Placebos are designed to be inert pills used in clinical trials to test new medications. However, their use can potentially cause harm if an effective treatment already exists but is withheld. This occurred in AZT trials in Africa in the 1990s that tested lower doses of the HIV drug on pregnant women. Many women in the placebo group contracted HIV and some babies died, despite AZT being known to prevent transmission. While placebos can be useful for research, withholding effective treatments violates medical ethics especially when coercing vulnerable populations in developing countries with limited options.
Whole body scan has become the new medical trend, where in it allows a transparent view of the body. It is CT scanning the whole body from chin to below the hip, which involves multiple X-ray cross sectional images.
Apollo Hospitals provides a Future Check which involves elicitation of a detailed Medical History, including information on current health status, present complaints, past medical history, family history, lifestyle, habits, stress levels etc. It also includes assessment of sexual health and the ageing process, vaccination history, cancer screening etc.
Whole body scan has become the new medical trend, wherein it allows a transparent view of the body. It is CT scanning the whole body from chin to below the hip, which involves multiple X-ray cross sectional images.
Whole body scan has become the new medical trend, where in it allows a transparent view of the body. It is CT scanning the whole body from chin to below the hip, which involves multiple X-ray cross sectional images.
Apollo Hospitals provides a Future Check which involves elicitation of a detailed Medical History, including information on current health status, present complaints, past medical history, family history, lifestyle, habits, stress levels etc. It also includes assessment of sexual health and the ageing process, vaccination history, cancer screening etc.
Whole body scan has become the new medical trend, wherein it allows a transparent view of the body. It is CT scanning the whole body from chin to below the hip, which involves multiple X-ray cross sectional images.
A presentation done by
Jackeline Bartholomew
Ronald Granger
Bernicia Lyons
Frankson Marshall
Petra Mitchell
Jennifer Peterkin
Rachelle Stiell
on metacognition in the context of reading.
Research Methodology_UNIT_V_Declaration of Helsinki M. Pharm (IIIrd Sem.)RAHUL PAL
Declaration of Helsinki: History, introduction, basic principles for all medical research, and additional principles for medical research combined with medical care.
Research Methodology_UNIT_V_Declaration of Helsinki M. Pharm (IIIrd Sem.)Prachi Pandey
Declaration of Helsinki: History, introduction, basic principles for all medical research, and additional principles for medical research combined with medical care.
GEMC: “Taming the Wild Child” - Pearls, Pitfalls and Controversies in Pediatr...Open.Michigan
This is a lecture by Dr. Jeff Holmes from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
A presentation done by
Jackeline Bartholomew
Ronald Granger
Bernicia Lyons
Frankson Marshall
Petra Mitchell
Jennifer Peterkin
Rachelle Stiell
on metacognition in the context of reading.
Research Methodology_UNIT_V_Declaration of Helsinki M. Pharm (IIIrd Sem.)RAHUL PAL
Declaration of Helsinki: History, introduction, basic principles for all medical research, and additional principles for medical research combined with medical care.
Research Methodology_UNIT_V_Declaration of Helsinki M. Pharm (IIIrd Sem.)Prachi Pandey
Declaration of Helsinki: History, introduction, basic principles for all medical research, and additional principles for medical research combined with medical care.
GEMC: “Taming the Wild Child” - Pearls, Pitfalls and Controversies in Pediatr...Open.Michigan
This is a lecture by Dr. Jeff Holmes from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
Running Head ETHICS IN CONDITIONING RESEARCH1ETHICS IN CONDIT.docxcharisellington63520
Running Head: ETHICS IN CONDITIONING RESEARCH 1
ETHICS IN CONDITIONING RESEARCH 6
Ethics In Conditioning Research
Amber Grey, Mary Oliver, Vanessa Rodriguez, & Debra Saunders
PSYCH / 635
Ms. Chelsea Hansen
February 2, 2015
Ethics in Conditioning Research
Research and experimentation has changed tremendously over the decades. Earlier research and experiments had little to no regard for human safety or ethics. The American Psychological Association (APA) created ethical guidelines that now govern all professionals in the psychology field. Ivan Pavlov is known for his work in classical conditioning is most famous for his work salivating dogs. However, Pavlov also performed the same experiments with children using some of the same methods. In one of Pavlov’s experiment shown from Film Media Group (2010), Pavlov attached an instrument to the child’s arm and a tube above his mouth that dispense cookies when a lever was pressed. When the level was pressed causing pressure to the child’s arm, a cookie was released out of the tube directly into the child’s mouth. Over time whenever the lever was pressed the child would automatically start chewing whether there was a cookie present or not. This research proposal is designed to recreate the experiment that Pavlov did with children that were unethical by today’s standards.
Problem
The American Psychological Association (APA) has created and place ethical guidelines that are for all professionals in the psychology field to follow that not only protect the professionals but also the individuals who participate in the experiments. Pavlov's Experiment with the children has shown some ethical violations that violated the children's rights according to the APA guidelines in place today. One of the Ethical Violations in Ivan Pavlov's Experiment was the Principle A: Beneficence and Nonmaleficence (APA, 2015). This ethical principle states that the psychologist seeks to have safeguards for the welfare, rights and safety of those who interact professionally and those who are participating in the experiment including animals. Pavlov's research experiment did not take the children's safety, well-being and rights as a human being into consideration on how these children would be affected by the experiment. Pavlov had little regards to the human safety which was why Pavlov's experiment violated the ethical guideline.
Recommendation
The way in which Ivan Pavlov performed his experiments on children in today’s ethical standards would be considered harsh, cruel, and inhumane. Children and dogs were treated unfairly and often times unnecessary surgical procedures were performed in the experiments. Ethically the experiments would not be permitted in society today because of the APA standards and guidelines that must be followed. Ethically by today’s standards of appropriateness Pavlov’s experiments on children can be recreated. The experiments would need to be modified to protect the physical welfar.
Information explaining what is a clinical trial and what it means to participate in one. Ins and outs, pros and cons of taking part in a clinical trial.
Project IBSL for STEM club Evangeliki Model High School of Smyrna.
Using Resources by STEM Alliance repository.
“Skin cancer into the research microscope of students”.
Clinical study types and designs are terms which represent the way in which clinical trials are structured and formulated.
Since we all know that clinical research is an extremely complex topic and not everything can be explained in a simple way, here we’ll focus only on some of the most basic types of clinical study types and designs which involve human subjects or participants.
First of all, you should know that the most basic grouping of study designs is experimental (treatment) studies and observational studies.
As we can suppose from the names, in an observational study, researchers have less control over subjects and they’re just observing what happens to subjects, while in experimental studies, researchers are using different methods (such as randomization) to place subjects in separate groups. This gives experimental studies much more validity than observational studies.
In this guide, we’ll talk about the 2 possible types of studies, as well as different study designs within.
Clinical study types and designs are terms which represent the way in which clinical trials are structured and formulated.
Since we all know that clinical research is an extremely complex topic and not everything can be explained in a simple way, here we’ll focus only on some of the most basic types of clinical study types and designs which involve human subjects or participants.
First of all, you should know that the most basic grouping of study designs is experimental (treatment) studies and observational studies.
As we can suppose from the names, in an observational study, researchers have less control over subjects and they’re just observing what happens to subjects, while in experimental studies, researchers are using different methods (such as randomization) to place subjects in separate groups. This gives experimental studies much more validity than observational studies.
In this guide, we’ll talk about the 2 possible types of studies, as well as different study designs within.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2. What is a placebo? A pill that is made up of inert ingredients manufactured for the act of taking a pill. Often referred to as “sugar pills” or “fake pills.” Designed so that a patient actively takes a pill in place of one that contains active medication.
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4. Clinical Trial: How to… Two groups are used in a clinical trial. These two groups are decided at random and are scientifically controlled.
5. Processes of a Clinical Trial http://www.themesotheliomalibrary.com/clinical-trials-overview.jpg
14. Changes to the Declaration of Geneva Since the first draft, one important revision has been made… Old Version: A placebo should not be used when an effective method exists. New Version: A placebo should not be used when an effective method is available. http://wiki.provisionslibrary.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/human_rights_first.jpg This opened the door for researchers to use placebos in clinical trials when the effective method is not available due to money, location, or scope.
15. ABUSE OF GUIDELINES A placebo should not be used when an effective method is available. The changing of the word from “exists” to “available” allows experimenters to exploit persons based on where they live or their socioeconomic status. One of the strongest example of this is the AZT trials in Africa.
17. AZT Trials: Africa The idea The developers would like to make AZT cheaper and more available, so they developed a clinical trial. This clinical trial would offer less of the drug to a patient to test if it would still be effective in lower doses. The clinical trial would be placebo controlled. The held clinical trials at 15 different sites. Most of these sites were in Africa.
18. AZT TRIALS: Africa The subjects The subjects that they would test on were pregnant women. Some of these women were extremely sick from infection and sharing cots due to limited space and funds. The tests were to see if lower amounts of medication would reduce HIV transmission from mother to child. AZT had been successful with the full course method in the US and Europe. http://www.sciencephoto.com/images/showEnlarged.html/M112336-AIDS_baby-SPL.jpg?id=771120336
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21. Is this ethical because they technically did receive the best method available to them?What about the women who received the placebo and no treatment at all? http://blog.americanhistory.si.edu/.a/6a00e553a80e1088340134872b7d11970c-800wi
23. AZT TRIALS: Africa -Conclusion- The use of placebos in the AZT trials were wrong based on permissible medical acts. In addition, they violated the standards to receive informed consent. In order for someone to give consent they must be acting autonomously. To act autonomously you must not be suffering from internal or external constraints.
24. AZT TRIALS: Africa--Conclusion- Internal Constraints External Constraints The inability to understand the situation based on mental capacity, disorders, or education. The pregnant African women were under internal constraints: Lack of education in third world countries. Depression or confusion due to illness. The use of physical force, physical constraints, coercion, or pressure. The women were most likely under some external constraints: Pressure to cure the disease and save their child. Coercion from the researchers.
25. Update on African Women with AIDS or HIV. Having Problems viewing this video? Please visit: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Pt7r-lHMbM
28. Proves the mind-body connection.http://www.neurosciencemarketing.com/blog/wp-content/photos/thumb_placebo.jpg
29. To wrap things up… The use of placebos when there are effective methods to treat, are ethically and morally wrong. Every human should receive equal treatment, regardless of place or birth, economic status, or race. There are beneficial uses of placebos, but there use is usually ill-conceived. The FDA still requires placebo-controlled clinical trials to approve a new pharmaceutical.
30. Sources All of the abovementioned information is due in part to: DeGrazia, David, Thomas Mappes, and Jeffrey Ballard. Biomedical Ethics. 7th ed. McGraw-Hill Social Sciences, 2010. Print. Ehni, Hans-Jorg, and Urban Wiesing. "International Ethical Regulations on Placebo-Use in Clinical Trials: A Comparative Analysis." Bioethics 22.1 (2008), 64-74. Hoffman, Ginger A., Anne Harrington, and Howard L. Fields. "Pain and the Placebo: What We Have Learned." Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 48.2 (2005), 248-265. Kottow, Miguel. "The improper use of research placebos." Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 16.6 (2010), 1041-1044. Michels, Karen. "Are Placebos Obsolete?." American Journal of Hypertension 9.4 (1996), 183A. Michels, Karin B. and Kenneth J. Rothman. "Update on unethical use of placebos in randomized trials.“ Bioethics17.2 (2003), 188-204. Wendland, Claire L. "Research, Therapy, and Bioethical Hegemony: The Controversy over Perinatal AZT Trials in Africa." African Studies Review 51.3 (2008), 1-23.
