1. The students were tasked with designing a piping network to supply water to seven tank areas in Karachi according to specific head requirements. 2. They approached the solution by placing the source at a 31cm head and dividing the flow into two equal parts to simplify calculations. 3. Calculations were performed to determine pipe lengths needed to achieve the required heads using formulas for flowrate, velocity, friction factor, and head loss.

1. Title page
HITEC UNIVERSITY TAXILA
FLUID DYNAMICS
PROJECT REPORT
Pipe Network
SUBMITTED TO:
SIR ADEEL ARSHAD
SUBMITTED BY:
ZEESHAN RASOOL 15-ME-047
M.ABDULLAH KHALID 15-ME-075
MUAZ ALI 15-ME-079
SECTION # C

2. Title page
Table of Contents
Problem Statement:..................................................3
Components: ............................................................3
Requirements: ..........................................................3
Approach to Solution:..............................................4
Schematic:................................................................5
Formulas Used:........................................................5
Calculations: ............................................................6
Problems Faced:.......................................................6
Possible Errors:........................................................6

3. Title page
Problem Statement:
• You have been consulted by the municipal corporation of Karachi to design a piping network that supplies
water to seven out of ten areas of the city.
• Water tanks have been installed centrally in each area.
• Your piping network has to supply water to the seven tanks.
• Five areas have a specific flow requirement, so each of the five tanks in those areas has to be provided with that
particular static head.
• The remaining two areas do not care. They like to live dangerously.
• Your job is to design a pipe network that supplies water to all of the seven areas according to their requirements.
• The requirements are given in the form of static heads, so each tank should be filled up to the corresponding
height.
• How close the heights in your calculation and practical demonstration are to the ones required is an important
judgment criterion.
Components:
Following features must be a part of your network:
• A source that can pump flow in the range of 0 to 48 millilitres per second (this will be provided to you).
• A sink that drains the same flow as that coming in through the source into a reservoir Connections that
connect all of the tanks.
• Where you want to connect the supply and how you want to divide the water supply is entirely up to you.
• However, the inlets to the tanks are Tee junctions that can connect to tubes with 8mm outer diameters.
Requirements:

4. Title page
Approach to Solution:
First of all, we had 2 variable heads and two places had same head. We decided to go with
such a design in which we can divide the flow in two equal parts with same head at different points in the pipes. This
would ease our calculations. There were many possible solutions for that, but we opted the one described below:
• We placed the source at E.
• E had a variable head. So we, after doing some random hit and trial method to get the best possible results,
chose it to be 31 cm. The best possible answer of flowrate for our design came out to be 41.57 ml/s at 8mm
diameter value.
• The pipe used has the relative roughness value of almost 0.
• For this flowrate we then calculate the velocity. Then the Renault’s number was determined by using the density
and viscosity values of water at standard conditions.
• Once the velocity and the Renault’s number was determined, the friction factor for the pipe was determined by
using the Colebrook equation.
• Then, the flow has to be directed to D. The head value at the D was 20cm. To achieve that, we had to make the
major and minor loses in the pipe as well as the connector and the Tee at point D, to be equal to 11cm. So, for
hL value of 11cm, we calculated the length of the pipe for 5mm, 6.5mm, 8mm and 10mm diameter values. The
best possible answer was obtained for diameter value of 8mm. The KL associated with the Tee joint is 0.2 and
KL associated with the connector was 0.18.
These were all taken in account while calculating the value of length.
• Then, the flow was directed to point G. The calculations for the length was calculated in the same way as above
using the 5mm, 6.5mm, 8mm and 10mm diameter values. The best possible value came out to be at 10mm
diameter pipe.
• Now, the flow was distributed in two equal portions. One portion goes to G-H-J-Drain and the other goes to G-
C-F-Drain. One thing was made sure that these have the same heads so the calculations could be reduced.
• There was a Tee joint used to distribute the flow rate. The KL value associated to it was 1.
• After dividing the flow, the new Renault’s number came out to be in transition range. So, we used the Moody’s
chart to find the value of friction factor.
• Now, in the same way the calculations for the lengths were made to achieve the required heads at the concerned
points. The pipe used for these connection was in 6.5mm diameter size.
• At the end both the drains were connected together to achieve the initial flowrate.

5. Title page
Schematic:
Formulas Used:
Following formulas were used in the calculations:

6. Title page
Calculations:
All the calculations were done by using the above mentioned formulas in the Excel. The screenshot
of the excel sheet is attached below:
Problems Faced:
Following problems were faced during the whole process:
1. We had no idea of pipe sizes available in market. So, we had to do a market survey.
2. There was a lot of problem while calculating the initial flowrate.
3. We did almost all the calculations without keeping in mind the maximum diameter of the Tee joint at the
potential areas. So, we had to redo all the calculations.
Possible Errors:
Following errors might arise in the practical demonstration:
1. Any pipe leakage at the joints.
2. Approximation of loss coefficient for sudden expansion and contraction from graph.
3. Approximation of the flowrate.
4. Leakage due to use of washers at the connectors.

7. Title page