In this study, a hypothetical simulation model is analyzed under varying uncertainty conditions; the key features of overlapping and functional interaction affect the performance measures of development time and effort. Findings indicate that, first and foremost, whether or not overlapping occurs, increasing functional interaction eventually leads to a sound system. A selective overview of group & individual process behaviors of a combined suction & discharge cycles of a hypothetical oil refinery plant is suggested. The pipe material is Carbon fiber reinforced plastic which is chosen because of its excellent length to weight ratio & it serves as an integral part the system which involves tank piping. This model uses psychologically legitimate & theoretically grounded models for time & decision rules. The results of preliminary simulation experiments suggest that the model is sensitive to structural & pay- off density & precisely replicates ideal free distributions. Pipe network models allow the modeling of storage tanks in which the working fluid (here, Naphtha) surface is inconsistent with inflow & outflow. Stress analysis of CFRP material shows that the maximum stresses are within allowable material strength. From the trials, it can be accomplished that, with proper design parameters, CFRP can take the design load similar to that of steel & other alloys
This document provides guidance for stress analysis of reinforced plastic (FRP) piping according to ASME B31.1 and B31.3 codes. It includes FRP pipe material properties, fitting stress analysis factors, allowable stresses, and recommendations for code stress calculations including applying a 20% increase to allowable stresses for occasional loads like wind or seismic events.
This document is a project report on piping stress analysis submitted by three students - Adwait A. Joshi, Robin T. Cherian, and Girish R. Rao - to the University of Mumbai in partial fulfillment of their Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering degree requirements. It was completed under the guidance of their internal project guide Prof. Ms. R. R. Easow at Sardar Patel College of Engineering, with external guidance from Prof. A. S. Moharir of IIT Bombay's Piping Engineering Cell. The report introduces piping stress analysis, outlines the objectives and scope of analyzing stresses in piping systems, and describes how loads are classified and their effects on piping stresses
Here are the steps to model the structural steel support:
1. Add a structural steel material (e.g. A36)
2. Define steel sections (e.g. W8x10, W6x15)
3. Add steel elements between the pipe supports and ground
4. Specify the pipe support nodes as CNODEs for the steel elements
5. Run analysis
6. Check stresses in steel
7. Check effect on piping loads and stresses
This models the structural aspect of the supports and incorporates it into the full piping analysis. It allows evaluation of both the piping and support system.
[Point] pipe stress analysis by computer-caesar iiLuis Luis
A mathematical model of a piping system was built using Caesar II software to perform pipe stress analysis. Caesar II allows engineers to create complete digital models of piping systems and have the software analyze them and calculate stresses, displacements, and loads. It can model both static and dynamic load cases. Caesar II is commonly used for designing new piping systems and troubleshooting existing systems by determining causes of failures or evaluating unanticipated operating conditions.
Stress Analysis Method , special points to be checked and understood by Piping engineers, Civil and Structural Engineers and especially by Stress Analysis Engineers.
A recommended-approach-to-piping-flexibility-studies-to-avoid-compressor-syst...Adeel Jameel
This document recommends an approach for piping flexibility studies when responsibility for the piping design is shared between a compressor packager and an engineering company. The common practice of limiting analyses to individual scopes and using anchor points and allowable loads at the boundary has limitations. Instead, it recommends overlapping the modeling scopes to account for interactions. Both parties should include a small portion of the other's piping to accurately capture the response of the complete system and avoid overly conservative designs.
Pipe stress analysis is carried out to ensure the structural integrity of piping systems and predict stresses from various loads like pressure, temperature, weight, and seismic forces. It is important to analyze thermal loads at different operating conditions, sustained loads from pressure and weight, seismic loads, wind loads, pressure relief valve reaction forces, and slug forces. All types of load cases must be considered for accurate stress analysis to prevent piping system failure.
This document discusses pipeline stress analysis using CAESAR II. It summarizes that pipeline and piping stress analysis differ in modeling approaches due to underground versus aboveground conditions. Key aspects of pipeline modeling covered include buried element modeling, use of anchor blocks at transitions from underground to aboveground, and consideration of load case combinations for stress analysis. Example results from a CAESAR II stress report are presented.
This document provides guidance for stress analysis of reinforced plastic (FRP) piping according to ASME B31.1 and B31.3 codes. It includes FRP pipe material properties, fitting stress analysis factors, allowable stresses, and recommendations for code stress calculations including applying a 20% increase to allowable stresses for occasional loads like wind or seismic events.
This document is a project report on piping stress analysis submitted by three students - Adwait A. Joshi, Robin T. Cherian, and Girish R. Rao - to the University of Mumbai in partial fulfillment of their Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering degree requirements. It was completed under the guidance of their internal project guide Prof. Ms. R. R. Easow at Sardar Patel College of Engineering, with external guidance from Prof. A. S. Moharir of IIT Bombay's Piping Engineering Cell. The report introduces piping stress analysis, outlines the objectives and scope of analyzing stresses in piping systems, and describes how loads are classified and their effects on piping stresses
Here are the steps to model the structural steel support:
1. Add a structural steel material (e.g. A36)
2. Define steel sections (e.g. W8x10, W6x15)
3. Add steel elements between the pipe supports and ground
4. Specify the pipe support nodes as CNODEs for the steel elements
5. Run analysis
6. Check stresses in steel
7. Check effect on piping loads and stresses
This models the structural aspect of the supports and incorporates it into the full piping analysis. It allows evaluation of both the piping and support system.
[Point] pipe stress analysis by computer-caesar iiLuis Luis
A mathematical model of a piping system was built using Caesar II software to perform pipe stress analysis. Caesar II allows engineers to create complete digital models of piping systems and have the software analyze them and calculate stresses, displacements, and loads. It can model both static and dynamic load cases. Caesar II is commonly used for designing new piping systems and troubleshooting existing systems by determining causes of failures or evaluating unanticipated operating conditions.
Stress Analysis Method , special points to be checked and understood by Piping engineers, Civil and Structural Engineers and especially by Stress Analysis Engineers.
A recommended-approach-to-piping-flexibility-studies-to-avoid-compressor-syst...Adeel Jameel
This document recommends an approach for piping flexibility studies when responsibility for the piping design is shared between a compressor packager and an engineering company. The common practice of limiting analyses to individual scopes and using anchor points and allowable loads at the boundary has limitations. Instead, it recommends overlapping the modeling scopes to account for interactions. Both parties should include a small portion of the other's piping to accurately capture the response of the complete system and avoid overly conservative designs.
Pipe stress analysis is carried out to ensure the structural integrity of piping systems and predict stresses from various loads like pressure, temperature, weight, and seismic forces. It is important to analyze thermal loads at different operating conditions, sustained loads from pressure and weight, seismic loads, wind loads, pressure relief valve reaction forces, and slug forces. All types of load cases must be considered for accurate stress analysis to prevent piping system failure.
This document discusses pipeline stress analysis using CAESAR II. It summarizes that pipeline and piping stress analysis differ in modeling approaches due to underground versus aboveground conditions. Key aspects of pipeline modeling covered include buried element modeling, use of anchor blocks at transitions from underground to aboveground, and consideration of load case combinations for stress analysis. Example results from a CAESAR II stress report are presented.
The document discusses analyzing stress in a buried branch connection using pipe stress analysis software Caesar II. The initial results using the basic soil model showed unrealistic high stresses at a tee. Further review found the basic soil model had much weaker axial than lateral soil springs. Switching to the more realistic American Lifelines Alliance soil model resulted in stress levels within acceptable limits by providing more balanced soil resistance. The lessons learned were to not rely solely on software and have a deep understanding of its limitations and assumptions.
This document summarizes a student project to design a high temperature and pressure naphtha piping system. It includes the project members, objectives to understand piping design concepts and flexibility, and perform stress analysis manually and using CAESER II software. The problem statement is to design a 6" diameter pipe connecting a centrifugal pump and pressure vessel operating at 300°C and 21.4kg/cm2. The document outlines the design methodology, calculations, material selection, and references used.
Introduction to Stress Analysis and Piping Vibration AnalysisAndré Fraga
This slide is a short introduction to Piping Stress Analysis and Piping Vibration Analysis. It was made as a resume to introduce new Engineers to this subject.
pipe stress analysis for piping engineeringYoga Sathish
This document provides information on pipe stress analysis, including why it is performed, what causes stress in pipes, and allowable stress limits. Pipe stress analysis is done to ensure stresses remain within safe limits due to various loads from pressure, weight, expansion, vibration and more. Stresses are evaluated separately for sustained loads and displacement loads to prevent damage. The document outlines stress analysis methods from piping codes including evaluating different load cases and calculating allowable stresses based on material properties. It also discusses stress intensification in fittings and provides the definition and calculation of stress intensification factors.
This presentation will gave an Basic idea about Pipe stress analysis, why pipe stress analysis need to perform and Having small introduction to CAESAR II Software.
The document summarizes the key changes and new features in Version 4.40 of the CAESAR II pipe stress analysis software. Some of the main updates include revised piping codes, addition of the B31.11 code, expanded static load case options, automatic generation of hydrotest load cases, updates to the 3D graphics, and addition of new configuration options. The installation process for Version 4.40 is described, which includes running an installation driver from the included CD-ROM.
Process piping fundamentals, codes and standards module 1BHARAT BELLAD
This document provides an overview of process piping fundamentals, codes, and standards. It covers topics such as pipe sizes, schedules, dimensions, materials, pressure ratings, and applicable design codes. The document is the first module in a nine-part course that introduces piping engineering concepts. It is divided into three chapters that cover piping systems basics, definitions and terminology, and relevant codes and standards like ASME B31.
The document discusses software for flexibility calculations and stress analysis of piping systems. It explains that manual analysis has limitations, so software is commonly used. Several popular piping analysis software programs are listed. The document also discusses the parameters required as inputs for flexibility calculations in software or manual analysis, including pipe material properties, temperatures, pressures, dimensions, and support locations. Finally, it explains that the pipe geometry, parameters, and support conditions are input into the software which then performs a finite element analysis to determine stresses and interpret results.
1) The document discusses the boundary conditions and design considerations for vacuum chambers. It covers external and internal pressures, temperature ranges, material properties, and relevant construction codes.
2) Key factors include withstanding differential pressures of 1 bar, accommodating temperature changes from room temperature up to bake-out temperatures of 150-300°C, and choosing materials like stainless steel or aluminum alloys that don't outgas at low pressures and temperatures.
3) The document provides steps for calculating the minimum wall thickness of a cylindrical vacuum chamber according to the ASME pressure vessel code, selecting a thickness of 1.6mm to withstand full vacuum pressures.
The document discusses the design, inspection, and repair of pressure vessels. It covers several key topics in 3 paragraphs or less:
Material selection and manufacturing processes are important considerations in pressure vessel design. Pressure vessels are designed to safely contain pressure and withstand operating stresses and temperatures over their design life. Common materials used include steel and aluminum alloys.
Design requirements include calculating stresses, dimensions, and thickness to withstand the internal pressure. Factors like pressure, vessel geometry, material properties, and temperature are considered. Standards like the ASME code provide design procedures and formulas.
Inspection and maintenance are important to determine fitness for service. The maximum allowable working pressure is based on design calculations and limits for each vessel component
The document summarizes an HTS (high-temperature superconductor) transformer. Key points:
1) HTS transformers provide benefits like greater efficiency, smaller size, and ability to operate above rated power without affecting life compared to conventional transformers.
2) A case study is presented on the development of a 630KVA three-phase HTS transformer with amorphous alloy cores by TBEA for a cable manufacturing plant.
3) Two types of AC losses are discussed - screening currents that induce heat from the external magnetic field, and coupling currents between superconducting filaments that increase the magnetic moment and AC losses.
Here's a presentation on piping engineering in PDF format, now available for all. This presentation covers the basics points of piping for our EPC industry. This presentation covers various aspects of piping engineering
A seminar presentation for major or minor project for BTech/MTech students on design of pressure vessels using composite materials. for complete presentation log on to www.mechieprojects.com
Capital project EPC service in pressure vessels & heat exchangers.
Turn around EPC service in replacement of pressure vessels & heat exchangers.
Pressure vessels and heat exchangers design & engineering.
Pressure vessels & heat exchangers re-rating.
Stress analysis to pressure vessels and other equipment.
Fitness for Service Assessment (FFS) in level 1, 2, & 3 per API 579-1/ASME FFS-1.
The pressure switch has a die cast aluminum enclosure that conforms to IP65 protection standards. It uses a piston and housing to convert pressure into mechanical force, which is balanced by a spring. When the pressure force exceeds the spring force, an electrical contact is actuated. The switch can be mounted in various positions and features different mounting options like line mounting using threads or bolts. It has a single SPDT microswitch and terminals conforming to DIN 43650 standards. The set point is adjustable by loosening a grub screw and turning an external set screw while applying pressure.
Design by Analysis - A general guideline for pressure vesselAnalyzeForSafety
This presentation file is provided by Mr. Ghanbari and published under permission.
The presentation gives an introduction and general guideline for pressure vessel design by analysis.
The “design by analysis” procedures are intended to guard against eight possible pressure vessel failure modes by performing a detailed stress analysis of the vessel with the sufficient design factors. The failure modes are:
1.excessive elastic deformation, including elastic instability,
2.excessive plastic deformation,
3.brittle fracture,
4.stress rupture/creep deformation (inelastic),
5.plastic instability - incremental collapse,
6.high strain - low cycle fatigue,
7.stress corrosion, and
8.corrosion fatigue
Most of the “design by analysis” procedures that are given in ASME BPVC relate to designs based on “elastic analysis.”
The design-by-analysis requirements are organized based on protection against the failure modes listed below. The component shall be evaluated for each applicable failure mode. If multiple assessment procedures are provided for a failure mode, only one of these procedures must be satisfied to qualify the design of a component.
a)All pressure vessels within the scope of this Division, irrespective of size or pressure, shall be provided with protection against overpressure in accordance with the requirements of this Part.
b)Protection Against Plastic Collapse – these requirements apply to all components where the thickness and configuration of the component is established using design-by-analysis rules.
c)Protection Against Local Failure – these requirements apply to all components where the thickness and configuration of the component is established using design-by-analysis rules. It is not necessary to evaluate the local strain limit criterion if the component design is in accordance with Part 4 (i.e. component wall thickness and weld detail per paragraph 4.2).
d)Protection Against Collapse From Buckling – these requirements apply to all components where the thickness and configuration of the component is established using design-by-analysis rules and the applied loads result in a compressive stress field.
e)Protection Against Failure From Cyclic Loading – these requirements apply to all components where the thickness and configuration of the component is established using design-by-analysis rules and the applied loads are cyclic. In addition, these requirements can also be used to qualify a component for cyclic loading where the thickness and size of the component are established using the design-by-rule requirements of Part 4.
Design & Stress Analysis of a Cylinder with Closed ends using ANSYSIJERA Editor
The significance of the title of the project comes to front with designing structure of the pressure vessel for static loading and its assessment by ANSYS , is basically a project concerned with design of different pressure vessel elements such as shell, Dish end ,operating manhole ,support leg based on standards and codes ; and evolution of shell and dish end analysed by means of ANSYS .The key feature included in the project is to check the behaviour of pressure vessel in case of fluctuating load . The procedural step includes various aspects such as selecting the material based on American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) codes ,and then designing on the standards procedures with referring standard manuals based on ASME .Further we have included the different manufacturing methods practice by the industries and different aspects of it .
Eugene f. megyesy-pressure_vessel_handbook_12th editionGowtham M
The document is an introduction to the Pressure Vessel Handbook, which provides concise summaries and essential information for designing and constructing pressure vessels. It compares the scope and purpose of the Pressure Vessel Handbook to the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. The Handbook covers carbon steel pressure vessels made by welding, utilizing the most economical and practical construction methods according to Code rules. It aims to make information easily accessible, while the Code establishes broader rules and does not serve as a design handbook. The Handbook is updated every three years to reflect changes to the Code and industry developments.
The document discusses the process of performing a flexibility analysis on a piping system. A flexibility analysis involves calculating strains and stresses under sustained loads and thermal expansion loads to ensure the piping has adequate support, flexibility to accommodate temperature changes, and does not exert excessive reaction forces. The document provides an example analysis of a proposed carbon steel pipe system, and how adding additional supports addressed issues found.
This document provides information about International Seismic Application Technology (ISAT), an engineering firm that specializes in seismic bracing systems. ISAT has 11 branch offices across the United States and over 15 years of experience working on OSHPD construction projects in California. The document discusses ISAT's engineering capabilities, recent project experience in Northern California including many hospital projects, and an overview of seismic code requirements for distributed utilities in the 2007 California Building Code.
End of Session 2 Presentation 11-29-16 Corey Harpe EXTERNALCorey Harpe
Corey Harpe's presentation covered his responsibilities during his rotation with Duke Energy's Fossil Hydro Operations Co-op Development Program. He discussed safety moments from inspections, analyzed piping systems using AutoPIPE and created an ASME branch reinforcement calculator. The presentation included photos from inspections of HRSGs, boilers and a discussion of benefits from projects analyzing piping stresses and reinforcing branch connections according to ASME codes. He concluded by mentioning an upcoming internship at Duke Energy's Brunswick Nuclear Plant.
The document discusses analyzing stress in a buried branch connection using pipe stress analysis software Caesar II. The initial results using the basic soil model showed unrealistic high stresses at a tee. Further review found the basic soil model had much weaker axial than lateral soil springs. Switching to the more realistic American Lifelines Alliance soil model resulted in stress levels within acceptable limits by providing more balanced soil resistance. The lessons learned were to not rely solely on software and have a deep understanding of its limitations and assumptions.
This document summarizes a student project to design a high temperature and pressure naphtha piping system. It includes the project members, objectives to understand piping design concepts and flexibility, and perform stress analysis manually and using CAESER II software. The problem statement is to design a 6" diameter pipe connecting a centrifugal pump and pressure vessel operating at 300°C and 21.4kg/cm2. The document outlines the design methodology, calculations, material selection, and references used.
Introduction to Stress Analysis and Piping Vibration AnalysisAndré Fraga
This slide is a short introduction to Piping Stress Analysis and Piping Vibration Analysis. It was made as a resume to introduce new Engineers to this subject.
pipe stress analysis for piping engineeringYoga Sathish
This document provides information on pipe stress analysis, including why it is performed, what causes stress in pipes, and allowable stress limits. Pipe stress analysis is done to ensure stresses remain within safe limits due to various loads from pressure, weight, expansion, vibration and more. Stresses are evaluated separately for sustained loads and displacement loads to prevent damage. The document outlines stress analysis methods from piping codes including evaluating different load cases and calculating allowable stresses based on material properties. It also discusses stress intensification in fittings and provides the definition and calculation of stress intensification factors.
This presentation will gave an Basic idea about Pipe stress analysis, why pipe stress analysis need to perform and Having small introduction to CAESAR II Software.
The document summarizes the key changes and new features in Version 4.40 of the CAESAR II pipe stress analysis software. Some of the main updates include revised piping codes, addition of the B31.11 code, expanded static load case options, automatic generation of hydrotest load cases, updates to the 3D graphics, and addition of new configuration options. The installation process for Version 4.40 is described, which includes running an installation driver from the included CD-ROM.
Process piping fundamentals, codes and standards module 1BHARAT BELLAD
This document provides an overview of process piping fundamentals, codes, and standards. It covers topics such as pipe sizes, schedules, dimensions, materials, pressure ratings, and applicable design codes. The document is the first module in a nine-part course that introduces piping engineering concepts. It is divided into three chapters that cover piping systems basics, definitions and terminology, and relevant codes and standards like ASME B31.
The document discusses software for flexibility calculations and stress analysis of piping systems. It explains that manual analysis has limitations, so software is commonly used. Several popular piping analysis software programs are listed. The document also discusses the parameters required as inputs for flexibility calculations in software or manual analysis, including pipe material properties, temperatures, pressures, dimensions, and support locations. Finally, it explains that the pipe geometry, parameters, and support conditions are input into the software which then performs a finite element analysis to determine stresses and interpret results.
1) The document discusses the boundary conditions and design considerations for vacuum chambers. It covers external and internal pressures, temperature ranges, material properties, and relevant construction codes.
2) Key factors include withstanding differential pressures of 1 bar, accommodating temperature changes from room temperature up to bake-out temperatures of 150-300°C, and choosing materials like stainless steel or aluminum alloys that don't outgas at low pressures and temperatures.
3) The document provides steps for calculating the minimum wall thickness of a cylindrical vacuum chamber according to the ASME pressure vessel code, selecting a thickness of 1.6mm to withstand full vacuum pressures.
The document discusses the design, inspection, and repair of pressure vessels. It covers several key topics in 3 paragraphs or less:
Material selection and manufacturing processes are important considerations in pressure vessel design. Pressure vessels are designed to safely contain pressure and withstand operating stresses and temperatures over their design life. Common materials used include steel and aluminum alloys.
Design requirements include calculating stresses, dimensions, and thickness to withstand the internal pressure. Factors like pressure, vessel geometry, material properties, and temperature are considered. Standards like the ASME code provide design procedures and formulas.
Inspection and maintenance are important to determine fitness for service. The maximum allowable working pressure is based on design calculations and limits for each vessel component
The document summarizes an HTS (high-temperature superconductor) transformer. Key points:
1) HTS transformers provide benefits like greater efficiency, smaller size, and ability to operate above rated power without affecting life compared to conventional transformers.
2) A case study is presented on the development of a 630KVA three-phase HTS transformer with amorphous alloy cores by TBEA for a cable manufacturing plant.
3) Two types of AC losses are discussed - screening currents that induce heat from the external magnetic field, and coupling currents between superconducting filaments that increase the magnetic moment and AC losses.
Here's a presentation on piping engineering in PDF format, now available for all. This presentation covers the basics points of piping for our EPC industry. This presentation covers various aspects of piping engineering
A seminar presentation for major or minor project for BTech/MTech students on design of pressure vessels using composite materials. for complete presentation log on to www.mechieprojects.com
Capital project EPC service in pressure vessels & heat exchangers.
Turn around EPC service in replacement of pressure vessels & heat exchangers.
Pressure vessels and heat exchangers design & engineering.
Pressure vessels & heat exchangers re-rating.
Stress analysis to pressure vessels and other equipment.
Fitness for Service Assessment (FFS) in level 1, 2, & 3 per API 579-1/ASME FFS-1.
The pressure switch has a die cast aluminum enclosure that conforms to IP65 protection standards. It uses a piston and housing to convert pressure into mechanical force, which is balanced by a spring. When the pressure force exceeds the spring force, an electrical contact is actuated. The switch can be mounted in various positions and features different mounting options like line mounting using threads or bolts. It has a single SPDT microswitch and terminals conforming to DIN 43650 standards. The set point is adjustable by loosening a grub screw and turning an external set screw while applying pressure.
Design by Analysis - A general guideline for pressure vesselAnalyzeForSafety
This presentation file is provided by Mr. Ghanbari and published under permission.
The presentation gives an introduction and general guideline for pressure vessel design by analysis.
The “design by analysis” procedures are intended to guard against eight possible pressure vessel failure modes by performing a detailed stress analysis of the vessel with the sufficient design factors. The failure modes are:
1.excessive elastic deformation, including elastic instability,
2.excessive plastic deformation,
3.brittle fracture,
4.stress rupture/creep deformation (inelastic),
5.plastic instability - incremental collapse,
6.high strain - low cycle fatigue,
7.stress corrosion, and
8.corrosion fatigue
Most of the “design by analysis” procedures that are given in ASME BPVC relate to designs based on “elastic analysis.”
The design-by-analysis requirements are organized based on protection against the failure modes listed below. The component shall be evaluated for each applicable failure mode. If multiple assessment procedures are provided for a failure mode, only one of these procedures must be satisfied to qualify the design of a component.
a)All pressure vessels within the scope of this Division, irrespective of size or pressure, shall be provided with protection against overpressure in accordance with the requirements of this Part.
b)Protection Against Plastic Collapse – these requirements apply to all components where the thickness and configuration of the component is established using design-by-analysis rules.
c)Protection Against Local Failure – these requirements apply to all components where the thickness and configuration of the component is established using design-by-analysis rules. It is not necessary to evaluate the local strain limit criterion if the component design is in accordance with Part 4 (i.e. component wall thickness and weld detail per paragraph 4.2).
d)Protection Against Collapse From Buckling – these requirements apply to all components where the thickness and configuration of the component is established using design-by-analysis rules and the applied loads result in a compressive stress field.
e)Protection Against Failure From Cyclic Loading – these requirements apply to all components where the thickness and configuration of the component is established using design-by-analysis rules and the applied loads are cyclic. In addition, these requirements can also be used to qualify a component for cyclic loading where the thickness and size of the component are established using the design-by-rule requirements of Part 4.
Design & Stress Analysis of a Cylinder with Closed ends using ANSYSIJERA Editor
The significance of the title of the project comes to front with designing structure of the pressure vessel for static loading and its assessment by ANSYS , is basically a project concerned with design of different pressure vessel elements such as shell, Dish end ,operating manhole ,support leg based on standards and codes ; and evolution of shell and dish end analysed by means of ANSYS .The key feature included in the project is to check the behaviour of pressure vessel in case of fluctuating load . The procedural step includes various aspects such as selecting the material based on American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) codes ,and then designing on the standards procedures with referring standard manuals based on ASME .Further we have included the different manufacturing methods practice by the industries and different aspects of it .
Eugene f. megyesy-pressure_vessel_handbook_12th editionGowtham M
The document is an introduction to the Pressure Vessel Handbook, which provides concise summaries and essential information for designing and constructing pressure vessels. It compares the scope and purpose of the Pressure Vessel Handbook to the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. The Handbook covers carbon steel pressure vessels made by welding, utilizing the most economical and practical construction methods according to Code rules. It aims to make information easily accessible, while the Code establishes broader rules and does not serve as a design handbook. The Handbook is updated every three years to reflect changes to the Code and industry developments.
The document discusses the process of performing a flexibility analysis on a piping system. A flexibility analysis involves calculating strains and stresses under sustained loads and thermal expansion loads to ensure the piping has adequate support, flexibility to accommodate temperature changes, and does not exert excessive reaction forces. The document provides an example analysis of a proposed carbon steel pipe system, and how adding additional supports addressed issues found.
This document provides information about International Seismic Application Technology (ISAT), an engineering firm that specializes in seismic bracing systems. ISAT has 11 branch offices across the United States and over 15 years of experience working on OSHPD construction projects in California. The document discusses ISAT's engineering capabilities, recent project experience in Northern California including many hospital projects, and an overview of seismic code requirements for distributed utilities in the 2007 California Building Code.
End of Session 2 Presentation 11-29-16 Corey Harpe EXTERNALCorey Harpe
Corey Harpe's presentation covered his responsibilities during his rotation with Duke Energy's Fossil Hydro Operations Co-op Development Program. He discussed safety moments from inspections, analyzed piping systems using AutoPIPE and created an ASME branch reinforcement calculator. The presentation included photos from inspections of HRSGs, boilers and a discussion of benefits from projects analyzing piping stresses and reinforcing branch connections according to ASME codes. He concluded by mentioning an upcoming internship at Duke Energy's Brunswick Nuclear Plant.
This CV summarizes the qualifications and experience of P. Sathiyprabhu seeking an engineer level position in piping stress analysis. He has 3 years and 7 months of experience performing piping stress analysis using CAESAR II software for projects in various industries. He is proficient in ASME and ISO piping standards and has worked on projects for clients in oil and gas, power, and petrochemical industries. His experience includes analyzing piping systems, preparing reports, and reviewing drawings to qualify piping systems and recommend pipe supports. He holds a Bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering and is skilled in various piping design software and AutoCAD.
Rishabh Engineering delivered 3D Modeling & Critical Lines Stress Analysis using PDS, CAESAR II, Navisworks, AutoCAD technologies for a leading Heater manufacturer.
The document discusses plans to construct an oil refinery in Oman by a group of individuals. It summarizes Oman's business environment, incentives for foreign investors, and strategies for market entry. Setting up a joint-stock company or limited liability company are recommended structures. An analysis of Oman's political, economic, social, technological, and competitive environment is provided to support the feasibility of the refinery project.
This Webinar presentation includes pipe clamps, hold-down clamps, riser clamps and structural supports. Learn how the appropriate type of pipe support is chosen based on the different design conditions. Find out how Finite Element Analysis is used in the design process and view the custom pipe supports designed for extreme applications.
Anvil is a leading manufacturer of pipe hangers and supports with a long history of design excellence and quality products. They have state-of-the-art manufacturing facilities in the US that produce a wide range of hangers, clamps, braces and other products to support pipes. Anvil offers comprehensive design services and stocks products globally to support customers in industries like power, oil/gas, marine, and more.
This Webinar presentation includes pipe clamps, hold-down clamps, riser clamps and structural supports. Learn how the appropriate type of pipe support is chosen based on the different design conditions. Find out how Finite Element Analysis is used in the design process and view the custom pipe supports designed for extreme applications.
This document provides instructions for creating a custom units file in CAESAR II to use the metric system of units. It describes reviewing an existing metric units file called MM.FIL, editing it to make minor changes such as changing stress units from KPa to MPa and pressure units from KPa to bar. A new units file called "Metric" is created based on MM.FIL with these changes. The instructions emphasize that the new units file must then be declared in the configuration settings for CAESAR II to use the new custom units.
This document provides guidance on designing pipe hangers and supports. It discusses determining hanger locations based on pipe size and configuration. It describes calculating hanger loads based on the weight of pipe, fittings, valves, and insulation. It also addresses calculating thermal movement of piping at hanger locations. The document provides information on selecting appropriate hangers based on the loads and movements, including spring hangers. It includes sample problems demonstrating how to apply the guidance. An extensive section lists the weights of common piping materials to aid in load calculations. The document is intended as a reference for engineers involved in pipe hanger and support design.
This presentation will cover pipe support design, 3D modeling, Finite Element Analysis, special stress and thermal cases, along with the unique cases that brought on new pipe support designs. Increase your understanding of the value-added services that are offered by PT&P.
El documento presenta una introducción al mantenimiento predictivo, definiendo el concepto, explicando por qué se utiliza y en qué elementos se puede aplicar. Se describen casos de estudio de mantenimiento predictivo en rodamientos, incluyendo el análisis de vibraciones para detectar fallos. Finalmente, se discuten métodos para la localización y cuantificación de sensores con el fin de optimizar la detección de defectos.
These slides are developed for a part of the undergraduate course in Petroleum Refinery Engineering. The slides are also helpful for Masters level introductory course.
IRJET- Review on Various Practices on Fatigue Analysis of Nuclear Power Plant...IRJET Journal
This document reviews various practices for fatigue analysis of piping components in nuclear power plants. It discusses causes of fatigue failures in piping components under variable loading conditions. The key points discussed include:
1) Fatigue is a major cause of failure in piping components of nuclear power plants. Variable loading conditions make pipes and elbows more susceptible to cracking.
2) Several experimental and numerical studies have been conducted to understand fatigue crack growth in materials like steel and zircaloy used in nuclear plant piping. Factors influencing crack growth rate and traditional analysis methods are summarized.
3) Common materials used in power plant piping include low-alloy steels, stainless steels, nickel alloys,
Static Structural, Fatigue and Buckling Analysis of Jet Pipe Liner by Inducin...IRJET Journal
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
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تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
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3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
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Information and Communication Technology in EducationMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 2)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
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Students will be able to explain the role and impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education. They will understand how ICT tools, such as computers, the internet, and educational software, enhance learning and teaching processes. By exploring various ICT applications, students will recognize how these technologies facilitate access to information, improve communication, support collaboration, and enable personalized learning experiences.
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐭:
-Students will be able to discuss what constitutes reliable sources on the internet. They will learn to identify key characteristics of trustworthy information, such as credibility, accuracy, and authority. By examining different types of online sources, students will develop skills to evaluate the reliability of websites and content, ensuring they can distinguish between reputable information and misinformation.
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220711130088 Sumi Basak Virtual University EPC 3.pptx
Piping Stress Analysis of a Hypothetical Oil Refinery Plant Having Separate Suction & Discharge Lines
1. IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 3, Issue 10, 2015 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 596
Piping Stress Analysis of a Hypothetical Oil Refinery Plant Having
Separate Suction & Discharge Lines
Shweta Bisht1
Dev Kumar Dodeja2
1
Assistant Professor 2
Associate Professor
1,2
Department of Mechanical Engineering
1,2
Faculty of Engineering & Technology, MRIU, Faridabad
Abstract— In this study, a hypothetical simulation model is
analyzed under varying uncertainty conditions; the key
features of overlapping and functional interaction affect the
performance measures of development time and effort.
Findings indicate that, first and foremost, whether or not
overlapping occurs, increasing functional interaction
eventually leads to a sound system. A selective overview of
group & individual process behaviors of a combined suction
& discharge cycles of a hypothetical oil refinery plant is
suggested. The pipe material is Carbon fiber reinforced
plastic which is chosen because of its excellent length to
weight ratio & it serves as an integral part the system which
involves tank piping. This model uses psychologically
legitimate & theoretically grounded models for time &
decision rules. The results of preliminary simulation
experiments suggest that the model is sensitive to structural
& pay- off density & precisely replicates ideal free
distributions. Pipe network models allow the modeling of
storage tanks in which the working fluid (here, Naphtha)
surface is inconsistent with inflow & outflow. Stress
analysis of CFRP material shows that the maximum stresses
are within allowable material strength. From the trials, it can
be accomplished that, with proper design parameters, CFRP
can take the design load similar to that of steel & other
alloys
.Key words: Simulation model, Suction & Discharge cycles,
Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic (CFRP), Tank Piping, Pipe
Network, Modeling & Analysis
I. INTRODUCTION
Piping Stress analysis is a term applied to calculations,
which address the static and dynamic loading resulting from
the effects of gravity, temperature changes, internal and
external pressures, changes in fluid flow rate and seismic
activity. Codes and standards establish the minimum
requirements of stress analysis.
Purpose of piping stress analysis is to ensure :
Safety of piping and piping components.
Safety of connected equipment and supporting
structure.
Piping deflections are within the limits.
Safety of plants
Safety of environment
Equipment Design
Structural design
A. Design Codes Used In Stress Analysis
ASME B 31.1 – This is the design code used for power
piping design.
ASME B 31.3 – For process piping this code is used
ASME B 31.4 – For cross country liquid transportation
pipeline this code is used.
ASME B 31.5 – This design code is used for refrigerant
piping.
ASME B 31.8 – This design code is used for cross
country gas transportation pipeline
B. Design Codes W.R.T. Plant Life Cycle
The reasons one does a pipe stress analysis on a piping
system are many such as:
The cold and hot conditions are below the allowable
values
To ensure the piping is well supported with used pipe
supports and it does not slump or deflect under its own
weight
To ensure that the deflections are fully controlled when
thermal and/or other loads are exerted
To ensure that the loads and moments inflicted on
machinery and vessels by the thermal growth of the
attached piping accessories are not excessive
C. Modeling Of Pipes & Pipe Systems
The piping system can be modeled under various software
such as CAESAR II, CAEPIPE, AUTOPIPE, ANSYS, etc.
for analysis purposes. The model is constructed from piping
isometric drawings/ General Agreement drawings, piping &
valve specifications. Once the system is exactly modeled,
under a given set of boundary conditions (temperature,
pressure, etc.) comprehensive stress calculations are done,
modifications to the model are made to ensure compliance
with the above requirements
D. Stress Analysis Report
Following are the main constituents of a stress analysis
report:
1) Basis for Analysis
2) List of load cases
3) Static Analysis Input Listing
4) Stress Isometrics
5) Stress Report
6) Displacement Report
7) Restraint Summary
E. Basis for Static Analysis
The basis for static analysis is done when lines are analyzed
at operating & design conditions, allowable loads for static
equipment are as per codes, the transverse deflection will be
limited to 25 mm, for supports, default stiffness value of
CAESAR II is considered if not otherwise cited, the vertical
deflection due to sustained loads will be limited to 15mm &
the number of thermal load cycles is considered to be 7000
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
In order to study the behaviour of CFRP pipes used in utility
piping the literature related to the flexibility analysis, fatigue
2. Piping Stress Analysis of a Hypothetical Oil Refinery Plant Having Separate Suction & Discharge Lines
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& failure analysis of the various components of various
kinds of systems has been studied. Houssam Toutanji, Sean
Dempsey proposed that fiber reinforced polymer composites
(FRPC) have established a strong position as an effective
mean for the repair and rehabilitation of infrastructure.
However, the use of FRP in the repair and rehabilitation of
pipelines is a new concept that has the potential to improve
the way we repair pipelines. This paper showed the benefits
of using FRPC and the profit to provide stress expressions
on the interaction between the different stresses exerted on
pipe walls and the effects of FRPC sheets on the
circumferential stresses of damaged pipe walls. The effects
of three different FRPC sheets: Glass FRP (GFRP), Aramid
FRP (AFRP), and Carbon FRP (CFRP) on the performance
of pipe walls were compared analytically.
Results showed that carbon fiber composites
perform better than glass or aramid in improving the
ultimate internal pressure capacity of pipes and therefore,
significantly enhance the strength, durability, and corrosive
properties. R Andrews, M. C. Weisenberger stated a report
on carbon nanotube polymer composites. The state of
research into carbon nanotube/ polymer- matrix composites
for mechanical reinforcement is critically reviewed with
emphasis on recent advances in CNT composite toughness.
Particular interest is also given to interfacial bonding of
carbon nanotubes to polymer matrices as it applies to stress
transfer from the matrix to the CNT. Mohammadreza
Tavakkolizadeh, Hamid Saadatmanesh proposed fatigue
strength of steel girders strengthened with carbon fiber
reinforced polymer patch. The Fatigue sensitivity details in
aging steel girders are one of the common problems that
structural engineers are facing today. The design
characteristics of steel members can be enhanced
significantly by epoxy bonding carbon fiber reinforced
polymers (CFRP) laminates to the critically stressed tension
areas. They presented the results of a study on the
retrofitting of notched steel beams with CFRP patches for
medium cycle fatigue loading (R=0.1). A total of 21
specimens made of S127x4.5 A36 steel beams were
prepared and tested. The steel beams were tested under four
point bending with the loading rate of between 5 and 10 Hz.
Different constant stress ranges between 69 and 379 MPa
were considered. The length and thickness of the patch were
kept the same for all the retrofitted specimens. In addition to
the number of cycles to failure, changes in the stiffness and
crack initiation and growth were monitored during each
experiment. The results showed that the CFRP patch not
only tends to extend the fatigue life of a detail more than
three times, but also decreases the crack growth rate
significantly.
III. METHODOLOGY
A hypothetical model of an oil refinery plant is generated on
Intergraph Caesar II representing system dynamics in terms
of suction & discharge lines, pipe supports, pipe material,
and conditions of pressure, temperature & loads. CAESAR
II follows some specific piping code requirement, i.e.
ASME B31.1 or ASME B31.3 or other relevant power or
process piping code. A stress analysis report is generated
showing basis for analysis, list of load cases, static analysis
input listing, stress isometrics, stress report, displacement
report & restraint summary. The process flow diagram is
constructed showing the flow of the working fluid in the
system.
Fig. 1 : Process flow diagram
Various critical tests are performed in order to check the
efficiency of the system & the impact of the material used
for pipe i.e. CFRP. Piping stress analysis is one of the most
crucial tests involved which address the static & dynamic
loading resulting from the effects of gravity, temperature
changes, pressures (internal & external), changes in fluid
flow rate & seismic activity (if any).
After calculation for basis for static analysis,
succeeding points are conceived. Lines are analyzed at
operating & design conditions. Allowable loads for static
equipment are as per design codes. The transverse deflection
will be limited to 25mm in general. For supports, default
stiffness value of CAESAR II is considered if not otherwise
cited. The vertical deflection due to sustained loads will be
limited to 15mm. The number of thermal load cycles is
considered to be 7000. A load case description is obtained
including the restraint summary: loads on restraints
A. Load Case Definition Key
1) CASE 1 (HYD) WW+HP
2) CASE 2 (OPE) W+T1+P1
3) CASE 3 (OPE) W+T2+P1
4) CASE 4 (OPE) W+T3+P1
5) CASE 5 (OPE) W+T4+P1
6) CASE 6 (OPE) W+T5+P2
7) CASE 7 (OPE) W+D1+T1+P1
8) CASE 8 (OPE) W+D1+T2+P1
9) CASE 9 (OPE) W+D1+T3+P1
10) CASE 10 (OPE) W+D1+T4+P1
11) CASE 11 (OPE) W+D1+T5+P2
12) CASE 12 (SUS) W+P1
13) CASE 13 (SUS) W+P2
Stress isometrics are received for pump suction
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Fig. 2: Stress isometrics for pump suction sheet 1 of 2
Fig. 3: Stress isometrics for pump suction sheet 2 of 2
A displacement report is obtained showing the nodal
movements on CASE 2 (OPE) W+T1+P1.
Now, the listing of load cases for pump discharge is taken as
follows:
1) CASE 1 (HYD) WW+HP
2) CASE 2 (OPE) W+T1+P1
3) CASE 3 (OPE) W+T2+P1
4) CASE 4 (OPE) W+T3+P1
5) CASE 5 (OPE) W+T4+P1
6) CASE 6 (OPE) W+T5+P2
7) CASE 7 (SUS) W+P1
8) CASE 8 (SUS) W+P2
9) CASE 9 (EXP) L9=L2-L7
10) CASE 10 (EXP) L10=L3-L7
11) CASE 11 (EXP) L11=L4-L7
12) CASE 12 (EXP) L12=L5-L7
13) CASE 13 (EXP) L13=L6-L8
Stress isometrics for pump discharge are taken out.
Stress summary report is obtained showing highest stresses
at various loads. Load case definition key is shown as:
1) CASE 7 (SUS) W+P1
2) CASE 8 (SUS) W+P2
3) CASE 9 (EXP) L9=L2-L7
4) CASE 10 (EXP) L10=L3-L7
5) CASE 11 (EXP) L11=L4-L7
6) CASE 12 (EXP) L12=L5-L7
7) CASE 13 (EXP) L13=L6-L8
Piping Code: Multiple Codes
BS 7159 = BS 7159 (1989)
Fig. 4: Stress isometrics for pump discharge sheet 1 of 5
Fig. 5: Stress isometrics for pump discharge sheet 2 of 5
4. Piping Stress Analysis of a Hypothetical Oil Refinery Plant Having Separate Suction & Discharge Lines
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Fig. 6: Stress isometrics for pump discharge sheet 3 of 5
Fig.7: Stress isometrics for pump discharge sheet 4 of 5
Fig. 8: Stress isometrics for pump discharge sheet 5 of 5
The load cases are now considered where code stress check
has passed.Various parameters such as highest stresses (lb
per square inch), code stress ratio (%), code stress, axial
stress, bending stress, torsion stress, hoop stress, 3D max
intensity, etc. are considered. After this, a restraint summary
report showing loads on restraints is carried out.
1) CASE 1 (HYD) WW+HP
2) CASE 2 (OPE) W+T1+P1
3) CASE 3 (OPE) W+T2+P1
4) CASE 4 (OPE) W+T3+P1
5) CASE 5 (OPE) W+T4+P1
6) CASE 6 (OPE) W+T5+P2
7) CASE 7 (SUS) W+P1
8) CASE 8 (SUS) W+P2
A final displacement report is taken out for nodal
movements for discharge case on CASE 2 (OPE)
W+T1+P1.
IV. RESULTS
The modeling framework has responded successfully to the
various crucial tests & analysis. The CFRP pipe has passed
all the critical tests such as stress/strain & displacement
tests. All the values are under permissible limits. Loads on
pump suction & discharge nozzles are as per code API- 610
& loads on tank nozzle are as per code API- 650. The
maximum vertical deflection was taken out to be 15mm
which was safely passed by CFRP pipes made up of
nominal pipe size of 6 & 8mm .The stresses at steam out,
sustained & expansion case are within allowable limits.
CAESAR II has successfully performed the tests & has
shown the allowable values under maximum values as per
B31.3. The code stress compliance for both suction &
discharge cases are shown in the respective tables
Fig. 9: Snapshot of the hypothetical oil refinery plant
A. Code Compliance: Suction
CASE 12 (SUS) W+P1
Piping Code: Multiple Codes
BS 7159 = BS 7159
B31.3 = B31.3 -2006
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*** CODE COMPLIANCE EVALUATION PASSED
***
Highest Stresses: (lb./sq.in.)
Code Stress Ratio (%) is 22.9 at Node 400
LOADCASE: 12 (SUS) W+P1
Code Stress: 4574.0 Allowable: 20000.0
Axial Stress: 391.9 @Node 30 LOADCASE:
12 (SUS) W+P1
Bending Stress: 4201.1 @Node 400 LOADCASE:
12 (SUS) W+P1
Torsion Stress: 248.2 @Node 350 LOADCASE:
12 (SUS) W+P1
Hoop Stress: 2165.9 @Node 40 LOADCASE:
12 (SUS) W+P1
3D Max Intensity: 4600.9 @Node 400
LOADCASE: 12 (SUS) W+P1
Table 1(a): Code compliance: suction
B. Code compliance: discharge
CASE 7 (SUS) W+P1
Piping Code: Multiple Codes
B31.3 = B31.3 -2006
BS 7159 = BS 7159
*** CODE COMPLIANCE EVALUATION PASSED
***
Highest Stresses: (lb./sq.in.)
Code Stress Ratio (%) is 19.8 at Node 569
LOADCASE: 7 (SUS) W+P1
Code Stress: 3950.8 Allowable: 20000.0
Axial Stress: 1343.7 @Node 270 LOADCASE:
7 (SUS) W+P1
Bending Stress: 1268.1 @Node 550 LOADCASE:
7 (SUS) W+P1
Torsion Stress: 122.5 @Node 200 LOADCASE:
7 (SUS) W+P1
Hoop Stress: 3950.6 @Node 569
LOADCASE: 7 (SUS) W+P1
3D Max Intensity: 2929.2 @Node 210
LOADCASE: 7 (SUS) W+P1
Table 2: Code stress compliance: discharge
V. CONCLUSION
Following are the conclusions made on the basis of testing
and analysis of the hypothetical oil refinery plant (system):
Stresses at sustained, expansion & steam out case are
within allowable limits.
Loads on Pump Suction & Discharge nozzles are as per
code API- 610.
Loads on Tank nozzle are as per code API-650.
Vertical deflection due to sustained loads is within
allowable.
Simulations are carried out successfully and thus
give significant contributions to the innovative climate and
the productivity of project. In an oil refinery plant, the
proper labeling of pipes, valves, flanges and instrumentation
in production and refining industry is critical. A real-time
model has been created and pilot runs are made after
checking the accuracy, stability and efficiency of the
product. The final product with necessary changes has been
delivered for the commercialization purpose.
REFERENCES
[1] HoussamToutanji, Sean Dempsey, Stress modeling of
pipelines strengthened with advanced composites
materials, Thin-Walled Structures, Volume 39, Issue 2,
February 2001, Pages 153-165
[2] R Andrews, M. C. Weisenberger, Carbon nanotube
polymer composites, Current Opinion in Solid States &
Materials Science & (2004) 31-37, Center For Applied
Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington,
USA
[3] MohammadrezaTavakkolizadeh, Hamid Saadatmanesh,
Fatigue Strength of St eel Girders Strengthened with
Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Patch, Journal of
Structural Engineering-ASCE, Volume (129), No (2),
Year (2003-2) , Pages (186-196)
[4] LANL Engineering Standards Manual PD342, ASME
B31.3, 2004 –Edition
[5] Mohinder L. Nayyar, Piping Hand book, McGraw Hill,
seventh edition 2000
[6] W Kellogg & Company, Design of Piping systems
[7] Geoffrey Gordon, System Simulation, Prentice Hall
India, 2006 Edition
[8] Roy A. Parisher, Pipe Drafting & Design, Gulf
Professional Publishing, 01- Jan- 2012-07-29
[9] P. Zheng, M. Wu, G. Zhang, “Thermal Simulation of an
Underground Oil Pipeline at Startup”, Petroleum
Science & Technology, vol 28, issue 11, 2010
[10]I. Barclay, Z. Dann, P. Holroyd, New Product
Development, Taylor & Francis, ISBN-13:
9781136376658
[11]CAESAR II Design Manuals, ASME Standards, B 31.3,
BS 7159