Objective: The objective of the study was to develop a simple, validated, and affordable visible spectrophotometric method for determination of
piperacillin (PIP) present in bulk and powder for injection formulation.
Methods: In the present method, cobalt thiocyanate (CTC) was used as a chromogenic reagent where it forms 2:1 ion pair complex at pH 2 with PIP
which is having secondary and tertiary amine groups.
Results: The formed bluish-green colored ion pair between PIP and CTC is quantitatively extractable into nitrobenzene with an absorption maximum of
665 nm. Regression analysis (r=0.9996) shows that the plotted calibration curve exhibits good linearity in the studied range of concentration (3–18 μg/mL).
Low values of relative standard deviation (<2%) were observed indicating that the proposed method is reproducible, accurate, and precise.
Conclusions: As per the existing guidelines of ICH (international council for harmonization of technical requirements for pharmaceuticals for human
use), various parameters of the proposed method were tested for validation and can be used method of choice for routine analysis in industrial quality
control laboratories, especially in developing countries.
Solvent Extraction Method for the Separation of Cerium(III) as
Cations From Aqueous Media By use 4-[N-(5-methyl isoxazol-3-
yl)benzene sulfonamide azo]-1- Naphthol Coupled With
Spectroscopic Method For Determination
DETERMINATION OF MIANSERIN USING TROPAEOLIN-OOO BY ION PAIR FORMATIONRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
Objective: The present study was aimed at the development of a simple visible spectrophotometric method for the assay of mianserin, a drug used for the treatment of depression.
Methods: The method was developed using tropaeolin-ooo (TPooo) as an ion associative complex forming a chromophore. Developed the chromophore by sequential mixing of aqueous solutions of mianserin, hydrochloric acid, and TPooo. Chromophore was extracted into an organic solvent (chloroform) and absorbance values of organic layers were measured. As per the existing guidelines of an international conference on harmonization (ICH), various parameters of the method were tested for validation.
Results: At the optimized reaction conditions, the formed chromophore (λ max
Conclusion: Due to lack of pre-treatment process for this method, it was simple. All the tested parameters of the method were validated as per ICH guidelines.
Structural elucidation, Identification, quantization of process related impur...IOSR Journals
Major process related unknown impurity associated with the synthesis of Hydralazine hydrochloride bulk drug was detected by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and was subjected to high resolution accurate liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy (HR/AM-LCMS) for identification. The proposed impurity was isolated from Hydralazine hydrochloride active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) by preparative chromatographic method and was injected on HPLC for comparison of retention time with that of the unknown process related impurity in Hydralazine hydrochloride. The molecular ion peak of preparatively isolated impurity and that of unknown process related impurity in Hydralazine hydrochloride were compared for confirmation. The postulated structure was unambiguously confirmed with the help of HR/AM- LC MS/MS, NMR and FTIR data proposed to be 1-(2-phthalazin-1-ylhydrazino)phthalazine (Hazh Dimer). This impurity of Hydralazine hydrochloride is not been previously reported. A rapid Acquity H-class gradient method with runtime of 15.0min was developed for Quantitation on Unisphere Cyno column and validated for parameters such as accuracy, precision, linearity and range, robustness. The LOD and LOQ of method were 0081% and 0.0246% respectively.
Solvent Extraction Method for the Separation of Cerium(III) as
Cations From Aqueous Media By use 4-[N-(5-methyl isoxazol-3-
yl)benzene sulfonamide azo]-1- Naphthol Coupled With
Spectroscopic Method For Determination
DETERMINATION OF MIANSERIN USING TROPAEOLIN-OOO BY ION PAIR FORMATIONRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
Objective: The present study was aimed at the development of a simple visible spectrophotometric method for the assay of mianserin, a drug used for the treatment of depression.
Methods: The method was developed using tropaeolin-ooo (TPooo) as an ion associative complex forming a chromophore. Developed the chromophore by sequential mixing of aqueous solutions of mianserin, hydrochloric acid, and TPooo. Chromophore was extracted into an organic solvent (chloroform) and absorbance values of organic layers were measured. As per the existing guidelines of an international conference on harmonization (ICH), various parameters of the method were tested for validation.
Results: At the optimized reaction conditions, the formed chromophore (λ max
Conclusion: Due to lack of pre-treatment process for this method, it was simple. All the tested parameters of the method were validated as per ICH guidelines.
Structural elucidation, Identification, quantization of process related impur...IOSR Journals
Major process related unknown impurity associated with the synthesis of Hydralazine hydrochloride bulk drug was detected by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and was subjected to high resolution accurate liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy (HR/AM-LCMS) for identification. The proposed impurity was isolated from Hydralazine hydrochloride active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) by preparative chromatographic method and was injected on HPLC for comparison of retention time with that of the unknown process related impurity in Hydralazine hydrochloride. The molecular ion peak of preparatively isolated impurity and that of unknown process related impurity in Hydralazine hydrochloride were compared for confirmation. The postulated structure was unambiguously confirmed with the help of HR/AM- LC MS/MS, NMR and FTIR data proposed to be 1-(2-phthalazin-1-ylhydrazino)phthalazine (Hazh Dimer). This impurity of Hydralazine hydrochloride is not been previously reported. A rapid Acquity H-class gradient method with runtime of 15.0min was developed for Quantitation on Unisphere Cyno column and validated for parameters such as accuracy, precision, linearity and range, robustness. The LOD and LOQ of method were 0081% and 0.0246% respectively.
Radiolysis of Transformer Oil in The Presence of Admixtures of Polychlorineb...IJMREMJournal
Dependence of concentration of CO2, H2O2, pH- indicator and IR-spectra of γ- irradiated transformer oil,
containing polychlorinebiphenyl (PCB) admixtures from adsorbed doses in the range of 4-136 kGy was studied.
It was established that radiation-chemical yields of CO2 and H2O2 are equal to 0.18 and 3.6 molec/100eV.
Irradiation leads to increasing of acidity, related with dechlorination of PCB molecules. A comparative study of
the radiolysis of used transformer oil and oil containing PCB under the influence of gamma radiation was carried
out. The pH-value dependence and concentration of hydrogen peroxide as a function of the absorbed dose was
studied. It found that during the radiolysis of transformer oil containing PCB in the presence of dissolved oxygen,
radiation-initiated oxidation of the oil takes place (formation of H2O2 and CO2, a decrease in the pH-value).
Determination of Satranidazole through Ion-Associative Complex ReactionRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
A simple, selective, accurate and low-cost spectrophotometric method
has been described for determination of satranidazole in bulk and
pharmaceutical formulations. The developed method involves the
formation of chloroform extractable colored ion-association complex
of satranidazole with Tropaeolin OOO (TPooo). The extracted colored
complex showed absorbance maximum at wavelength 484 nm and
obeying Beer′s law in the concentration 4-20 μg mL-1 with the
correlation coeffiecent of 0.9998. The results of statistical analysis of
the proposed method reveals high accuracy and good precession. Thus,
the proposed method can be used commercially for the determination
of satranidazole in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations.
New Analytical Technique For The Determination Of Mercury (II) By Synergistic...inventionjournals
A new technique was developed for the extractive spectrophotometric determination of mercury (II) by using newly synthesized chromogenic reagent N'',N'''-bis[(E)-(4-fluorophenyl)methylidene] thiocarbonohydrazide bis-(4-fluoroPM)TCH. It forms yellow colored ternary complex with mercury(II) in presence pyridine having composition 1:1:1 (M:Reagent:Py) in acidic pH range 1.7-3.7. The reagent is highly sensitive and selective towards mercury(II). So spectrophotometric method of mercury(II) is found to be very rapid, reliable and show synergistic effect. Absorption of colored organic layer in iso amyl acetate is measured with reagent blank at λmax 375 nm. Pyridine showed synergistic effect with reagent by the adduct formation in organic phase. Beer’s law was obeyed in the concentration range 0.25 to 3.5 µg mL-1 for mercury (II). Molar absorptivity and sandell’s sensitivity values of mercury(II)-bis-(4-fluoroPM)TCH-Py complex are 0.50127x105 lit mol-1 cm -1 and 0.004 µg cm -2 , respectively. The selectivity of the method was checked by using various foreign ions. The composition of the complex was determined by slope ratio method, mole ratio method and Job’s method of continuous variation. The colour of ternary complex was stable for more than 12 h. Various factors influencing on degree of comlexation are the effect of pH, reagent concentration, synergent concentration, equilibrium time, solvent were determined. The method was applicable for determination of mercury(II) in binary mixture, ternary mixture, ayurvedic sample, homoeopathic sample, industrial waste water, spiked water and dental unit waste water.
Diazo coupling for the determination of selexipag by visible spectrophotometryRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
Aim and Objective: The aim and objective of this study were to develop a spectrophotometric method for the assay of selexipag (selective IP prostacyclin receptor agonist indicated for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension) in pure and pharmaceutical formulations so that it will be an alternative quantitative method to chromatographic methods which require large quantities of organic solvents, where some are with hazardous and toxic properties. Materials and Methods: The method is based on the diazo coupling of selexipag with diazotized p-nitroaniline in alkaline medium to form a stable green-colored and water-soluble azo dye with a maximum absorption at 510 nm. Optimization of reaction conditions was carried out to get highly sensitive and stable colored complex. Results and Discussion: Beer’s law is obeyed over the concentration range of 2–12 μg/mL with a molar absorptivity of 3.33 × 104 L/mol/cm. The limit of detection was 0.35 μg/mL and limit of quantification was 1.0 μg/mL. The results demonstrated that the procedure is accurate, precise, and reproducible (relative standard deviation <2%). Conclusions: This method was tested and validated for various parameters according to the current ICH guidelines.
Thermodynamics and adsorption studies of rhodamine-b dye onto organoclayInnspub Net
Thermodynamics and adsorption studies were conducted with a dye of Rhoda mine-B (RB) on organoclay (OC). Adsorption of the dye was investigated with an initial dye concentration at pH 7±0.3, 298, 308 and 318 K. The adsorption experiments were carried out isothermally at three different temperatures. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were used to describe the equilibrium data and the results were discussed in details. The thermodynamic parameters such as standard free energy (∆G°), entropy change (∆S°) and enthalpy (∆H°) were calculated for OC. These values showed that adsorption of RB on OC was a spontaneous and endothermic process.
Visible light assisted photocatalytic reduction of CO2 using a graphene oxide...Pawan Kumar
A new heteroleptic ruthenium complex containing 2-thiophenyl benzimidazole ligands was synthesized
using a microwave technique and was immobilized to graphene oxide via covalent attachment. The synthesized
catalyst was used for the photoreduction of carbon dioxide under visible light irradiation without
using a sacrificial agent, which gave 2050 μmol g−1 cat methanol after 24 h of irradiation
DETERMINATION OF MIANSERIN USING TROPAEOLIN-OOO BY ION PAIR FORMATIONRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
Objective: The present study was aimed at the development of a simple visible spectrophotometric method for the assay of mianserin, a drug used for the treatment of depression.
Methods: The method was developed using tropaeolin-ooo (TPooo) as an ion associative complex forming a chromophore. Developed the chromophore by sequential mixing of aqueous solutions of mianserin, hydrochloric acid, and TPooo. Chromophore was extracted into an organic solvent (chloroform) and absorbance values of organic layers were measured. As per the existing guidelines of an international conference on harmonization (ICH), various parameters of the method were tested for validation.
Results: At the optimized reaction conditions, the formed chromophore (λ max
Conclusion: Due to lack of pre-treatment process for this method, it was simple. All the tested parameters of the method were validated as per ICH guidelines.
Determination of Satranidazole through Ion-Associative Complex ReactionRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
A simple, selective, accurate and low-cost spectrophotometric method
has been described for determination of satranidazole in bulk and
pharmaceutical formulations. The developed method involves the
formation of chloroform extractable colored ion-association complex
of satranidazole with Tropaeolin OOO (TPooo). The extracted colored
complex showed absorbance maximum at wavelength 484 nm and
obeying Beer′s law in the concentration 4-20 μg mL-1 with the
correlation coeffiecent of 0.9998. The results of statistical analysis of
the proposed method reveals high accuracy and good precession. Thus,
the proposed method can be used commercially for the determination
of satranidazole in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations.
Determination of Riociguat by Oxidative Coupling Using Visible SpectrophotometryRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
A simple spectrophotometric method was developed to determine riociguat in bulk and tablet formulation. The present method lies on the oxidation of MBTH by Fe+3 ions in acidic medium to form active coupling species and followed by its coupling with riociguat to form the chromophore having lmax 660 nm. Validated the proposed method as per the existing guidelines of ICH. Good linearity (r~ 0.999) was observed for calibration curve in the studied concentration range (6.25 – 37.50 μg mL-1). Reproducibility, accuracy and precision of the method were confirmed from low values of % RSD.
Determination of Riociguat by Oxidative Coupling Using Visible SpectrophotometryRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
A simple spectrophotometric method was developed to determine riociguat in bulk and tablet formulation. The present method lies on the oxidation of MBTH by Fe+3 ions in acidic medium to form active coupling species and followed by its coupling with riociguat to form the chromophore having lmax 660 nm. Validated the proposed method as per the existing guidelines of ICH. Good linearity (r~ 0.999) was observed for calibration curve in the studied concentration range (6.25 – 37.50 μg mL-1). Reproducibility, accuracy and precision of the method were confirmed from low values of % RSD.
Photocatalytic Degradation of Ciprofloxacin using TiO2 in a Slurry Photocatal...ijtsrd
A slurry photocatalytic reactor assessed for the degradation of ciprofloxacin CFX . The effect of operating parameters like initial ciprofloxacin concentration, catalyst dosage and pH on ciprofloxacin degradation was analysed in this study. Batch study was conducted and it showed 90 degradation of the CFX. It was observed the optimum concentration of CFX was 1500 µg l, catalyst dosage was 1 g l at the pH of 9 for the duration of 3 hours. The photocatalytic degradation of CFX followed the pseudo first order kinetics. Karthika. V | Vedavalli. S | Afreen Begum. M "Photocatalytic Degradation of Ciprofloxacin using TiO2 in a Slurry Photocatalytic Reactor: Optimization" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31224.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/environment-engineering/31224/photocatalytic-degradation-of-ciprofloxacin-using-tio2-in-a-slurry-photocatalytic-reactor-optimization/karthika-v
Radiolysis of Transformer Oil in The Presence of Admixtures of Polychlorineb...IJMREMJournal
Dependence of concentration of CO2, H2O2, pH- indicator and IR-spectra of γ- irradiated transformer oil,
containing polychlorinebiphenyl (PCB) admixtures from adsorbed doses in the range of 4-136 kGy was studied.
It was established that radiation-chemical yields of CO2 and H2O2 are equal to 0.18 and 3.6 molec/100eV.
Irradiation leads to increasing of acidity, related with dechlorination of PCB molecules. A comparative study of
the radiolysis of used transformer oil and oil containing PCB under the influence of gamma radiation was carried
out. The pH-value dependence and concentration of hydrogen peroxide as a function of the absorbed dose was
studied. It found that during the radiolysis of transformer oil containing PCB in the presence of dissolved oxygen,
radiation-initiated oxidation of the oil takes place (formation of H2O2 and CO2, a decrease in the pH-value).
Determination of Satranidazole through Ion-Associative Complex ReactionRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
A simple, selective, accurate and low-cost spectrophotometric method
has been described for determination of satranidazole in bulk and
pharmaceutical formulations. The developed method involves the
formation of chloroform extractable colored ion-association complex
of satranidazole with Tropaeolin OOO (TPooo). The extracted colored
complex showed absorbance maximum at wavelength 484 nm and
obeying Beer′s law in the concentration 4-20 μg mL-1 with the
correlation coeffiecent of 0.9998. The results of statistical analysis of
the proposed method reveals high accuracy and good precession. Thus,
the proposed method can be used commercially for the determination
of satranidazole in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations.
New Analytical Technique For The Determination Of Mercury (II) By Synergistic...inventionjournals
A new technique was developed for the extractive spectrophotometric determination of mercury (II) by using newly synthesized chromogenic reagent N'',N'''-bis[(E)-(4-fluorophenyl)methylidene] thiocarbonohydrazide bis-(4-fluoroPM)TCH. It forms yellow colored ternary complex with mercury(II) in presence pyridine having composition 1:1:1 (M:Reagent:Py) in acidic pH range 1.7-3.7. The reagent is highly sensitive and selective towards mercury(II). So spectrophotometric method of mercury(II) is found to be very rapid, reliable and show synergistic effect. Absorption of colored organic layer in iso amyl acetate is measured with reagent blank at λmax 375 nm. Pyridine showed synergistic effect with reagent by the adduct formation in organic phase. Beer’s law was obeyed in the concentration range 0.25 to 3.5 µg mL-1 for mercury (II). Molar absorptivity and sandell’s sensitivity values of mercury(II)-bis-(4-fluoroPM)TCH-Py complex are 0.50127x105 lit mol-1 cm -1 and 0.004 µg cm -2 , respectively. The selectivity of the method was checked by using various foreign ions. The composition of the complex was determined by slope ratio method, mole ratio method and Job’s method of continuous variation. The colour of ternary complex was stable for more than 12 h. Various factors influencing on degree of comlexation are the effect of pH, reagent concentration, synergent concentration, equilibrium time, solvent were determined. The method was applicable for determination of mercury(II) in binary mixture, ternary mixture, ayurvedic sample, homoeopathic sample, industrial waste water, spiked water and dental unit waste water.
Diazo coupling for the determination of selexipag by visible spectrophotometryRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
Aim and Objective: The aim and objective of this study were to develop a spectrophotometric method for the assay of selexipag (selective IP prostacyclin receptor agonist indicated for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension) in pure and pharmaceutical formulations so that it will be an alternative quantitative method to chromatographic methods which require large quantities of organic solvents, where some are with hazardous and toxic properties. Materials and Methods: The method is based on the diazo coupling of selexipag with diazotized p-nitroaniline in alkaline medium to form a stable green-colored and water-soluble azo dye with a maximum absorption at 510 nm. Optimization of reaction conditions was carried out to get highly sensitive and stable colored complex. Results and Discussion: Beer’s law is obeyed over the concentration range of 2–12 μg/mL with a molar absorptivity of 3.33 × 104 L/mol/cm. The limit of detection was 0.35 μg/mL and limit of quantification was 1.0 μg/mL. The results demonstrated that the procedure is accurate, precise, and reproducible (relative standard deviation <2%). Conclusions: This method was tested and validated for various parameters according to the current ICH guidelines.
Thermodynamics and adsorption studies of rhodamine-b dye onto organoclayInnspub Net
Thermodynamics and adsorption studies were conducted with a dye of Rhoda mine-B (RB) on organoclay (OC). Adsorption of the dye was investigated with an initial dye concentration at pH 7±0.3, 298, 308 and 318 K. The adsorption experiments were carried out isothermally at three different temperatures. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were used to describe the equilibrium data and the results were discussed in details. The thermodynamic parameters such as standard free energy (∆G°), entropy change (∆S°) and enthalpy (∆H°) were calculated for OC. These values showed that adsorption of RB on OC was a spontaneous and endothermic process.
Visible light assisted photocatalytic reduction of CO2 using a graphene oxide...Pawan Kumar
A new heteroleptic ruthenium complex containing 2-thiophenyl benzimidazole ligands was synthesized
using a microwave technique and was immobilized to graphene oxide via covalent attachment. The synthesized
catalyst was used for the photoreduction of carbon dioxide under visible light irradiation without
using a sacrificial agent, which gave 2050 μmol g−1 cat methanol after 24 h of irradiation
DETERMINATION OF MIANSERIN USING TROPAEOLIN-OOO BY ION PAIR FORMATIONRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
Objective: The present study was aimed at the development of a simple visible spectrophotometric method for the assay of mianserin, a drug used for the treatment of depression.
Methods: The method was developed using tropaeolin-ooo (TPooo) as an ion associative complex forming a chromophore. Developed the chromophore by sequential mixing of aqueous solutions of mianserin, hydrochloric acid, and TPooo. Chromophore was extracted into an organic solvent (chloroform) and absorbance values of organic layers were measured. As per the existing guidelines of an international conference on harmonization (ICH), various parameters of the method were tested for validation.
Results: At the optimized reaction conditions, the formed chromophore (λ max
Conclusion: Due to lack of pre-treatment process for this method, it was simple. All the tested parameters of the method were validated as per ICH guidelines.
Determination of Satranidazole through Ion-Associative Complex ReactionRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
A simple, selective, accurate and low-cost spectrophotometric method
has been described for determination of satranidazole in bulk and
pharmaceutical formulations. The developed method involves the
formation of chloroform extractable colored ion-association complex
of satranidazole with Tropaeolin OOO (TPooo). The extracted colored
complex showed absorbance maximum at wavelength 484 nm and
obeying Beer′s law in the concentration 4-20 μg mL-1 with the
correlation coeffiecent of 0.9998. The results of statistical analysis of
the proposed method reveals high accuracy and good precession. Thus,
the proposed method can be used commercially for the determination
of satranidazole in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations.
Determination of Riociguat by Oxidative Coupling Using Visible SpectrophotometryRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
A simple spectrophotometric method was developed to determine riociguat in bulk and tablet formulation. The present method lies on the oxidation of MBTH by Fe+3 ions in acidic medium to form active coupling species and followed by its coupling with riociguat to form the chromophore having lmax 660 nm. Validated the proposed method as per the existing guidelines of ICH. Good linearity (r~ 0.999) was observed for calibration curve in the studied concentration range (6.25 – 37.50 μg mL-1). Reproducibility, accuracy and precision of the method were confirmed from low values of % RSD.
Determination of Riociguat by Oxidative Coupling Using Visible SpectrophotometryRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
A simple spectrophotometric method was developed to determine riociguat in bulk and tablet formulation. The present method lies on the oxidation of MBTH by Fe+3 ions in acidic medium to form active coupling species and followed by its coupling with riociguat to form the chromophore having lmax 660 nm. Validated the proposed method as per the existing guidelines of ICH. Good linearity (r~ 0.999) was observed for calibration curve in the studied concentration range (6.25 – 37.50 μg mL-1). Reproducibility, accuracy and precision of the method were confirmed from low values of % RSD.
Photocatalytic Degradation of Ciprofloxacin using TiO2 in a Slurry Photocatal...ijtsrd
A slurry photocatalytic reactor assessed for the degradation of ciprofloxacin CFX . The effect of operating parameters like initial ciprofloxacin concentration, catalyst dosage and pH on ciprofloxacin degradation was analysed in this study. Batch study was conducted and it showed 90 degradation of the CFX. It was observed the optimum concentration of CFX was 1500 µg l, catalyst dosage was 1 g l at the pH of 9 for the duration of 3 hours. The photocatalytic degradation of CFX followed the pseudo first order kinetics. Karthika. V | Vedavalli. S | Afreen Begum. M "Photocatalytic Degradation of Ciprofloxacin using TiO2 in a Slurry Photocatalytic Reactor: Optimization" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31224.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/environment-engineering/31224/photocatalytic-degradation-of-ciprofloxacin-using-tio2-in-a-slurry-photocatalytic-reactor-optimization/karthika-v
Green Synthesis of Calcium Oxide Nanoparticles and Its ApplicationsIJERA Editor
Green synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles is gaining considerable interest due to the use of environmentally friendly reactants and room temperature synthesis. This is the most preferred method of preparation as it makes use of pollution free chemicals and encourages the use of non-toxic solvents such as water and plants extracts. The present study is proposed with an objective to synthesize CaO nanoparticles by the eco-friendly green synthesis using environmentally benign papaya leaf extract and Green Tea extract. The obtained CaO nanoparticles have been characterized by UV- Vis, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) studies. The antibacterial and photocatalytic activity of the calcium oxide nanoparticles were also analysed.
Reduction of Azomethine Bond of Organic Compound: Part-2. Formation of Aldimi...BRNSS Publication Hub
Azomethine compounds were prepared from Benzaldehyde and o-hydroxy-acetophenone with aniline and o-Nitroaniline. The azomethine bond in the compound is reduced using NaBH4 in 0.1 N sodium hydroxide solution. The reaction is monitored by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and ultraviolet–visible (UV-Vis) spectral method. Etheral layer is concentrated to get the reduction product. The final products were analyzed by a physical constant, TLC, and spectral techniques such as UV-Vis and Fourier-transform infrared.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
Synthesis and Characterization of Carboxymethyl Chitosan and its Effect on Tu...IOSR Journals
The Chitosan derivative named Carboxymethyl Chitosan was synthesized by direct Alkylation method. The Chitosan was obtained by Chemical method from White Prawn/Indian Prawn (FenneropenaeusIndicus) and was used for preparation of Carboxymethyl Chitosan. The Chitosan composition was found 51.17%Carbon, 41.61% Oxygen and 5.22% Nitrogen with 81.3% degree of deacetylation. The prepared Carboxymethyl Chitosan was characterized by SEM, FT-IR and TGA. The Carboxymethyl Chitosan examined as flocculant for turbidity removal of Indusriver water samples. The experimental condition was optimized and found that the maximum separation efficiency was achievedat pH-7 and 0.2 mg/L dose. The separation efficiency range placed between 81.2% and 87.1%. The total suspended solids and turbidity relation was also evaluated.
The Present Experiment was carried out using agno3 nano particles for dye decolorization using Bauhinia
Purpurea leaves by bio synthesis process.The variables effecting the decolorization process are contact time, pH,
concentration, dosage and temperature. The characterization studies were carried out using FTIR and XRD.The
dyes experimented in the present study are Methyl Orange(MO),Phenol Red(PR), Safarian Stain Powder(SSP) and
Bromo Cresol Green(BCG).The optimum pH for PR-5,MO-4,SSP-3 and for BCG-6 were formed. The positive
results confirmed that Bauhinia Purpurea leaves broth combined with silver dioxide solution formed silver nano
particles and are capable of removing dyes.
Visible light assisted photocatalytic reduction of CO2 using a graphene oxide...Pawan Kumar
A new heteroleptic ruthenium complex containing 2-thiophenyl benzimidazole ligands was synthesized
using a microwave technique and was immobilized to graphene oxide via covalent attachment. The synthesized
catalyst was used for the photoreduction of carbon dioxide under visible light irradiation without
using a sacrificial agent, which gave 2050 μmol g−1 cat methanol after 24 h of irradiation
Ion-pair Formation for the Determination of Mianserin Using Fast Sulphon Black FRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
Aim: The objective of the current study is to develop a colorimetric method for the determination of mianserin, an antidepressant drug. Materials and Methods: Fast Sulphon Black F, an acidic dye was used to develop a soluble colored ion-pair complex. The complex was extracted into an organic solvent and absorbance was measured. Results: Reaction conditions were optimized to obtain a sensitive and stable chromophore (λmax 554 nm) in dichloromethane. Good linearity was observed for the calibration curve plotted in the studied concentration range (4–14 μg/mL) with regression analysis (r > 0.9997). High percentage recovery values (98.25–101.40) show that the method is accurate. Reproducibility of the method is evident from lower relative standard deviation (<2%) for both intra- and inter-day precision studies. Conclusions: The proposed method is validated as per the existing ICH guidelines. This method is simple as it does not require any pre-treatment process.
Ion-pair Formation for the Determination of Mianserin Using Fast Sulphon Black FRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
Aim: The objective of the current study is to develop a colorimetric method for the determination of mianserin, an antidepressant drug. Materials and Methods: Fast Sulphon Black F, an acidic dye was used to develop a soluble colored ion-pair complex. The complex was extracted into an organic solvent and absorbance was measured. Results: Reaction conditions were optimized to obtain a sensitive and stable chromophore (λmax 554 nm) in dichloromethane. Good linearity was observed for the calibration curve plotted in the studied concentration range (4–14 μg/mL) with regression analysis (r > 0.9997). High percentage recovery values (98.25–101.40) show that the method is accurate. Reproducibility of the method is evident from lower relative standard deviation (<2%) for both intra- and inter-day precision studies. Conclusions: The proposed method is validated as per the existing ICH guidelines. This method is simple as it does not require any pre-treatment process.
Analytical method development and validation for the estimation of quinapril ...SriramNagarajan19
A simple and selective LC method is described for the determination of Quinapril and Tolcapone tablet dosage forms. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a c18 column using mobile phase consisting of a Mixed Phosphate buffer (KH2PO4 +K2HPO4): Acetonitrile 40:60, with detection of 239 nm. Linearity was observed in the range 50 - 150 µg /ml for Quinapril (r2 =0.995) and 62.5- 187.5µg /ml for Tolcapone (r2 =0.999) for the amount of drugs estimated by the proposed methods was in good agreement with the label claim.
The proposed methods were validated. The accuracy of the methods was assessed by recovery studies at three different levels. Recovery experiments indicated the absence of interference from commonly encountered pharmaceutical additives. The method was found to be precise as indicated by the repeatability analysis, showing %RSD less than 2. All statistical data proves validity of the methods and can be used for routine analysis of pharmaceutical dosage form.
Similar to PIPERACILLIN ESTIMATION BY ION-ASSOCIATIVE COMPLEX FORMATION (20)
Electrochemical study of anatase TiO2 in aqueous sodium-ion electrolytesRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
In this paper, a basic electro-analytical study on the behavior of anatase TiO2 in aqueous NaOH has been presented using cyclic voltammetry technique (CV). The study has explored the possibility of using TiO2 as anode material for ARSBs in presence of 5 M NaOH aqueous electrolyte. CV profiles show that anatase TiO2 exhibits reversible sodium ion insertion/de-insertion reactions. CV studies of TiO2 anode in aqueous sodium electrolytes at different scan rate shows that the Na+ ion insertion reaction at the electrode is diffusion controlled with a resistive behavior. Proton insertion from aqueous sodium electrolytes into TiO2 cannot be ruled out. To confirm the ion inserted and de-inserted, CV studies are done at different concentration of NaOH and it is found that at lower concentrations of NaOH, proton insertion process competes with Na+ ion insertion process and as the concentration increases, the Na+ ion insertion process becomes the predominant electrode reaction making it suitable anode materials for aqueous sodium batteries in 5 M NaOH.
Validated HPLC Method for Assay and Content Uniformity Testing of Roflumilast...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Roflumilast is a selective enzyme inhibitor of phosphodiesterase-4. This drug is recommended for treatment of patients suffering from
chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease with chronic-bronchitis. Roflumilast is not official in pharmacopoeia and the reported methods
are having high chromatographic run times. A short run time HPLC method was developed for assay and content uniformity testing to
determine the roflumilast in blend and tablets. The mobile phase consists of 10 mM sodium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate buffer
and acetonitrile in the ratio of 45:55 v/v. The HPLC method was developed using accucore-C18 150 × 4.6 mm, 4 μm column with a flow
rate of 1.0 mL min-1, 215 nm wavelength and 10 μL injection volume with run time of 5 min. The method linearity was proved between
5.02-40.17 μg mL-1 and obtained correlation-coefficient value is 1.0000. The mean recovery of roflumilast was 100.6%. The stability
indicating nature was established and performed the validation by considering ICH Q2 (R1) recommendations.
Substrate Inhibition in Ruthenium(III) Catalyzed Oxidation of Propane-1,3-dio...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Ruthenium(III) catalyzed oxidation of propane-1,3-diol by potassium periodate was studied in aqueous perchloric acid medium. Orders
of reaction with respect to concentrations of oxidant, substrate, acid and catalyst were determined. First order in oxidant and catalyst
concentrations, and inverse fractional order in acid medium were observed. In addition, substrate inhibition (i.e. a decrease in reaction rate
with an increase in substrate concentration) was observed. Effect of addition of salt and solvent was studied. Based on the studies of
temperature variation, Arrhenius parameters were calculated. Plausible mechanism was also proposed based on observed kinetics.
Ruthenium(III) Catalyzed Oxidation of Sugar Alcohols by Dichloroisocyanuric A...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Kinetics of ruthenium(III) catalyzed oxidation of biologically important sugar alcohols (myo-inositol,
D-sorbitol, and D-mannitol) by dichloroisocyanuric acid was carried out in aqueous acetic acid—perchloric
medium. The reactions were found to be first order in case of oxidant and ruthenium(III). Zero order
was observed with the concentrations of sorbitol and mannitol whereas, a positive fractional order was found
in the case of inositol concentration. An inverse fractional order was observed with perchloric acid in oxidation
of three substrates. Arrhenius parameters were calculated and a plausible mechanism was proposed
Shift of Reaction Pathway by Added Chloride Ions in the Oxidation of Aromatic...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Role of added chloride ions on the shift of reaction pathway of oxidation of aromatic ketones (acetophenone,
desoxybenzoin) by dichloroisocyanuric acid (DCICA) was studied in aqueous acetic acid—perchloric
acid medium. Participation of enolic and protonated forms of ketones in the rate determining steps is
manifested from zero and first orders with respect to the oxidant in absence and presence of added chloride
ions, respectively. Positive and negative effects of acid and dielectric constant on the reaction rate were
observed. The observations deduce plausible mechanisms involving (i) rate-determining formation of enol
from the conjugate acid of the ketone (SH+) in the absence of added chloride ions and (ii) rapid formation of
molecular chlorine species from HOCl (hydrolytic species of DCICA) in the presence of added chloride ions,
which then interacts with SH+ in a rate-determining step prior to the rapid steps of product formation. The
order of Arrhenius parameters substantiate the proposed plausible mechanisms based on order of reactants
both in presence and absence of added chloride ions.
Kinetics of Ruthenium(III) Catalyzed and Uncatalyzed Oxidation of Monoethanol...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Kinetics of uncatalyzed and ruthenium(III) catalyzed oxidation of monoethanolamine by N-bromosuccinimide
(NBS) has been studied in an aqueous acetic acid medium in the presence of sodium acetate
and perchloric acid, respectively. In the uncatalyzed oxidation the kinetic orders are: the first order in NBS,
a fractional order in the substrate. The rate of the reaction increased with an increase in the sodium acetate
concentration and decreased with an increase in the perchloric acid concentration. This indicates that free
amine molecules are the reactive species. Addition of halide ions results in a decrease in the kinetic rate,
which is noteworthy. Both in absence and presence of a catalyst, a decrease in the dielectric constant of the
medium decreases the kinetic rate pointing out that these are dipole—dipole reactions. A relatively higher
oxidation state of ruthenium i.e., Ru(V) was found to be the active species in Ru(III) catalyzed reactions. A
suitable mechanism consistent with the observations has been proposed and a rate law has been derived to
explain the kinetic orders.
A novel reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous det...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
In the present study 12 impurities of bisoprolol fumarate (BISO) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) were
separated simultaneously in a single HPLC method. Out of these 12 impurities, five are potential
degradants, which are validated as per The International Council for Harmonisation of Technical
Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines. As the two active drug substances
BISO and HCTZ have different solubilities and polarities, the most critical parameters in resolving the
components from each other are pH, temperature, and solvents. The method is precise (RSD < 1.0%),
accurate, linear (r2 > 0.999), robust, and stability indicating in the range of limit of quantification (LOQ)
to 150%. The HPLC method is then migrated to ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) to
further reduce the run time and solvent consumption, and increase the sample throughput
The emergence of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) against first-line drugs and extensively drug resistant TB (XDRTB)
due to misuse of second-line anti tubercular drugs (ATDs) is a further concern. Recommended treatment involves
long term and multiple drug therapy with severe side effects. Due to this concern nanoparticle-based systems
have significant potential for treatment and prevention of tuberculosis (TB) to overcome the need to administer
ATDs at high and frequent doses, would assist in improving patient compliance and circumvent hepatotoxic ity
and/or nephrotoxicity/ocular toxicity/ototoxicity associated with the prevalent first-line chemotherapy.
Nanostructured delivery systems constitute a wide range of systems varying from liposomes, micelles, micro- and
nanoemulsions, to polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs ) and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs). Pulmonary administration
of inhaled nanoparticles in the form of dry powder inhalers offer particular advantages for pulmonary administration
of anti tubercular drugs (ATDs). Present review comprehensively about different approaches of nanobased
drug delivery, devises and techniques for pulmonary delivery of nanoparticle encapsulated ATD.
Kinetic, isotherm and thermodynamics investigation on adsorption of divalent ...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Three novel and distinct agricultural waste materials, viz., Casuarinas fruit powder (CFP), sorghum stem powder
(SSP) and banana stem powder (BSP) were used as low cost adsorbents for the removal of toxic copper(II) from
aqueous solutions. Acid treated adsorbents were characterized by SEM, EDX and FTIR. Different factors effecting
adsorption capacity were analyzed and the effi ciency order was BSP>SSP>CFP. Based on the extent of compatibility
to Freundlich/Langmuir/D-R/Temkin adsorption isotherm and different models (pseudo-fi rst and second order,
Boyd, Weber’s and Elovich), chemisorption primarily involved in the case of CFP and SSP, whereas, simultaneous
occurrence of chemisorption and physisorption was proposed in the case of BSP. Based on the observations, it was
proposed that three kinetic stages involve in adsorption process viz., diffusion of sorbate to sorbent, intra particle
diffusion and then establishment of equilibrium. These adsorbents have promising role towards removal of Cu(II)
from industrial wastewater to contribute environmental protection.
Kinetic, thermodynamic and equilibrium studies on removal of hexavalent chrom...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Removal of Cr(VI) by biosorption on two agro waste materials, casuarinas fruit powder (CFP) and sorghum
stem powder (SSP), has been investigated. The prepared adsorbent materials were characterized by SEM, EDX,
FTIR and BET. These biomaterials effectively removed Cr(VI) with a maximum removal of 93.35% and 63.75% using
15 gL−1 and 5 gL−1 of CFP and SSP, respectively, at 60 oC with 20mgL−1 initial Cr(VI) concentration in solution. In both
cases of adsorbents, kinetic data of adsorption fitted well in pseudo-second-order in terms of correlation coefficient
(R2). This helps in proposing the process of adsorption as chemical coordination, which is correlated with the thermodynamic
study results conducted at different values of temperature. Langmuir, Freundlich and D-R models were evaluated
for description of metal sorption isotherms. Values of coefficients of intra-particle diffusion and mass transfer have
also been determined at different values of temperature.
Novel coumarin isoxazoline derivatives: Synthesis and study of antibacterial ...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
A highly efficient and mild protocol for the syntheses of ethyl-3-
[7-benzyloxy-4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-8-chromenyl]-5-aryl-4,5-dihydro-4-
isoxazole carboxylates and ethyl-3-[7-benzyloxy-3-chloro-4-methyl-2-
oxo-2H-8-chromenyl]-5-aryl-4,5-dihydro-4-isoxazole carboxylates in
good yields via [3 þ 2] cycloaddition of in situ–generated nitrile
oxides from 7-benzyloxy-4-methyl-coumarin hydroxymoylchlorides
and 7-benzyloxy-3-chloro-4-methyl-coumarin hydroxymoylchlorides
respectively with ethyl-3-aryl prop-2-enoate has been developed.
The new compounds are screened for antibacterial activity.
Ultra performance liquid chromatographic method for simultaneous quantificati...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Plerixafor (PLX) injections are administered to patients with cancers of lymphocytes
(non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma) and plasma cells (multiple myeloma). The main
objective of the current study was to develop a short reverse phase chromatographic
method for the simultaneous quantification of PLX and its impurities, in an injection
formulation, to reduce the time required for these quality tests. Furthermore, the
present work describes the role of nonalkyl branched nonquaternary ion pair reagent
in improving the peak shape and reducing column equilibration time. The separation
of PLX and its related substances is pH dependent (optimum pH = 2.50) and was
achieved on an octadecylsilyl (C18) column. The method was validated for its intended
purpose in accordance with the current regulatory guidelines for validation. The
proposed method can be applied for quality control, release, and stability analyses of
active pharmaceutical ingredient, PLX, as well as finished products, PLX injections
Caralluma lasiantha: A review on it’s vital role in Indian Traditional MedicineRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
Caralluma is a genus used as traditional medicine. Caralluma lasiantha is medicinally important due
to existence of pregnane glycosides, which may possess various biological activities. This article thoroughly
reviewed about the usage of C. lasiantha in traditional medicinal system, phytochemicals present in it, profile
identification studies, anti-hyperglycemic effect, antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities
Phytochemical Investigation of Caralluma lasiantha: Isolation of Stigmasterol...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Stigmasterol, a phytosteroid was isolated for the first time from C. lasiantha using n-hexane as a solvent. Stigmasterol was characterized on the basis of physical, chemical and spectral data (IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 1HNMR, DEPT-45, 90 & 135, and MS) analysis as well as by comparing them to their literature data. A sequence of steps was adopted like saponification, fractional crystallization and gradient elution column chromatography to isolate stigmasterol because some phytosterols possess identical physical properties which makes it difficult to isolate the constituents.
Phytochemical Screening of Caralluma lasiantha Isolation of C21 Pregnane SteroidRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
Phytochemical screening of Caralluma lasiantha was carried out and one C21 pregnane steroid was isolated from chloroform extract. Based on spectroscopic studies (IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and ESI-MS) the isolated compound is 3b,14b-dihydroxy-14b-pregn-5-en-20-one which was earlier isolated from other species.
Supercritical fluid (CO2) chromatography for quantitative determination of se...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
In the present study, two cancer therapeutic drugs (docetaxel and bortezomib) were separated from their
potential impurities on a chromatographic platform by utilizing CO2 gas (supercritical state) and quantified.
The chromatographic separations were achieved on two short columns BEH-2EP (100mm 3mm, 1.7 mm)
and CHIRALPAK AD-3 (100 mm 4.6 mm, 3 mm) for docetaxel and bortezomib, respectively. The present
work describes the role of organic modifiers in the separation of polar compounds by supercritical fluid
chromatography. The two new methods were fully validated in accordance with the current ICH
(International Council for Harmonization of technical requirements for pharmaceuticals for human use)
guidelines. The stability indicating power of the methods was demonstrated from the stress studies
conducted on the injection formulations of the two compounds. The methods are precise with % RSD of
0.4, linear with the correlation coefficient of r2 $ 0.999 and accurate in the range of 50–150% of the
target assay concentration. The two methods can be equally employed for the assay determination of
docetaxel and bortezomib APIs as well.
Quality-by-design-based development and validation of a stability-indicating ...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
A systematic design-of-experiments was performed by applying quality-by-design concepts to determine
design space for rapid quantification of teriflunomide by the ultraperformance liquid chromatography
(UPLC) method in the presence of degradation products. Response surface and central composite
quadratic were used for statistical evaluation of experimental data using a Design-Expert software. The
response variables such as resolution, retention time, and peak tailing were analyzed statistically for the
screening of suitable chromatographic conditions. During this process, various plots such as perturbation,
contour, 3D, and design space were studied. The method was developed through UPLC BEH C18
2.1 � 100 mm, 1.7-μ column, mobile phase comprised of buffer (5 mM K2HPO4 containing 0.1%
triethylamine, pH 6.8), and acetonitrile (40:60 v/v), the flow rate of 0.5 mL min 1 and UV detection at
250 nm. The method was developed with a short run time of 1 min. Forced degradation studies revealed
that the method was stability-indicating, suitable for both assay and in-vitro dissolution of a drug product.
The method was found to be linear in the range of 28–84 μg mL 1, 2.8–22.7 μg mL 1 with a correlation
coefficient of 0.9999 and 1.000 for assay and dissolution, respectively. The recovery values were found in
the range of 100.1–101.7%. The method was validated according to ICH guidelines.
A convenient new and efficient commercial synthetic route for dasatinib (Spry...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
A new and efficient synthetic route for dual-Src/Abl kinase inhibitor
dasatinib (Sprycel®), an anticancer drug, is described. This commercially
viable process yields dasatinib monohydrate free of potential impurities
with consistent yield of 68% in route A and 61% in route B with HPLC
purity >99.80% over four stages.
Utilization of agro-waste for removal of toxic hexavalent chromium: surface i...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Abundantly available agricultural waste materials
(banana bunch, sorghum stem and casuarinas fruit) are
processed with negligible cost and are found to be highly
suitable as biosorbents for chromium(VI) removal from
aqueous environment due to high surface area and functional
groups of adsorbents. The equilibrium data have
been analyzed for the adsorbate–adsorbate/adsorbent
interactions and found to be fitted to the data in the order,
Hill–de Boer C Fowler–Guggenheim % Frumkin[Kiselev.
To determine the characteristic parameters for process
design, mass transfer studies have been carried out using
two-parameter isotherm models (Harkins–Jura, Halsey,
Smith, El-Awady and Flory–Huggins) and three-parameter
isotherm models (Redlich–Peterson and Sips) which are
applied to the experimental data. The fitness of the isotherms
describes that both mono- and multilayer adsorptions
occur in the present studied three biosorbents in
preference to the latter. The mechanism of adsorption has
been studied using diffusion kinetic models (viz. liquid film
diffusion, Dunwald–Wagner intra-particle diffusion model
and moving boundary model) and described the possibility
of diffusion in the order of banana bunch–stem powder[
sorghum stem powder[casuarinas fruit powder in
terms of diffusion coefficients. In essence of all the results,
the selected adsorbents can be used as a potential adsorbent
for the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions.
Evaluation of in vitro antibacterial activity of Caralluma lasiantha for scie...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Caralluma lasiantha is used as a traditional medicine in India to heal body
heat and inflammations. In order to find out a scientific validation for the Indian
traditional knowledge, antibacterial activity of C. lasiantha extracts was studied
against inflammation causing bacteria (viz., Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli,
Streptococcus Sp., Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae)
along with other Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Solvents with different
polarity were used for extraction from dry roots and stems. Minimum inhibitory
concentrations (MIC) were also studied. Differential antibacterial activity was
exhibited by extracts and higher inhibition potential against Gram-positive bacteria
was explained. The observed antibacterial activities were correlated with the chemical
structures of phytochemicals present in C. lasiantha. Anti-inflammation activities
are related to C. lasiantha extracts through their antibacterial activities.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
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Optimization of reactions conditions
The optimum reaction conditions for the complex formation were
established. While maintaining the constant volume of aqueous
layer (20 mL), volume of CTC solution was increased. Optimum
CTC volume was found to be 5.0 mL (Fig. 3) which may be excess
than the stoichiometric requirement in view of two reasons. CTC
itself undergoes dissociation in aqueous medium, and excess CTC
volume helps the stabilization of labile PIP - CTC complex, and hence,
quantitative complex is formed [18]. Further, CTC volume addition
leads to a decrease in the absorbance.
Literature survey shows that the mixed ligand complex (formed
between cobalt, thiocyanate, and drug) decomposes at higher pH values
leading to a decrease in absorbance intensity [19]. Hence, in the present
study, the effect of variation of pH of the aqueous phase was studied
within the range of 1–4. A maximum absorbance was observed at pH
value of two (Fig. 4a.), indicating that protonated drug is helping the
ion-pair formation and extraction of the formed complex is maximum at
this pH. Hence, citrate buffer solution (pH 2.0) was selected for further
investigation. Formation of a single extractable complex is confirmed
from the same λmax and shape of absorption spectra in the studied pH
range. The optimum volume of buffer solution (pH 2) is found to be
4 mL (Fig. 4b).
Benzene, chloroform, dichloromethane, nitrobenzene, and aniline were
used as extracting solvents for the complex. Nitrobenzene was found to
be the most convenient solvent as it gave the best results and the results
were stable (Fig. 5). Absorbance values were found to be reproducible
with single extraction of ion pair using 10 mL of nitrobenzene (3:2
volume ratio of aqueous to organic phase solvents) and a decreasing
trend of absorbance was observed at lower volume ratio of organic
phase.
Within the studied range of shaking time (30 s to 3 min) of aqueous and
organic phases, its influence on absorbance was found to be insignificant,
andhence,1minshakingtimewasaccepted.Intheproposedmethod,the
order of addition of the optimized volumes of reagents is PIP, buffer, CTC,
water, and nitrobenzene. Equimolar concentrations of PIP and CTC were
used in continuous variation [20] method to establish the composition
of the complex, and it indicates the association of two PIP molecules with
each CTC. It is also supported by molar ratio method [21]. Accordingly,
the chemical reaction involved in the formation of colored complex can
be shown as CTC+2 PIP → (CTC) (PIP)2
. The developed color is found be
stable for minimum 24 h at room temperature.
Chromophore formation and chemistry
Organic analytes possessing positive charge can be determined using
thiocyanate complexes having metal ions such as Cr(III), Fe(III), Co(II),
and Zn(II) by different techniques like spectrophotometry, AAS and
ion selective electrodes [22]. CTC, a classical reagent is formed by the
combination of NH4
SCN and cobaltous nitrate. It has been demonstrated
to be an appreciable reagent for both the qualitative detection and
quantitative determination of amino group-containing organic
compounds. Hence, CTC is used as a chromogenic reagent in the present
case. Presence of secondary and alicyclic tertiary amino groups in PIP
is exploited for its estimation by complexing with CTC at pH 2, that is,
acidic pH medium facilities the protonation of 2° or 3° amine nitrogen
atom of PIP which in turn subsequently participate in the development
of bluish-green colored ion pair complex. The formed ternary complex
comprises PIP, thiocyanate and cobalt as main ligand and second ligand,
and metal ion, respectively, with a ratio of 2:4:1 (Fig. 6). CTC ion is a
weak complex and is stabilized to some extent by the development
of ion pair with PIP. Thiocyanate is added in higher amounts than
stoichiometric requirement for further stabilization of the formed
labile ion pair complex. Extraction of ion pair into organic solvent
helps for its satisfactory stabilization and eliminates any interference
from the unreacted excess amount of thiocyanate complex as it is left
behind in aqueous phase [23]. The so-formed ion pair complex in
aqueous phase is extractable quantitatively into nitrobenzene, which
is determined by visible spectrophotometer at 665 nm. Chances of
Fig. 2: Visible spectrum of piperacillin - cobalt thiocyanate
solution ion pair complex
Fig. 3: Effect of volume of cobalt thiocyanate solution
Fig. 4: (a) Effect of pH of buffer solution and (b) effect of volume of buffer (pH 2) solution
ba
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involvement of the coordinate covalent bond between nitrogen atoms
of PIP and CTC can be eliminated based on steric hindrances associated
with amines present on drug. Moreover, the observed effect of pH on
absorbance of complex and higher absorbance in acidic pH supports
the ion pair formation. Such ion pair formation between protonated
nitrogen atom of drug (in acidic pH) and CTC due to electrostatic
attraction was reported by earlier researchers [23,24]. The entire
extraction procedure can be simply represented as PIPaq
+ CTC–
⇌ PIP+
CTC–
aq
⇌ PIP+
CTC–
org
. Subscripts “aq” and “org” represent aqueous and
organic phases, respectively. Washing of the nitrobenzene extract with
water is avoided because the fragile ion pair complex may decompose
by shifting the equilibrium to the right which leads to the discharge of
color [18].
Optimized method procedure
In to a series of 125 mL separating funnels, aliquots of standard drug
solution (3–18 µg/mL) were taken. Then, added 4 mL of buffer solution
and 5 mL of CTC solution. The volume of each aqueous phase in each
separating funnel was adjusted to 15 mL with distilled water. To each
separating funnel, 10 mL of nitrobenzene was added, and the contents
were shaken for 1 min. The two phases were separated and organic layer
was collected to dry it over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The absorbance
of the organic layer was measured against a similar reagent blank.
Validation of method
Linearity and range
The calibration curve was constructed by plotting a graph between
absorbance versus concentrations in the range of 3–18 μg/mL and was
found to be linear (Fig. 7). A point of the calibration graph indicates
the mean value of three independent measurements (Table 1).
y=0.0615x+0.0213 was the linear regression equation. The correlation
coefficient was >0.999, and hence, the linearity of the proposed
analytical method was tested. Table 2 represents different optical and
regression parameters.
Accuracy
Percent recovery values were determined to know the accuracy
of the proposed method. This was performed by adding different
amounts (50%, 100%, and 150%) of bulk samples of PIP to 6 μg/mL
to maintain the total amount of drug (theoretical) concentration within
the linearity range. The percentage recovery values were in the range
of 99.26–99.88 (Table 3). Low values of standard deviation (SD) and
relative standard deviation (%RSD) indicate a high level of accuracy for
the proposed method.
Precision
Three different concentrations of PIP were selected in the linear
range (3–18 µg/mL) to study intra- and inter-day precision. Each
concentration was analyzed in six independent series on the same day
and on 6 consecutive days (Table 4). % RSD values of intra- and inter-
day studies varied in the range 0.741–1.16 and 0.71–1.06, respectively,
indicating the satisfactory precision of the method.
Ruggedness
To evaluate the ruggedness of the proposed developed method, assay
of 3, 9, and 18 µg/mL of PIP was carried out under the same optimized
conditions on different days by two different analysts. Reproducible
Fig. 5: Effect of solvent nature
Fig. 6: Formation of ion pair complex
Table 1: Calibration values of PIP
Concentration (µg/mL) Absorbance*
3 0.206
6 0.384
9 0.587
12 0.753
15 0.945
18 1.128
*Average of three determinations, PIP: Piperacillin
Table 2: Optical characteristics, statistical data of the regression
equations, and validation parameters for of PIP
S. No Parameter Observation
Optical characteristics
1. Apparent molar absorptivity (L/mol/cm) 3.33×104
2. Sandell’s sensitivity (µg cm−2
A−1
) 0.0155
Regression analysis
1. Slope 0.061
2. Intercept 0.021
3. Regression coefficient (r) 0.9996
Validation parameters
1. λmax(nm) 665
2. Beer’s law limit (Linearity, μg/mL) 3–18
3. Limit of detection (μg/mL) 0.35
4. Limit of quantitation (μg/mL) 1.0
5 Stability period (hours) Minimum 24
PIP: Piperacillin
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results are evident as there was no significant difference between the
analysts. Hence, the proposed method is rugged (Table 5).
Detection of Limits of detection and quantification (LOD and LOQ)
LOD and LOQ were calculated to determine the sensitivity of the
proposed method based on the signal to noise ratio [25]. LOD and LOQ
for PIP were calculated from the values of S (slope of the calibration
curve) and σ (SD of the response) as per the International Council for
Harmonization guidelines (2005) [26].
LOD=3.3×σ/S=0.35 µg/mL and
LOQ=10×σ/S=1.0 µg/mL
Analysis of pharmaceutical formulations
The active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) present in the PIP powder
for injection (Pipracil®
) was extracted using 0.5 M hydrochloric acid
solution, suitable volume of diluent water and sonication for 10 min.
As the recovery values of the API are good, the proposed method can
be successfully applied to the determination of PIP in pharmaceutical
formulations without any interference from common excipients. The
amount of API was determined by measuring the absorbance values of
chromophores derived from the extracts (Table 6) and using the above-
constructed calibration curve.
Spectrophotometric method is the generally used method and of choice
for routine analysis in industrial quality control (QC) laboratories,
especially in developing countries [27-36]. Hence, the present study is
an attempt to develop a sensitive visible spectrophotometric method for
the determination of PIP in pure and powder for injection formulations
using an extractive ion pair complex-forming agent like CTC.
CONCLUSIONS
A simple visible spectrophotometric method was developed for
the quantitative estimation of PIP in pure and powder for injection
formulation based on the formation of bluish-green colored ion pair
associate with [Co(SCN)4
]2-
followed by its extraction into organic
solvent-nitrobenzene. Compared to less polar solvents (benzene,
chloroform, dichloromethane, and aniline), nitrobenzene is proved to
be a successful extracting solvent in view of higher solubility of ion pair
in it. The proposed method is straightforward as there is no need to
Fig. 7: Calibration graph of piperacillin
Table 5: Ruggedness data of PIP
Test concentration of PIP
(µg/mL-1
)*
Concentration
Mean±SD (μg/mL) %RSD
3 2.92±0.021 0.72
9 9.15±0.06 0.66
18 17.91±0.14 0.79
* Average of six determinations, PIP: Piperacillin, SD: Standard deviation,
RSD: Relative standard deviation
Table 6: Estimation of PIP from its formulation by visible
spectrophotometric method
Powder for
injection
formulation
Labeled
Amount (g)
Amount found*
Mean±SD (g)
Percentage
drug
recovered
%RSD
Pipracil 2 1.984±0.008 99.185 0.393
*Average of three determinations, PIP: Piperacillin, SD: Standard deviation,
RSD: Relative standard deviation
Table 3: Recovery of PIP
Level of
recovery (%)
Nominal
concentration used
(µg/mL) (a)
Amount of
drug added
(µg/mL) (b)
Total amount of
drug (a+b) (µg/mL)
(theoretical)
Amount of drug
recovered (µg/mL)
(practical)
Statistical
evaluation
Percentage
recovery=Practical/
Theoretical×100
50 6 3 9 8.99 Mean:8.97
SD:0.012
%RSD:0.139
99.88
6 3 9 8.97 99.66
6 3 9 8.96 99.55
100 6 6 12 11.96 Mean:11.97
SD:0.008
%RSD:0.068
99.66
6 6 12 11.98 99.83
6 6 12 11.97 99.75
150 6 9 15 14.96 Mean:14.92
SD:0.029
%RSD:0.197
99.73
6 9 15 14.91 99.40
6 9 15 14.89 99.26
SD: Standard deviation, RSD: Relative standard deviation, PIP: Piperacillin
Table 4: Intra- and inter-day precision readings
Concentration of PIP (µg/mL) Concentration*
3
Intra-day (Mean±SD) (µg/mL) %RSD Inter-day (Mean±SD) (µg/mL) % RSD
2.97±0.02 0.71 2.95±0.02 0.71
9 9.15±0.08 0.83 9.15±0.09 1.01
18 17.85±0.21 1.16 17.91±0.19 1.06
*Average of six determinations, SD: Standard deviation, RSD: Relative standard deviation, PIP: Piperacillin
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maintain complicated conditions (such as intricate sample treatment
and vigilance to maintain critical optimum pH) and can be performed
without usage of expensive or sophisticated instrumentation. All these
advantages help to encourage the proposed method in the routine
analysis of PIP (bulk drug and powder for injection formulation) in QC
laboratories, as an alternative to the HPLC and LCMS/MS methods.
AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS
Mr. Giri Prasad Gorumutchu: Experimental work, data collection, and
analysis; Prof. Venkata Nadh Ratnakaram: Study design, concept, and
manuscript preparation; Dr. Kiran Kumar Katari: Statistical analysis.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
Authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
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