Placenta previa
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Placenta previa is a condition where the placenta is implanted in the lower uterine segment or covers the internal cervical os. There are three types: total, partial, and marginal. Risk factors include advanced maternal age, multiple previous pregnancies, prior cesarean delivery, smoking, and large or abnormal placentas. Symptoms typically include painless bleeding in the third trimester. Diagnosis is made through patient history, symptoms, abdominal examination, and ultrasonography. Potential effects include obstetric hemorrhage, placenta accreta, anemia, and fetal complications. Treatment depends on the type but may include bed rest, blood transfusions, induction of labor for marginal cases, and cesare
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Antepartum Hemorrhage
Antepartum hemorrhage (APH) is vaginal bleeding occurring between 24 weeks of pregnancy and birth. It affects 3-5% of pregnancies and can range from light spotting to heavy bleeding with signs of shock. The main causes are placenta previa, placental abruption, and unknown origins. APH poses risks to both mother and fetus, including anemia, infection, shock, and fetal hypoxia. Diagnosis involves examination, ultrasound, and tests. Management depends on gestational age and severity of bleeding, and may involve admission, monitoring, resuscitation, corticosteroids, tocolysis, and delivery.
Placenta previa
This document provides information on placenta previa, including its definition, pathogenesis, risk factors, classification, placental migration, clinical features, diagnosis, localization, management, complications, distinguishing features from abruption placentae, and thank you message at the end. Placenta previa is defined as when the placenta implants partially or completely over the lower uterine segment. The placenta normally implants in the upper uterine fundus but can implant lower due to suboptimal decidualization or blood supply, or a large placenta in multifetal pregnancies. Ultrasound is the primary diagnostic tool and most placenta previa diagnosed in the second trimester will migrate by term, with management including expect
Cpd
Cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD) refers to a disparity between the fetal head size and the mother's pelvic size that can impact labor and delivery. It is defined as the essential diameters of the pelvis being shortened by at least 0.5 cm. CPD can be caused by conditions like rickets, osteomalacia, or injuries that impact pelvic development. It increases risks during labor like prolonged labor, operative delivery, maternal injuries, and fetal hazards. Management options include preterm induction, elective c-section, or a trial of labor depending on the individual case.
Placenta previa
Placenta previa is a condition where the placenta implants in the lower uterine segment, either over or very near the internal cervical os. It is classified based on how much of the internal os is covered by the placenta. Risk factors include advanced maternal age, multiparity, previous cesarean delivery, smoking, and increased maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein. Diagnosis is made clinically based on uterine bleeding after mid-pregnancy or via ultrasound imaging. Management depends on fetal age and maturity, status of labor, and severity of bleeding, and may involve close observation, scheduled cesarean section, or emergency cesarean section in case of heavy bleeding.
Cord prolapse
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multiple pregnancy
Multiple pregnancies can involve more than two fetuses developing simultaneously in the uterus. The most common variety is twins, while triplets, quadruplets, and more are rare. Management of multiple pregnancies aims to monitor fetal well-being and expedite delivery of additional fetuses after the first to prevent strain from placental insufficiency. Cesarean section may be recommended depending on fetal presentation and other complications.
Placental development
The placenta develops from small projections called chorionic villi on the blastocyst that proliferate and erode into the walls of maternal blood vessels by the 17th day of gestation. By 10 weeks of gestation, the placenta has fully developed and each villus and its branches form cotyledons that allow for respiratory, nutritive, excretory, and endocrine functions by mechanisms like diffusion, active transport, and phagocytosis. The mature placenta is a discoid structure weighing around 500g that is the site of gas, nutrient, waste, and antibody exchange between mother and fetus.
Aph
Antepartum haemorrhage is defined as bleeding from or into the genital tract after 28 weeks of pregnancy. The main causes are placental bleeding (70%), unexplained bleeding (25%), and extraplacental bleeding (5%). Placenta praevia, where the placenta implants over the lower uterine segment, is a common cause and accounts for 35% of cases. It can be diagnosed using ultrasound and risks include preterm birth, fetal distress, postpartum hemorrhage, and increased need for operative delivery. Management involves bed rest, monitoring for bleeding and fetal wellbeing, blood transfusions if needed, and potential early delivery by caesarean section.
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Antepartum Hemorrhage
Antepartum hemorrhage (APH) is vaginal bleeding occurring between 24 weeks of pregnancy and birth. It affects 3-5% of pregnancies and can range from light spotting to heavy bleeding with signs of shock. The main causes are placenta previa, placental abruption, and unknown origins. APH poses risks to both mother and fetus, including anemia, infection, shock, and fetal hypoxia. Diagnosis involves examination, ultrasound, and tests. Management depends on gestational age and severity of bleeding, and may involve admission, monitoring, resuscitation, corticosteroids, tocolysis, and delivery.
Placenta previa
This document provides information on placenta previa, including its definition, pathogenesis, risk factors, classification, placental migration, clinical features, diagnosis, localization, management, complications, distinguishing features from abruption placentae, and thank you message at the end. Placenta previa is defined as when the placenta implants partially or completely over the lower uterine segment. The placenta normally implants in the upper uterine fundus but can implant lower due to suboptimal decidualization or blood supply, or a large placenta in multifetal pregnancies. Ultrasound is the primary diagnostic tool and most placenta previa diagnosed in the second trimester will migrate by term, with management including expect
Cpd
Cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD) refers to a disparity between the fetal head size and the mother's pelvic size that can impact labor and delivery. It is defined as the essential diameters of the pelvis being shortened by at least 0.5 cm. CPD can be caused by conditions like rickets, osteomalacia, or injuries that impact pelvic development. It increases risks during labor like prolonged labor, operative delivery, maternal injuries, and fetal hazards. Management options include preterm induction, elective c-section, or a trial of labor depending on the individual case.
Placenta previa
Placenta previa is a condition where the placenta implants in the lower uterine segment, either over or very near the internal cervical os. It is classified based on how much of the internal os is covered by the placenta. Risk factors include advanced maternal age, multiparity, previous cesarean delivery, smoking, and increased maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein. Diagnosis is made clinically based on uterine bleeding after mid-pregnancy or via ultrasound imaging. Management depends on fetal age and maturity, status of labor, and severity of bleeding, and may involve close observation, scheduled cesarean section, or emergency cesarean section in case of heavy bleeding.
Cord prolapse
This topic contains definition, types, etiology, associated factors, diagnosis, management of cord prolapse.
multiple pregnancy
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Placental development
The placenta develops from small projections called chorionic villi on the blastocyst that proliferate and erode into the walls of maternal blood vessels by the 17th day of gestation. By 10 weeks of gestation, the placenta has fully developed and each villus and its branches form cotyledons that allow for respiratory, nutritive, excretory, and endocrine functions by mechanisms like diffusion, active transport, and phagocytosis. The mature placenta is a discoid structure weighing around 500g that is the site of gas, nutrient, waste, and antibody exchange between mother and fetus.
Aph
Antepartum haemorrhage is defined as bleeding from or into the genital tract after 28 weeks of pregnancy. The main causes are placental bleeding (70%), unexplained bleeding (25%), and extraplacental bleeding (5%). Placenta praevia, where the placenta implants over the lower uterine segment, is a common cause and accounts for 35% of cases. It can be diagnosed using ultrasound and risks include preterm birth, fetal distress, postpartum hemorrhage, and increased need for operative delivery. Management involves bed rest, monitoring for bleeding and fetal wellbeing, blood transfusions if needed, and potential early delivery by caesarean section.
abruptio placenta
This document presents information on abruption placenta from a nursing college presentation. It defines abruption placenta as premature separation of a normally situated placenta after 28 weeks of gestation. It discusses the incidence, risk factors like maternal age and hypertension, signs and symptoms like vaginal bleeding and abdominal pain, diagnosis using ultrasound and coagulation tests, and management including fluid replacement, blood transfusion, and sometimes c-section. Nursing care focuses on monitoring maternal and fetal vital signs and blood loss, providing comfort, and watching for complications of abruption placenta like shock.
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antepartum haemorrhage
Third trimester bleeding can be caused by conditions like placental abruption, placenta previa, and bloody show. Placenta previa is when the placenta implants over or near the cervical os, which can cause unavoidable bleeding as the cervix dilates. It is classified by how close the placenta is to the os. Placental abruption occurs when the placenta separates prematurely from the uterus, which can cause pain and bleeding. It is a serious emergency risking fetal and maternal health. Ultrasound and coagulation tests can help diagnose the cause of bleeding, and management depends on gestational age and fetal wellbeing.
Placenta previa
Placenta previa is a condition in which the placenta lies very low in the uterus and covers all or part of the cervix. The cervix is the opening to the uterus that sits at the top of the vagina. Placenta previa happens in about 1 in 200 pregnancies.
Placenta praevia risk factors include a previous delivery, age older than 35 and a history of previous surgeries, such as a caesarean section (C-section) or uterine fibroid removal.
The main symptom is bright red vaginal bleeding without pain during the second-half of pregnancy. The condition can also cause severe bleeding before or during delivery.
Limited physical activity is recommended. A C-section is often required in severe cases.
ANTEPARTUM HEMMORHAGE
Antepartum hemorrhage, or bleeding during pregnancy, is a medical emergency that can have serious consequences. The most common causes are placenta previa, abruptio placenta, and vasa previa. In placenta previa, the placenta covers all or part of the cervix, which can cause painless bleeding. Abruptio placenta occurs when the placenta separates prematurely from the uterus, often causing abdominal pain and bleeding. Vasa previa involves blood vessels running through the membranes near the cervix, which can rupture during labor. Immediate medical care is needed to stabilize the mother and determine the cause through ultrasound and other tests in order to guide management
Antepartum haemorrhage
Antepartum haemorrhage (APH) is bleeding from or into the genital tract occurring between 24 weeks of pregnancy until birth. The most common causes are placenta praevia and placental abruption. APH complicates 3-5% of pregnancies and is a leading cause of perinatal and maternal mortality worldwide. Management of APH involves assessing the severity of bleeding and signs of shock, investigating the cause, monitoring the fetus, and considering conservative management or delivery depending on gestational age and stability of the mother and fetus. Definitive treatment depends on the specific cause and can involve induction, vaginal delivery, or caesarean section.
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This document discusses two causes of antepartum hemorrhage (APH): placenta previa and abruption placentae. Placenta previa occurs when the placenta implants in the lower uterine segment, partially or fully covering the cervical os. Abruptio placentae is the premature separation of a normally implanted placenta. Both can lead to painless vaginal bleeding in pregnancy. Placenta previa is typically managed expectantly with bed rest or through cesarean section depending on the degree and bleeding. Abruptio placentae requires emergency measures and often immediate delivery due to associated risks of hemorrhage, shock, and fetal mortality. Complications, diagnosis, and
Antepartum Hemorrhage(APH)
Under the topic of (APH) I talked about the most common causes of (APH) which are placental causes, including Placental Abruption, Placenta Previa and Vasa previa and I depended on the most famous obstetric and gynecological books, Like:
1-An evidence-based text for MRCOG, THIRD EDITION. 2016
2-Bedside Obstetrics and Gynecology (2010)
3-Differential_Diagnosis_in_Obstetrics and gynecology
And other books
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This document presents information on abruption placenta from a nursing college presentation. It defines abruption placenta as premature separation of a normally situated placenta after 28 weeks of gestation. It discusses the incidence, risk factors like maternal age and hypertension, signs and symptoms like vaginal bleeding and abdominal pain, diagnosis using ultrasound and coagulation tests, and management including fluid replacement, blood transfusion, and sometimes c-section. Nursing care focuses on monitoring maternal and fetal vital signs and blood loss, providing comfort, and watching for complications of abruption placenta like shock.
Antepartum haemorrhage
This document discusses various causes of antepartum hemorrhage (APH), including placenta previa, abruption placentae, and vasa previa. Placenta previa, where the placenta implants in the lower uterine segment, accounts for about one-third of APH cases. Risk factors include advancing maternal age, multiparity, prior cesarean delivery, and smoking. Management depends on gestational age and severity of bleeding, ranging from bed rest to cesarean delivery. Abruptio placentae is the premature separation of a normally implanted placenta and can cause concealed or revealed bleeding. It is associated with increased risks of fetal and maternal complications. Vasa previa
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This document discusses puerperal pyrexia, which is a temperature of 100.4°F or higher within the first 10 days following delivery. It defines puerperal pyrexia and notes its historical prevalence. The causes are listed for different time periods postpartum, including atelectasis, urinary tract infections, endometritis, wound infections, and mastitis. Puerperal sepsis is also defined as an infection of the genital tract occurring after delivery. Risk factors and causes are provided. Signs and symptoms, investigations, prophylaxis, treatment including isolation, antibiotics, and potential surgical interventions are summarized.
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Third trimester bleeding can be caused by conditions like placental abruption, placenta previa, and bloody show. Placenta previa is when the placenta implants over or near the cervical os, which can cause unavoidable bleeding as the cervix dilates. It is classified by how close the placenta is to the os. Placental abruption occurs when the placenta separates prematurely from the uterus, which can cause pain and bleeding. It is a serious emergency risking fetal and maternal health. Ultrasound and coagulation tests can help diagnose the cause of bleeding, and management depends on gestational age and fetal wellbeing.
Placenta previa
Placenta previa is a condition in which the placenta lies very low in the uterus and covers all or part of the cervix. The cervix is the opening to the uterus that sits at the top of the vagina. Placenta previa happens in about 1 in 200 pregnancies.
Placenta praevia risk factors include a previous delivery, age older than 35 and a history of previous surgeries, such as a caesarean section (C-section) or uterine fibroid removal.
The main symptom is bright red vaginal bleeding without pain during the second-half of pregnancy. The condition can also cause severe bleeding before or during delivery.
Limited physical activity is recommended. A C-section is often required in severe cases.
ANTEPARTUM HEMMORHAGE
Antepartum hemorrhage, or bleeding during pregnancy, is a medical emergency that can have serious consequences. The most common causes are placenta previa, abruptio placenta, and vasa previa. In placenta previa, the placenta covers all or part of the cervix, which can cause painless bleeding. Abruptio placenta occurs when the placenta separates prematurely from the uterus, often causing abdominal pain and bleeding. Vasa previa involves blood vessels running through the membranes near the cervix, which can rupture during labor. Immediate medical care is needed to stabilize the mother and determine the cause through ultrasound and other tests in order to guide management
Antepartum haemorrhage
Antepartum haemorrhage (APH) is bleeding from or into the genital tract occurring between 24 weeks of pregnancy until birth. The most common causes are placenta praevia and placental abruption. APH complicates 3-5% of pregnancies and is a leading cause of perinatal and maternal mortality worldwide. Management of APH involves assessing the severity of bleeding and signs of shock, investigating the cause, monitoring the fetus, and considering conservative management or delivery depending on gestational age and stability of the mother and fetus. Definitive treatment depends on the specific cause and can involve induction, vaginal delivery, or caesarean section.
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This document provides an overview of preterm labor and abnormal uterine action. It begins by defining preterm labor as labor starting between 24-28 weeks and before 37 weeks of pregnancy. The prevalence of preterm labor is reported to range between 5-10%. Risk factors for preterm labor are then discussed, along with potential maternal and fetal complications. Diagnosis and management of preterm labor focuses on preventing onset, arresting labor if possible, and providing appropriate neonatal care. The document then discusses various types of abnormal uterine action including hypertonic, hypotonic, dyscoordinate, and tonic contractions. Causes, signs, and management are described for each type. Cervical dystocia is also reviewed, distinguishing between primary
Management of Preterm labor
Please find the power point on Management of Preterm labor. I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
Inversion of the uterus
Uterine inversion is a rare complication where the uterus turns inside out, and can be partial or complete. It occurs in around 1 in 20,000 deliveries and is usually acute and complete. There are three degrees - first involves dimpling of the fundus, second passes through the cervix into the vagina, and third is complete outside the vulva. Treatment involves urgent manual replacement or hydrostatic replacement under anesthesia to prevent shock, hemorrhage, infection and other complications. Proper management of the third stage of labor can prevent induced inversions.
Breech presentation
Breech presentation refers to when the fetus is in a longitudinal lie with its buttocks as the lowest part. The document discusses the different types of breech presentations as well as their incidence, classifications, positions, etiology, diagnosis, and management both during pregnancy and delivery. Management during pregnancy includes attempting external cephalic version after 36 weeks to convert the fetus to head-first position. Management during delivery depends on factors such as gestational age and fetal/maternal conditions, and may involve vaginal delivery with assistance, total breech extraction, or cesarean section to avoid risks to the mother and fetus.
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This document discusses postpartum haemorrhage (PPH), defined as blood loss exceeding 500 ml following childbirth. It notes that PPH has various causes including an atonic uterus, trauma during delivery, retained placental tissues, and coagulation disorders. The primary types are those occurring within 24 hours of delivery. Management involves controlling blood loss, administering oxytocics, and may require interventions like uterine packing or hysterectomy in severe cases. Prevention strategies include active management of the third stage of labour and being prepared to treat PPH as a potential complication of childbirth.
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Cord prolapse
Cord prolapse occurs when the umbilical cord slips below the presenting fetal part and out of the birth canal. It has an incidence of 1 in 300 deliveries and is more common in parous women. Risk factors include abnormal cord insertion, prematurity, and procedures that increase pressure on the cord before engagement. Clinical signs include bradycardia after rupture of membranes and variable or prolonged decelerations unresponsive to treatment. Management involves relieving pressure on the cord, positioning the mother, monitoring the fetus, and rapid delivery of the baby, usually by C-section.
Active management of normal labour
This document outlines the active management of normal labour in 4 stages: antenatal preparation, first stage (history, exam, procedures), second stage (delivery of baby), third stage (delivery of placenta), and fourth stage (postpartum care of mother and baby). The goal is a healthy delivery with minimal effects. Key procedures include monitoring contractions/fetal heart with a partogram, positioning, nutrition, analgesia, perineal support, and immediate newborn care.
Complications of third stage of labour
complcations of third stage of labour, includes PPH, Inversion of uterus, retained placenta, placenta accreta, increta, percreta, amniotic fluid embolism
Malpresentation malposition by ILI
This document discusses various fetal malpresentations and malpositions that can occur during labor and delivery. It defines malpresentation as a non-vertex presentation such as breech, brow, or transverse lie, and malposition as positions other than occiput anterior. Common presentations and positions are described along with their diagnosis, management, and potential complications. Breech presentation management includes external cephalic version, spontaneous version, or caesarean section depending on gestational age and other risk factors. Vaginal breech delivery techniques like Pinard's maneuver and Burns Marshall method are outlined. Face presentations are also summarized.
Partogram by Dr Uttara Gupta
Partogram is a useful tool for the assessment and management of labour. This presentation describes the method to plot partogram and means how to assess prolonged labour by using it.
Placental and cord abnormalities
This document discusses placental and umbilical cord abnormalities. It begins by describing normal placental anatomy and development. It then covers various types of placental anomalies including abnormalities of form, position, relationships to cord/membranes, and diseases. Umbilical cord abnormalities such as short/long length, knots, torsion, and single umbilical artery are also reviewed. In summary, the document provides an overview of common placental and umbilical cord abnormalities for Mrs. Savita presented by Nikita Sharma.
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This document discusses two causes of antepartum hemorrhage (APH): placenta previa and abruption placentae. Placenta previa occurs when the placenta implants in the lower uterine segment, partially or fully covering the cervical os. Abruptio placentae is the premature separation of a normally implanted placenta. Both can lead to painless vaginal bleeding in pregnancy. Placenta previa is typically managed expectantly with bed rest or through cesarean section depending on the degree and bleeding. Abruptio placentae requires emergency measures and often immediate delivery due to associated risks of hemorrhage, shock, and fetal mortality. Complications, diagnosis, and
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Under the topic of (APH) I talked about the most common causes of (APH) which are placental causes, including Placental Abruption, Placenta Previa and Vasa previa and I depended on the most famous obstetric and gynecological books, Like:
1-An evidence-based text for MRCOG, THIRD EDITION. 2016
2-Bedside Obstetrics and Gynecology (2010)
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And other books
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Types 1 and 2 are classified as minor placental praevia as these typically result in minor antepartum haemorrhaging. Types 3 and 4 are referred to as major placental praevia due to the risk of heavy haemorrhaging in the case of a rupture due to the location of placental attachment.
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This document provides information on diagnosing pregnancy through various stages. In the first trimester, common subjective symptoms include amenorrhea, morning sickness, frequent urination, and breast discomfort. Objective signs are breast changes, a suprapubic bulge from the uterus, and pelvic changes. Immunological tests and ultrasounds can also detect pregnancy. In the second trimester, symptoms subside while quickening and uterine enlargement occur. Objective findings include skin changes and ballottement. Fetal heart sounds are also detectable. In the third trimester, symptoms include further abdominal enlargement while signs are prominent skin changes and engagement of the fetal presenting part. Symphysis fundal height measurement can assess gestational age.
Early pregnancy
This document discusses complications that can occur in early pregnancy, defined as the first 12 weeks. It describes things that should be seen on an early pregnancy ultrasound like the gestational sac, yolk sac, and embryo. It then discusses various complications in more detail like missed abortion, blighted ovum, incomplete abortion, inevitable abortion, complete spontaneous abortion, and ectopic pregnancy. For each complication, it provides definitions and example ultrasound images showing the characteristic findings. Hydatidiform mole is also mentioned as another potential complication.
1 st trim usg
This document discusses ultrasound in the first trimester of pregnancy. It defines the first trimester as the first 13 weeks following the last menstrual period. The goals of first trimester ultrasound are listed as assessing for intrauterine/extrauterine pregnancy location, detecting embryonic cardiac activity, identifying blighted ovum, missed abortion, multiple gestation, estimating gestational age, and screening for congenital abnormalities. The document then discusses ultrasound findings expected at different gestational ages from the conceptus period through the embryonic period. Key findings discussed include the intradecidual sign, double decidual sac sign, gestational sac, yolk sac, cardiac activity, and estimation of gestational age. Complications discussed include ectopic pregnancy,
APH.pptx
This document defines and discusses placenta previa and abruption placentae, two causes of antepartum hemorrhage (APH). Placenta previa occurs when the placenta implants in the lower uterine segment, covering all or part of the cervical os. It can be graded based on the extent of coverage. Abruptio placentae is the premature separation of a normally implanted placenta, which can manifest as revealed, concealed, or mixed bleeding. Both conditions are evaluated based on symptoms, abdominal and vaginal examination findings, ultrasound localization of the placenta, and management involves expectant treatment, induction/acceleration of labor, or cesarean section depending on gestational age and
ANTEPARTUM HAEMORRHAGE.pptx
1. Antepartum haemorrhage (APH) is defined as bleeding from or into the genital tract after 28 weeks of pregnancy but before birth. Placenta previa, where the placenta covers all or part of the cervix, is a common cause of APH.
2. Ultrasonography is the preferred method for diagnosing placenta previa as it avoids the risks of vaginal examination and allows for early diagnosis and management planning. Expectant management can be attempted if bleeding is not heavy, but delivery is usually required by 37 weeks.
3. Complications of placenta previa include recurrent bleeding, preterm delivery, placenta accreta,
16.Haemorrhage
The document defines and classifies antepartum haemorrhage, placenta praevia, and abruptio placenta. Placenta praevia is when the placenta attaches to the lower uterine segment, and is classified into four types. Abruptio placenta is the separation of the placenta from the implantation site before delivery. The document discusses the causes, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment principles for each condition. Key differences between placenta praevia and abruptio placenta include placental location, presence of pain, fetal heart rate, clotting, and risk factors like prior cesareans versus hypertension.
Seminar aph
This document discusses placenta praevia, beginning with definitions and classifications. It then discusses causes, pathology, clinical presentation, investigations and management. Placenta praevia is defined as the placenta being wholly or partly in the lower uterine segment. It is classified depending on the extent of coverage of the cervical os, from Type I where the placenta reaches the margin to Type IV where it completely covers the os. Clinical presentation includes painless vaginal bleeding. Investigations include ultrasound and CTG. Management depends on the type, with Types I and II anterior usually being managed by ARM and oxytocin, while Types II posterior, III and IV usually require caesarean section due to risk of
placenta previa mine.pptx
Placenta previa is a condition where the placenta implants in the lower uterine segment, either partially or completely covering the internal cervical os. There are four types ranging from low-lying where the placenta does not reach the cervical os to central/total where it completely covers the os. Risk factors include multiparity, advanced maternal age, previous C-sections, and smoking. The main symptom is painless vaginal bleeding which can occur in late pregnancy. Cesarean delivery is usually required to prevent complications like hemorrhage.
ULTRASOUND OF OBSTETRICS EMERGENCIES.pptx
This document discusses various obstetric emergencies that can be identified on ultrasound. It begins by listing common obstetric emergencies like ectopic pregnancy, threatened abortion, placental abruption, and postpartum complications. For each emergency, the document provides ultrasound findings to help with diagnosis. It discusses features of bleeding in different trimesters that could indicate issues like miscarriage, placenta previa, or vasa previa. Other topics covered include gestational trophoblastic disease, retained products of conception after delivery or miscarriage, and ovarian vein thrombosis. Throughout, the document emphasizes the utility of ultrasound in evaluating patients and identifying potential obstetric complications.
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Placenta previa
- 2. PLACENTA PRAEVIA Definition: placenta is implanted in the lower uterine segment and located over the internal os it is occur totally or partly.
- 4. TYPES 1.Total placenta previa The internal cervical os is covered completely by placenta 2.Partial placenta previa The internal os is partially covered by placenta 3.Marginal placenta previa The edge of the placenta is at the margin of the intenal os.
- 5. CAUSES 1.maternal age: >35 years: placenta previa is 3times at age 35 as at age 25. 2.multiparty: 85% - 90% 3.prior cesarean delivery: 5 times 4.Smoking 5. Large placenta (as in twins) 6.Breech presentation 7. Placental abnormality
- 6. SIGNS &SYMPTOMS Painless hemorrhage(bright red)usually occurs in late pregnancy after 7month Fetal movement &heart sound are normal. Abnormal fetal presentation, high and freely mobile(breech)
- 7. DIAGNOSIS Pt.History 1. Painless hemorrhage 2. At late pregnancy or delivery 3. History of curettage or CS Signs&Symptoms. Abdominal findings 1) Uterus is soft, relaxed and no tender. 2) Contraction may be palpated. 3) A high presenting part can’t be pressed into the pelvic inlet. Breech presentation 4) Fetal heart tones maybe disappear (shock or abruption) Ultrasonography
- 8. EFFECTS obstetrical hemorrhage Placenta accreta Anemia and infection Premature labor or fetal death or fetal distress
- 9. TREATMENTS 1. Admission to hospital, rest in bed until 38 weeks, sedation, 2. Blood transfusion& Treatment of anemia 3.Vaginal delivery Marginal placenta previa ……..Induced labor by artificial rupture of membrane. -Partial &total placenta previa……C/S
- 10. END