountain Area a Lecture at PARD by Allah Dad Khan Mr.Allah Dad Khan
This document discusses agriculture production and land use planning in mountain areas. It begins by providing background information on the location and climate of Pakistan. It then discusses characteristics of the eastern mountain agricultural zone, including climate, rainfall, temperatures, altitudes, soils and typical crops grown. The document outlines some challenges facing agriculture in the region, such as unpredictable rainfall and increased heat spells and droughts. It provides suggestions to address problems and improve rural livestock production and agriculture overall, including improving genetic potential, feeding, housing, veterinary services and more. Finally, it discusses land use planning and its goals of making the best use of limited land resources by assessing needs, resolving conflicts between competing uses, and selecting sustainable options.
Building Resilience to Climate Change and Increase Food Security Through Scaling up Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration. Presentation from Agriculture and Rural Development Day (ARDD) 2011. Learning Event number 11, Session 2, Room C. Presented by Abasse , How the Niger Republic is building resilience of farmers to climate change and increasing food security.
Sustainable Cotton Production for the Humid SouthGardening
This document discusses sustainable cotton production practices for the humid South, focusing on ways to improve soil health and profitability over the long term. It recommends using no-till, cover crops, and crop rotations to build soil organic matter, reduce erosion, and break pest cycles while saving costs on fertilizers and pesticides. Cover crops like rye, black oats, and lupines provide "solar fertilizer" by fixing nitrogen in the soil. No-till combined with crop rotation and manure application improves the sustainability of individual farms and farm communities.
This short summary of the major factors on investing in agriculture has been prepared by Lauralouise Duffy and Anric Blatt, co-portfolio managers of the Aqua Terra Fund, the Earth Wind & Fire Fund at Global Fund Exchange
anric blatt, lauralouise duffy, global fund exchange, earth wind & fire fund, investing in agriculture, investing in water, investing in the future of energy
Similar to Plan b no bs f. i. avert mass poverty increase– feed 8 billion well. c9 v1 (20)
PLAN B NO BS - D. Global Marshall Plan to Save Creation. C13 V1Start Loving
This document discusses the need to shift taxes and subsidies away from environmentally destructive activities and towards more sustainable practices. It argues that the current economic system fails to accurately account for environmental costs, and proposes several policy changes to internalize these externalities, such as:
1. Implementing carbon taxes on fossil fuels and other polluting industries to reflect the true social costs of environmental damage and climate change.
2. Shifting taxes from income to carbon emissions, through higher gasoline taxes and vehicle taxes, to incentivize renewable energy and more sustainable transportation options.
3. Eliminating over $700 billion in annual global subsidies that currently support activities like fossil fuel production, deforestation, and overfishing.
PLAN B NO BS - E. I. ERADICATE POVERTY, II. STABILIZE POPULATION. C7 V1Start Loving
1. The document outlines various policies and programs to reduce poverty and accelerate development, including universal primary education, teacher training, scholarships, literacy programs, school lunch programs, and expanding access to reproductive healthcare.
2. It notes that investments in education and health are cornerstones of human capital development and population stabilization.
3. Achieving the goals outlined would require an additional $77 billion in funding per year.
PLAN B NO BS - G. III RESOURCE RAPE - WATER. Western Affloholic Rape and Plun...Start Loving
Lake Chad has shrunk 96% in 40 years due to declining rainfall and water use for irrigation. Aquifer overpumping has led to falling water tables around the world, including in major grain producers like China, India, and the US. As water scarcity grows due to population increase, many rivers are running dry or disappearing, including the Yellow River in China, the Indus River that supplies much of Pakistan's irrigation, and the Aral Sea in Central Asia, which has lost 80% of its volume.
PLAN B NO BS - H. III RESOURCE RAPE Natural Systems Under Terminal Stress. C5 V1Start Loving
- Soil erosion and degradation are causing widespread environmental and agricultural problems around the world. As soils are depleted, agricultural production declines and millions face hunger and malnutrition. Deforestation is a major driver of soil loss, as it removes protective vegetation and disrupts water cycles. If not addressed, soil erosion risks creating new "dust bowls" that can destroy livelihoods and ecosystems. Reversing these trends is critical to global food security and the environment.
PLAN B NO BS - J. IV CARBON Oil - 20th Century's Fatal Seductress. C2 V1Start Loving
- Oil production has increased 180-fold over the 20th century, fueling population growth and modern civilization. However, the world's largest oil fields have already been discovered and global production is now in decline.
- Alternative sources like tar sands require much more energy to produce and are highly polluting. As conventional oil supplies dwindle, global competition and conflict over remaining reserves is likely to intensify.
- Agriculture has also become heavily dependent on oil to power machinery, transport food, and produce fertilizers. Declining oil supplies threaten the ability to feed the world's population in the coming decades. Difficult system-wide changes will be needed to transition to post-oil sustainable farming.
PLAN B NO BS - K. IV CARBON Coal, Oil Drowning, Frying, Killing us. C3 V1Start Loving
1. Climate change is causing glaciers and ice sheets to melt rapidly, which will raise sea levels and force many coastal dwellers to relocate.
2. Rising temperatures are also causing more frequent and intense heat waves, droughts, and wildfires, reducing agricultural production and threatening global food security.
3. The climate is changing much faster than anticipated due to human emissions, and further warming of 2-11°F this century is virtually certain unless carbon emissions are quickly reduced.
PLAN B NO BS - M. IV REPLACE CARBON Sprint toward Wind and Sun, Eliminating E...Start Loving
Plan B calls for a massive buildout of wind generating capacity to replace coal and oil for electricity generation. It would require doubling wind capacity every two years to reach 3,000 gigawatts by 2020, costing $4.5 trillion but creating jobs. Pairing wind with hybrid electric vehicles that can be charged from the grid would dramatically reduce oil use and emissions. The technologies exist to implement Plan B and transition to a renewable energy economy that avoids catastrophic climate change.
This document summarizes key points from Lester Brown's book "Plan B 3.0: Mobilizing to Save Civilization". The book outlines four overriding goals: stabilizing the climate, stabilizing population, eradicating poverty, and restoring ecosystems. It argues that we must cut carbon emissions 80% by 2020 through raising efficiency, renewable energy, and reforestation. However, it notes that we are in a race between tipping points in the environment and building sufficient political will for action. The challenges are great but the technologies exist to transition our energy system if political leadership can be mobilized.
Chapter 2 deteriorating food and oil securityStart Loving
The document summarizes how peak oil and rising food prices threaten global food security. It notes that the world is increasingly dependent on oil for food production and transportation, but global oil production is peaking while demand rises. As a result, food and fuel prices are increasingly linked, with grain prices rising to oil equivalents. This diversion of food crops to fuel and higher input costs reduces the global food supply at a time when population is growing. The convergence of these trends risks increasing hunger, conflict, and state failures in vulnerable countries.
1. Global temperatures are rising due to climate change caused by human carbon emissions, melting glaciers and ice sheets.
2. Rising temperatures are causing more extreme weather events like heat waves and droughts, reducing crop yields and endangering food security.
3. Melting mountain glaciers and snowpack threaten to reduce water supplies for hundreds of millions depending on rivers fed by glacial melt.
Ch 7 eradicating poverty and stabilizing populationStart Loving
This document discusses strategies for eradicating poverty and stabilizing global population growth. It notes that China and India have lifted millions out of poverty through strong economic growth rates over recent decades. However, sub-Saharan Africa is facing increasing poverty, hunger, disease, and population growth that could undermine anti-poverty goals. Key strategies discussed include universal primary education, better access to reproductive healthcare and family planning, and nutrition programs like school lunches to improve education and reduce population growth. Iran is cited as an example of a country that rapidly reduced its population growth rate through a comprehensive national family planning program.
This document discusses the need to restore the earth by protecting and restoring forests, reducing pressure on forests through reducing wood use and increasing recycling, conserving and rebuilding soils through practices like no-till farming, protecting plant and animal diversity through increasing protected areas and addressing threats like climate change, and planting trees to sequester carbon and help address climate change. Specific examples are provided from countries like South Korea, China, the US, and others of programs and policies that have helped restore forests and landscapes. The overall message is that a large, global effort is needed to restore the earth's health and support both environmental and economic systems.
Urbanization is increasing rapidly, with more than half of people now living in cities. Many cities are facing problems with pollution, traffic, and resource use that impact livability. Some cities are redesigning transport systems to be more multi-modal and pedestrian-friendly, reducing car usage and increasing options like biking and public transit. Cities are also working to reuse water and implement composting toilets to reduce their environmental footprint and dependence on distant resources.
The document discusses the growth of renewable energy sources like wind and solar. It notes that new electrical capacity from renewable sources exceeded conventional sources in Europe in 2006, making it the first continent to enter the new renewable energy era. Wind generating capacity increased significantly in the US and Texas in 2006. The document outlines growth in various countries' use of wind, solar, and geothermal energy. It argues that harnessing renewable energy on a large scale can help reduce carbon emissions by 80% and discusses plans to rapidly expand wind and solar energy generation globally by 2020 through large investments.
This document discusses the need for a massive global mobilization to combat climate change similar to the US mobilization during WWII. It argues we must rapidly restructure the global economy to be powered by renewables, shift from fossil fuels to EVs, end deforestation, and incorporate environmental costs into pricing. Specific policies proposed include carbon taxes, ending subsidies for coal/oil, boosting renewables, and shifting retirement service overseas. Failure to act could lead to economic and societal collapse as environmental tipping points are passed.
Plan B 3.0 Ch 5 Natural Systems Under StressStart Loving
Plan B 3.0 Audio Book here - http://www.youtube.com/user/StartLoving4#grid/user/96C0AF186A6025E2 PDF http://www.earth-policy.org/images/uploads/book_files/pb3book.pdf
Plan B 3.0 Audio Book Chapter 4 Emerging Water ShortagesStart Loving
1) Water scarcity is a growing problem around the world as demand for water triples over the last half century due to population growth, increased irrigation, and industrialization.
2) Aquifers and lakes are being depleted, rivers are running dry, and overpumping of groundwater is leading to falling water tables in many major farming regions.
3) Water scarcity is exacerbated by climate change and is contributing to conflicts within and between countries that share rivers and aquifers.
Plan B 3.0 Audio Book Chapter 13 The Great Mobilization Start Loving
The document discusses the need for a massive global mobilization to transition the world economy away from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources in order to avoid catastrophic climate change. It argues that this transition requires establishing honest market prices that incorporate environmental costs by restructuring taxes. Specifically, it advocates lowering income taxes while raising taxes on polluting activities like carbon emissions. This would encourage investment in clean energy and make renewable options relatively cheaper. Examples of successful tax shifting from Europe and carbon pricing schemes around the world are provided.
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
Nunit vs XUnit vs MSTest Differences Between These Unit Testing Frameworks.pdfflufftailshop
When it comes to unit testing in the .NET ecosystem, developers have a wide range of options available. Among the most popular choices are NUnit, XUnit, and MSTest. These unit testing frameworks provide essential tools and features to help ensure the quality and reliability of code. However, understanding the differences between these frameworks is crucial for selecting the most suitable one for your projects.
Trusted Execution Environment for Decentralized Process MiningLucaBarbaro3
Presentation of the paper "Trusted Execution Environment for Decentralized Process Mining" given during the CAiSE 2024 Conference in Cyprus on June 7, 2024.
Letter and Document Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Sol...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on automated letter generation for Bonterra Impact Management using Google Workspace or Microsoft 365.
Interested in deploying letter generation automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Dive into the realm of operating systems (OS) with Pravash Chandra Das, a seasoned Digital Forensic Analyst, as your guide. 🚀 This comprehensive presentation illuminates the core concepts, types, and evolution of OS, essential for understanding modern computing landscapes.
Beginning with the foundational definition, Das clarifies the pivotal role of OS as system software orchestrating hardware resources, software applications, and user interactions. Through succinct descriptions, he delineates the diverse types of OS, from single-user, single-task environments like early MS-DOS iterations, to multi-user, multi-tasking systems exemplified by modern Linux distributions.
Crucial components like the kernel and shell are dissected, highlighting their indispensable functions in resource management and user interface interaction. Das elucidates how the kernel acts as the central nervous system, orchestrating process scheduling, memory allocation, and device management. Meanwhile, the shell serves as the gateway for user commands, bridging the gap between human input and machine execution. 💻
The narrative then shifts to a captivating exploration of prominent desktop OSs, Windows, macOS, and Linux. Windows, with its globally ubiquitous presence and user-friendly interface, emerges as a cornerstone in personal computing history. macOS, lauded for its sleek design and seamless integration with Apple's ecosystem, stands as a beacon of stability and creativity. Linux, an open-source marvel, offers unparalleled flexibility and security, revolutionizing the computing landscape. 🖥️
Moving to the realm of mobile devices, Das unravels the dominance of Android and iOS. Android's open-source ethos fosters a vibrant ecosystem of customization and innovation, while iOS boasts a seamless user experience and robust security infrastructure. Meanwhile, discontinued platforms like Symbian and Palm OS evoke nostalgia for their pioneering roles in the smartphone revolution.
The journey concludes with a reflection on the ever-evolving landscape of OS, underscored by the emergence of real-time operating systems (RTOS) and the persistent quest for innovation and efficiency. As technology continues to shape our world, understanding the foundations and evolution of operating systems remains paramount. Join Pravash Chandra Das on this illuminating journey through the heart of computing. 🌟
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
leewayhertz.com-AI in predictive maintenance Use cases technologies benefits ...alexjohnson7307
Predictive maintenance is a proactive approach that anticipates equipment failures before they happen. At the forefront of this innovative strategy is Artificial Intelligence (AI), which brings unprecedented precision and efficiency. AI in predictive maintenance is transforming industries by reducing downtime, minimizing costs, and enhancing productivity.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
4. 1. Breed crops that are more 10. Fish polyculture.
tolerant of drought and
cold. 11. Roughage for fodder.
2. Multicrop land. 12. Fortified salt.
3. Additional fertilization in 13. Move poor up the food-
Africa.
chain.
4. Secure land ownership.
Raise water, nutrient 14. Eradicate Poverty.
productivity: 15. STABILIZE CLIMATE.
5. Raise irrigation efficiency. 16. Lower-footprint
6. Raise price on water. transportation.
6. Move over-privileged down 17. Lower-footprint housing.
food-chain.
7. Limit to yield of aquifers 18. TERMINATE FOOD INTO
and rivers. FUEL.
8. Produce protein more
efficiently.
9. Grain, then
chicken, Herbivorous fish.
*
5. * A generation ago hundreds of millions of people
were chronically hungry.
* Not only has China ended its dependence on
food aid, but
* Almost overnight it has become the world's
third largest food aid donor.
*
6. * Sub-Saharan Africa and parts of the Indian sub
continent,
* The number of people in developing countries
who are hungry has increased from a recent
historical low of 800 million in 1996 to 830
million in 2003.
* Record or near-record grain prices in late 2007
will likely raise the number of hungry people
even further, with children suffering the most.
*
7. * Rapid adoption in developing countries of high-
yielding wheats and rices originally developed
in Japan and hybrid corn from the United
States.
* Tripling of irrigated area and an
* 11-fold increase in world fertilizer use.
* Tripled the world grain harvest.
* Growth in irrigation and fertilizer use
essentially removed soil moisture and nutrient
constraints on much of the world's cropland.
*
8. 1. Farmers are faced with shrinking supplies of
irrigation water, a,
2. Diminishing response to additional fertilizer use,
3. Rising temperatures, the
4. Loss of cropland to nonfarm uses, rising fuel
costs, and a
5. Dwindling backlog of yield-raising technologies,
6. Annual addition of some 70 million people a year,
7. Desire of some 5 billion people to consume more
livestock products,
8. Millions of motorists turning to crop-based fuels
to supplement tightening supplies of gasoline and
diesel fuel.
*
9. *This helps explain why world
grain production has fallen
short of consumption in seven
of the last eight
years, dropping world grain
stocks to the lowest level
since 1974. Farmers and
agronomists are now being
thoroughly challenged.
10. * Between 1950 and 1990, world grain yield per
hectare climbed by 2.1 percent a year.
* From 1990 to 2007, however, it rose only 1.2
percent annually.
* The yield response to the additional
application of fertilizer is diminishing, and
* Partly because irrigation water supplies are
limited.
*
11. * U.S. Corn breeders have developed corn
varieties that are more drought-
tolerant, enabling corn production to move
westward into Kansas, Nebraska, and south
Dakota.
* Kansas, the leading U.S. Wheat-producing
state, has used a combination of drought-
resistant varieties in some areas and irrigation
in others to expand corn planting to where the
state now produces more corn than wheat.
* Similarly, corn production is expanding in more
Northern states such as North Dakota and
*
Minnesota.
12. * Where soil moisture permits, is to increase the area
of multicropped land that produces more than one
crop per year.
* The tripling in the world grain harvest since 1950 is
due in part to impressive increases in multiple
cropping in Asia.
* A concerted U.S. Effort to both breed earlier
maturing varieties and develop cultural practices
that would facilitate multiple cropping could
substantially boost crop output.
* Western Europe, with its mild winters and high-
yielding winter wheat, might also be able to double
crop more with a summer grain, such as corn, or
with a winter oilseed crop.
* Elsewhere, Brazil and Argentina have an extended
frost-free growing season that supports extensive
multicropping, often wheat or corn with soybeans.
*
13. * There are still some places, however, such as
most of Africa, where additional fertilizer
would help boost yields
* Encouraging response to this situation in Africa
is the simultaneous planting of grain and
leguminous trees.
* Has enabled farmers to double their grain
yields within a matter of years as soil fertility
builds.
*
14. * Secure land ownership encourages farmers to
invest in and improve their land.
* A rural development institute survey in China
revealed that farmers with documentation of
land rights were twice as likely to make long-
term investments in their land, such as adding
greenhouses, orchards, or fishponds.
*
15. * Will force us to
a. Think more seriously about stabilizing
population,
b. Moving down the food chain, and
c. Using the existing harvest more productively.
* Achieving an acceptable worldwide balance
between food and people may now depend on:
1. Stabilizing population as soon as possible,
2. Reducing the unhealthily high consumption of
animal products among the affluent, and
3. Restricting the conversion of food crops to
automotive fuels.
*
16. * World needs an effort to raise water
productivity similar to the one that nearly
tripled land productivity during the last half of
the twentieth century.
* Land productivity is typically measured in tons
of grain per hectare or bushels per acre.
* A comparable indicator for irrigation water is
kilograms of grain produced per ton of water.
* Worldwide, that average is now roughly 1
kilogram of grain per ton of water used.
*
17. * It takes 1,000 tons of water to produce 1 ton of
grain.
* 70 percent of world water use is devoted to
irrigation.
* Raising irrigation efficiency is central to raising
water productivity overall.
a. Using more water-efficient irrigation technologies
and,
b. Shifting to crops that use less water.
c. Eliminating water and energy subsidies that
encourage wasteful water use allows water prices
to rise to market levels
d. Local rural water users associations that directly
involve those using the water in its management
have raised water productivity in many countries
*
18. * Usage of irrigation water never reaches 100
percent simply because:
* Some irrigation water evaporates,
* Some percolates downward, and
* Some runs off.
* Irrigation efficiency ranges between
* 25 and 40 percent in
India, Mexico, Pakistan, the Philippines, and
Thailand;
* Between 40 and 45 percent in Malaysia and
Morocco; and
* Between 50 and 60 percent in
Israel, Japan, and Taiwan.
*
19. * Irrigation water efficiency is affected not only
by the type and condition of irrigation systems
but also by
* Soil type,
* Temperature, and
* Humidity.
* In hot, arid regions, the evaporation of
irrigation water is far higher than in
cooler, humid regions.
*
20. * Plans to raise China's irrigation efficiency from
* 43 percent in 2000 to
* 51 percent in 2010 and then to
* 55 percent in 2030.
* By
* Raising the price of water,
* Providing incentives for adopting more irrigation-
efficient technologies, and
* Developing the local institutions to manage this
process.
*
21. * Shifting from the less efficient flood or furrow
system to
* Overhead sprinklers or
* Drip irrigation, the gold standard of irrigation
efficiency.
* Switching from flood or furrow to low-pressure
sprinkler systems
* Reduces water use by an estimated 30
percent, while.
* Switching to drip irrigation typically cuts water
use in half.
* Drip systems are both labor-intensive and water-
efficient, they are well suited to countries with a
surplus of labor and a shortage of water.
*
22. * Cyprus, Israel, and Jordan—rely heavily on drip
irrigation.
* Used on 1-3 percent of irrigated land in India
and China and on roughly 4 percent in the
United States.
* Has the potential to profitably irrigate 10
million hectares of India's cropland, or nearly
one tenth of the total.
* Similar potential for China,
*
23. * With its extensive double cropping of wheat
and rice,
* Fast-falling water tables led the state farmers'
commission in 2007 to recommend a delay in
transplanting rice from May to late June or
early July.
* This would reduce irrigation water use by roughly
one third since transplanting would coincide with
the arrival of the monsoon.
* This reduction in groundwater use would help
stabilize the water table, which has fallen from
5 meters below the surface to 30 meters in
parts of the state.
*
24. * 2002, farmers associations managed more than
80 percent of Mexico's publicly irrigated land.
* Associations often need to charge more for
irrigation water, but for farmers,
* The production gains from managing their
water supply themselves more than outweigh
this additional outlay.
*
25. * Where water users associations manage both
irrigation and residential water,
* The number of associations increased from 340
in 1987 to 2,575 in 1999, covering much of the
country.
* Many other countries now have such bodies
managing their water resources. Although the
early groups were organized to deal with large
publicly developed irrigation systems, some
recent ones have been formed to manage local
groundwater irrigation as well.
* Their goal is to stabilize the water table to
avoid aquifer depletion and the economic
disruption that it brings to the community.
*
26. * Subsidies lead to irrationally low water
prices, creating the impression that water is
abundant when in fact it is scarce.
* As water becomes scarce, it needs to be priced
accordingly.
* Northern China is raising water prices in small
increments to discourage waste.
* Higher water price affects all water
users, encouraging investment in more water-
efficient irrigation technologies, industrial
processes, and household appliances.
*
27. * A new way of thinking about water use.
* For example, shifting to more water-efficient crops
wherever possible boosts water productivity.
* Rice production is being phased out around Beijing
because rice is such a thirsty crop.
* Similarly, Egypt restricts rice production in favor of
wheat.
* Any measures that raise crop yields on irrigated
land also raise the productivity of irrigation water.
* Similarly, any measures that convert grain into
animal protein more efficiently in effect increase
water productivity.
*
28. * In the United States, where annual
consumption of grain as food and feed averages
some 800 kilograms (four fifths of a ton) per
US person,
* A modest reduction in the consumption of
meat, milk, and eggs could easily cut grain use
per person by 100 kilograms.
* For 300 million Americans, such a reduction
would cut grain use by 30 million tons, and
would
* Cut irrigation water use by 30 billion tons.
*
29. * Worldwide involves a wide range of measures
not only in agriculture but throughout the
economy.
* More water- efficient industrial processes, and
using
* More water-efficient household appliances.
* Recycling urban water supplies is another
obvious step to consider in countries facing
acute water shortages
*
30. * Another way to raise both land and water
productivity.
* Some 37 percent (about 740 million tons) of
the world grain harvest used to produce
animal protein, even a modest gain in
efficiency can save a large quantity of grain.
* World meat consumption increased from 44
million tons in 1950 to 240 million tons in
2005,more than 5 times, more than doubling
consumption per person from 17 kilograms to
39 kilograms (86 pounds).
* In every society where incomes have
risen, meat consumption has too,
*
31. * As both the oceanic fish catch and the
production of beef on rangelands have leveled
off,
* The world has shifted to grain-based
production of animal protein to expand output.
* And as the demand for meat climbs, consumers
are shifting from beef and pork to
* Poultry and fish, sources that convert grain
into protein most efficiently.
* Health concerns among industrial-country
consumers are reinforcing this shift.
*
32. * With cattle in feedlots, it takes roughly 7
kilograms of grain to produce a 1-kilogram gain
in live weight. 250% less efficient.
* For pork, the figure is over 3 kilograms of grain
per kilogram of weight gain, 50% less
efficient.
* For poultry it is just over 2, and
* For herbivorous species of farmed fish (such as
carp, tilapia, and catfish), it is less than 2.
*
33. * Global beef production, most of which comes from
range- lands, grew less than 1 percent a year from
1990 to 2006.
* Growth in the number of cattle feedlots was
minimal.
* Pork production grew by 2.6 percent annually, and
* Poultry by nearly 5 percent.
* The rapid growth in poultry production, going from
41 million tons in 1990 to 83 million tons in
2006, more than double, enabled poultry to eclipse
beef in 1995, moving it into second place behind
pork.
* World pork production, half of it now in
China, overtook beef production in 1979 and has
continued to widen the lead since then.
*
34. * May also overtake beef production within the
next decade or so.
* Herbivorous fish convert feed into protein so
efficiently.
* Aquacultural output expanded from 13 million
tons in 1990 to 48 million tons in 2005, growing
by more than 9 percent a year, 3.7 times.
*
35. * Salmon, a carnivorous species, and shrimp
* These operations account for 4.7 million tons
of output, less than 10 percent of the global
farmed fish total, but they are growing fast.
* Salmon are inefficient in that they are fed
other fish, usually as fishmeal, which comes
either from fish processing wastes or from low-
value fish caught specifically for this purpose.
* Shrimp farming often involves the destruction
of coastal mangrove forests to create areas for
the shrimp.
*
36. * Worldwide, aquaculture is dominated by
herbivorous species—mainly
* Carp in China and India, but also
* Catfish in the United States and
* Tilapia in several countries—and shellfish.
* This is where the great growth potential for
efficient animal protein production lies.
*
37. * World's leading producer,
* Accounts for an astounding two thirds of global
fish farm output.
* Dominated by finfish (mostly carp), which are
produced inland in freshwater
ponds, lakes, reservoirs, and rice paddies,
* And by shellfish (mostly oysters, clams, and
mussels), which are produced mostly in coastal
regions.
*
38. * Using four types of carp that feed at different levels
of the food chain, in effect emulating natural aquatic
ecosystems.
* Silver carp and bighead carp are filter feeders, eating
phytoplankton and zoo- plankton respectively.
* The grass carp, as its name implies, feeds largely on
vegetation, while the common carp is a bottom
feeder, living on detritus.
* These four species thus form a small ecosystem, with
each filling a particular niche.
* This multi- species system, which converts feed into
high-quality protein with remarkable
efficiency, allowed China to produce some 14 million
tons of carp in 2005.
* Aquacultural output in China—at 30 million tons—is
double that of poultry, making it the first major
country where fish farming has eclipsed poultry
farming.
*
39. * China's aquaculture is often integrated with
agriculture,
* Enabling farmers to use agricultural
wastes, such as pig or duck manure, to fertilize
ponds, thus
* Stimulating the growth of plankton on which
the fish feed.
* Fish polyculture, which commonly boosts
pond productivity over that of monocultures
by at 50%, is widely practiced in both China
and India.
*
40. * Thailand and Viet Nam.
* Viet Nam, for example, devised a plan in 2001 of
developing 700,000 hectares of land in the
Mekong delta for aquaculture, which
* Now produces more than 1 million tons of fish
and shrimp.
* In the United States, catfish, which require less
than 2 kilograms of feed per kilogram of live
weight, is the leading aquacultural product.
* U.S. Annual catfish production of 600 million
pounds (about two pounds per person) is
concentrated in the south.
* Mississippi, with easily 60 percent of U.S.
Output, is the Catfish capital of the world.
*
41. * When we think of soybeans in our daily diet, it
is typically as tofu, veggie burgers, or other
meat substitutes.
* But most of the world's fast-growing soybean
harvest is consumed indirectly in the
beef, pork, poultry, milk, eggs, and farmed fish
that we eat.
* Although not a visible part of our diets, the
incorporation of soybean meal into feed rations
has revolutionized the world feed
industry, greatly increasing the efficiency with
which grain is converted into animal protein.
*
42. * In 2007, the world's farmers produced 222 million
tons of soybeans—
* 1 ton for every 9 tons of grain produced.
* Of this, some 20 million tons, 10%, were consumed
directly as tofu or meat substitutes.
* The bulk of the remaining 202 million tons, after
some was saved for seed, was crushed in order to
extract 37 million tons of soybean oil, separating it
from the highly valued, high-protein meal.
* The 160 million or so tons of protein-rich soybean
meal that remain after the oil is extracted is fed to
cattle, pigs, chicken, and fish.
* Combining soybean meal with grain in roughly one
part meal to four parts grain dramatically boosts
the efficiency with which grain is converted into
animal protein, sometimes nearly doubling it.
* Explains why world soybean production has
increased nearly 14-fold since 1950.
*
43. * Mounting pressures on land and water resources
have led to an evolution.
* Since 1970, India's milk production has increased
more than fourfold, jumping from 21 million to 96
million tons.
* 1997 India overtook the United States to become
the world's leading producer of milk and other dairy
products.
* 1965 national dairy development board,
* Purpose was to market the milk from tiny herds,
* Creating the market for milk spurred the fourfold
growth in output.
* India has built the world's largest dairy industry
almost entirely on roughage—wheat straw, rice
straw, corn stalks, and grass gathered from the
roadside. Even so, the value of the milk produced
each year now exceeds that of the rice harvest.
*
44. * A second new protein production model, one that also
relies on ruminants and roughage, has evolved in four
provinces in eastern China—Hebei, Shandong, Henan.
Although wheat straw and cornstalks are often used as
fuel for cooking, villagers are shifting to other sources
of energy for this,
* Which lets them feed the straw and cornstalks to
cattle. Supplementing this roughage with small
amounts of nitrogen in the form of urea allows the
microflora in the complex four- stomach digestive
system of cattle to convert roughage into animal
protein more efficiently.
* These four crop-producing provinces in China, dubbed
the beef belt by officials, use crop residues to produce
much more beef than the vast grazing provinces in the
Northwest do.
* The use of crop residues to produce milk in India and
beef in China lets farmers reap a second harvest from
the original grain crop, thus boosting both land and
water productivity.
*Second harvest from the
original grain crop.
45. * Meat consumption is growing 2 times as fast
as population.
* Egg consumption is growing nearly 3 times as
fast, and
* Growth in the demand for fish—both from the
oceans and from fish farms—is also outpacing
that of population.
*
46. * The world has had many years of experience in
feeding an additional 70 million people each year.
*It has no experience with some 5
billion people striving to move up
the food chain at the same time.
* Diversifying diets has dramatically improved
nutrition in China.
* Half the women in the developing world
suffer from anemia, the world's most common
nutritional deficiency.
* Diets high in starchy food and low in iron-rich
foods, such as leafy green
vegetables, shellfish, nuts, and red meat lead to
insufficient iron in the diet, which in turn leads to
low birth- weights and high infant and maternal
mortality.
*
47. * Encouragingly, a decade of research by the
Canadian-based micronutrient initiative has
succeeded in fortifying salt with iodine and
iron together.
* Just as iodine fortification of salt eliminated
iodine deficiency diseases, so, too, can the
addition of iron eliminate iron deficiency
diseases.
* This double-fortified salt is being introduced
initially in India, Kenya, and Nigeria.
* The prospect of eliminating iron deficiency
disorders at an annual cost of 20c per person
is one of the most exciting new options for
improving the human condition in this new
century.
*
48. * A: “At what level of food consumption?”
* One of the questions i am most often asked is,
Q: "how many people can the earth support?"
*At the U.S. Level of 800 kilograms of
grain per person annually for food and
feed, the 2-billion-ton annual world
harvest of grain would support 2.5
billion people.
* At the Italian level of consumption of close to 400
kilograms, the current harvest would support 5
billion people, 100% more.
* At the 200 kilograms of grain consumed by the
average Indian, it would support a population of 10
billion, 300% more.
*
49. * In every society where incomes rise, people
move up the food chain, eating more animal
protein as beef, pork, poultry, milk, eggs, and
seafood.
* The mix of animal products varies with
geography and culture, but the shift to more
livestock products as purchasing power
increases appears to be universal.
* As consumption of livestock
products, poultry, and farmed fish rises, grain
use per person also rises.
*
50. * Roughly 800 kilograms of grain consumed per
person each year in the United States, about
* 100 kilograms is eaten directly as
bread, pasta, and breakfast cereals,
* 700 kilograms, the bulk of the grain is consumed
indirectly in the form of livestock and poultry
products.
* By contrast, in India, where people consume
just under 200 kilograms of grain per year, or
roughly a pound per day,
* Nearly all grain is eaten directly to satisfy basic
food energy needs.
* Little is available for conversion into livestock
products.
*
51. * Life expectancy is highest in Italy even though U.S.
Medical expenditures per person are much higher.
* People who live very low or very high on the food
chain do not live as long as those in an intermediate
position.
* Mediterranean type diet that includes
meat, cheese, and seafood - healthier and live
longer.
* High on the food chain, such as Americans or
Canadians, can improve their health by moving
down the food chain.
* In low-income countries like India, where a starchy
staple such as rice can supply 60 percent or more of
total caloric intake, eating more protein-rich foods
can improve health and raise life expectancy.
*
52. * Energy used in the food economy to provide the
typical American diet and
* That used for personal transportation are roughly
the same.
* The range between the more and less carbon-
intensive transportation options and dietary options
is each about 4 to 1.
* With cars, the Toyota Prius, a gas-electric
hybrid, uses scarcely one fourth as much fuel as a
Chevrolet suburban SUV.
* Similarly with diets, a plant-based diet requires
roughly one fourth as much energy as a diet rich in
red meat.
*Shifting from a diet rich in red meat to a
plant-based diet cuts greenhouse gas
emissions as much as shifting from a
suburban suv to a Prius.
*
53. 1. Inclusion of soybean meal in feed rations to
convert grain into animal protein more
efficiently,
2. The shift by consumers to more grain-
efficient forms of animal protein, and
3. The movement of consumers down the food
chain,
This reduces carbon emissions and thus helps to
stabilize climate as well.
*
54. * October 2007, the food prospect does not look
particularly promising.
* Grain prices in recent days have reached
historic highs.
* Wheat has gone over $9 a bushel for the first
time in history—more than double the figure
a year earlier.
* International food aid flows are being slashed
as rising grain prices collide with fixed budgets
* If we continue with business-as-usual, the
number of hungry people will soar.
* Cheap food may now be history.
*
55. * Whenever the world grain harvest fell short
and prices started to rise,
* The U.S. Department of agriculture would
return to production the cropland that had
been idled under commodity-supply
management programs,
* Thus boosting output and stabilizing prices.
* This era ended in 1996 when the United States
discontinued its annual cropland set-aside
program.
*
56. * Hunger is almost always the result of poverty.
* Where populations are outrunning their land
and water resources, eradicating hunger also
depends on stabilizing population.
* Our Plan B goal is to stabilize world
population by 2040 at the 8-billion level.
* This will not be easy, but the alternative may
be a halt in population growth because of
rising mortality.
*
57. * New reality is that the ministry of energy may have
a greater influence on future food security than the
ministry of agriculture.
*Principal threat to food security
today is climate change from the
burning of fossil fuels.
* Minimize crop-withering heat waves.
* Prevent the melting of the glaciers that feed Asia's
major rivers during the dry season.
* To prevent the ice sheet melting that would
inundate the river deltas and floodplains that
produce much of the Asian rice harvest.
*Energy may have a
greater influence on
future food security.
58. * Whether to develop auto-centered systems
or more-diversified transport systems that
are less land-intensive, including light
rail, buses, and bicycles, will directly affect
world food security.
* Transportation policies that diversify transport
systems and reduce fossil fuel use will also
help stabilize climate.
*
59. * Given the turmoil in world grain markets in
late 2007, it is time for the U.S. Government to
place a moratorium on the licensing of any
more grain-based ethanol distilleries.
*
60. * Whether we bike or drive to work will affect
carbon emissions, climate change, and food
security.
* The size of the car we drive to the
supermarket may affect the size of the bill at
the supermarket checkout counter.
* If we are living high on the food chain, we can
move down, improving our health while helping
to stabilize climate.
* Food security is something in which we all have
a stake—and a responsibility.
*
61. 1. Breed crops that are more 10. Fish polyculture.
tolerant of drought and
cold. 11. Roughage for fodder.
2. Multicrop land. 12. Fortified salt.
3. Additional fertilization in 13. Move poor up the food-
Africa.
chain.
4. Secure land ownership.
Raise water, nutrient 14. Eradicate Poverty.
productivity: 15. STABILIZE CLIMATE.
5. Raise irrigation efficiency. 16. Lower-footprint
6. Raise price on water. transportation.
6. Move over-privileged down 17. Lower-footprint housing.
food-chain.
7. Limit to yield of aquifers 18. TERMINATE FOOD INTO
and rivers. FUEL.
8. Produce protein more
efficiently.
9. Grain, then
chicken, Herbivorous fish.
*