This document presents a method for the colorimetric determination of the antidepressant drug mianserin using Fast Sulphon Black F (FSBF) dye. Reaction conditions were optimized to form a soluble colored ion-pair complex between the protonated form of mianserin and the anionic form of FSBF in dichloromethane. The method was validated according to ICH guidelines and showed good linearity, accuracy, precision and recovery for mianserin quantification. The developed method was successfully applied to determine mianserin levels in tablet formulations.
simple, sensitive, precise, accurate, highly reproducible and economical, visible spectrophotometric
method for the determination lurasidone in bulk form was developed and validated. The method is
based on the formation of an oxidative coupling product by the reaction of lurasidone with 3-methylbenzothiazolin-
2-one hydrazone as a chromogenic reagent in presence of ferric chloride. The linear regression
analysis data for the calibration plot showed good linear relationship within the concentration range of 0–
100 μg/mL with a correlation coefficient (r) value of 0.9997. The limits of detection and quantitation are 0.6
and 1.7 μg/mL, respectively. The method was tested and validated according to ICH guidelines. The results
demonstrated that the procedure is accurate, precise and reproducible (RSD < 2%).
A simple, sensitive, precise, accurate, highly reproducible and economical, visible spectrophotometric
method for the determination lurasidone in bulk form was developed and validated. The method is
based on the formation of an oxidative coupling product by the reaction of lurasidone with 3-methylbenzothiazolin-
2-one hydrazone as a chromogenic reagent in presence of ferric chloride. The linear regression
analysis data for the calibration plot showed good linear relationship within the concentration range of 0–100
μg/mL with a correlation coefficient (r) value of 0.9997. The limits of detection and quantitation are 0.6 and
1.7 μg/mL, respectively. The method was tested and validated according to ICH guidelines. The results
demonstrated that the procedure is accurate, precise and reproducible (RSD < 2%).
Determination of Satranidazole through Ion-Associative Complex ReactionRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
A simple, selective, accurate and low-cost spectrophotometric method
has been described for determination of satranidazole in bulk and
pharmaceutical formulations. The developed method involves the
formation of chloroform extractable colored ion-association complex
of satranidazole with Tropaeolin OOO (TPooo). The extracted colored
complex showed absorbance maximum at wavelength 484 nm and
obeying Beer′s law in the concentration 4-20 μg mL-1 with the
correlation coeffiecent of 0.9998. The results of statistical analysis of
the proposed method reveals high accuracy and good precession. Thus,
the proposed method can be used commercially for the determination
of satranidazole in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations.
DETERMINATION OF MIANSERIN USING TROPAEOLIN-OOO BY ION PAIR FORMATIONRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
Objective: The present study was aimed at the development of a simple visible spectrophotometric method for the assay of mianserin, a drug used for the treatment of depression.
Methods: The method was developed using tropaeolin-ooo (TPooo) as an ion associative complex forming a chromophore. Developed the chromophore by sequential mixing of aqueous solutions of mianserin, hydrochloric acid, and TPooo. Chromophore was extracted into an organic solvent (chloroform) and absorbance values of organic layers were measured. As per the existing guidelines of an international conference on harmonization (ICH), various parameters of the method were tested for validation.
Results: At the optimized reaction conditions, the formed chromophore (λ max
Conclusion: Due to lack of pre-treatment process for this method, it was simple. All the tested parameters of the method were validated as per ICH guidelines.
Oxidative Coupling: A Tranquil Approach for Determination of Selexipag by Vis...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
The present study is a first report on development of a spectrophotometric method for determination of selexipag (used to cure pulmonary arterial hypertension) in bulk and tablet formulation and its validation. The basis of the proposed method is formation of a chromophore (of λ max 600 nm) in presence of acidic ferric chloride by oxidative coupling reaction between selexipag and MBTH (3-methylbenzo-thiazolin-2-one hydrazone) solution. Regression analysis (r > 0.999) shows that the plotted calibration curve exhibits good linearity in the studied range of concentration (5 – 30 μg mL-1). As per the existing guidelines of ICH, various parameters of the method were tested for validation. Low values of R.S.D. (< 2%) were observed indicating that the proposed method is reproducible, accurate and precise
An emerging way of estimation of Olmesartan medoxomil & Hydrochlorothiazide i...Priyanka Bose
An emerging way of estimation of Olmesartan medoxomil & Hydrochlorothiazide in Bulk & Combined tablet dosage form by Absorbance Correction Method using methanol as solvent system. It is cost effective, highly precised method for estimation.
Chapter 13 Determination of riociguat using ninhydrin as a chromogen 2019Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
A simple method is described to determine the amount of riociguat in bulk and tablet formulation by visible spectrophotometry. Formation of a chromophore with max of 597 nm, due to the reaction between the aromatic amine groups present on riociguat and ninhydrin in citric acid medium forms the basis for the current method. Extension of conjugation due to attachment of two ninhydrin molecules to a riociguat molecule explains the noticed high intensity as well as max of the generated chromophore. Current ICH guidelines were followed to validate the method. The obtained regression equation (y = 0.0316x+0.001) has a good correlation coefficient (> 0.999) in the studied range of 5.0-30.0 μg mL-1. Due to lack of separation steps in the method, it is found to be rapid as well as simple. The recovery levels of riociguat were in the range of 99.87 – 100.06.
simple, sensitive, precise, accurate, highly reproducible and economical, visible spectrophotometric
method for the determination lurasidone in bulk form was developed and validated. The method is
based on the formation of an oxidative coupling product by the reaction of lurasidone with 3-methylbenzothiazolin-
2-one hydrazone as a chromogenic reagent in presence of ferric chloride. The linear regression
analysis data for the calibration plot showed good linear relationship within the concentration range of 0–
100 μg/mL with a correlation coefficient (r) value of 0.9997. The limits of detection and quantitation are 0.6
and 1.7 μg/mL, respectively. The method was tested and validated according to ICH guidelines. The results
demonstrated that the procedure is accurate, precise and reproducible (RSD < 2%).
A simple, sensitive, precise, accurate, highly reproducible and economical, visible spectrophotometric
method for the determination lurasidone in bulk form was developed and validated. The method is
based on the formation of an oxidative coupling product by the reaction of lurasidone with 3-methylbenzothiazolin-
2-one hydrazone as a chromogenic reagent in presence of ferric chloride. The linear regression
analysis data for the calibration plot showed good linear relationship within the concentration range of 0–100
μg/mL with a correlation coefficient (r) value of 0.9997. The limits of detection and quantitation are 0.6 and
1.7 μg/mL, respectively. The method was tested and validated according to ICH guidelines. The results
demonstrated that the procedure is accurate, precise and reproducible (RSD < 2%).
Determination of Satranidazole through Ion-Associative Complex ReactionRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
A simple, selective, accurate and low-cost spectrophotometric method
has been described for determination of satranidazole in bulk and
pharmaceutical formulations. The developed method involves the
formation of chloroform extractable colored ion-association complex
of satranidazole with Tropaeolin OOO (TPooo). The extracted colored
complex showed absorbance maximum at wavelength 484 nm and
obeying Beer′s law in the concentration 4-20 μg mL-1 with the
correlation coeffiecent of 0.9998. The results of statistical analysis of
the proposed method reveals high accuracy and good precession. Thus,
the proposed method can be used commercially for the determination
of satranidazole in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations.
DETERMINATION OF MIANSERIN USING TROPAEOLIN-OOO BY ION PAIR FORMATIONRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
Objective: The present study was aimed at the development of a simple visible spectrophotometric method for the assay of mianserin, a drug used for the treatment of depression.
Methods: The method was developed using tropaeolin-ooo (TPooo) as an ion associative complex forming a chromophore. Developed the chromophore by sequential mixing of aqueous solutions of mianserin, hydrochloric acid, and TPooo. Chromophore was extracted into an organic solvent (chloroform) and absorbance values of organic layers were measured. As per the existing guidelines of an international conference on harmonization (ICH), various parameters of the method were tested for validation.
Results: At the optimized reaction conditions, the formed chromophore (λ max
Conclusion: Due to lack of pre-treatment process for this method, it was simple. All the tested parameters of the method were validated as per ICH guidelines.
Oxidative Coupling: A Tranquil Approach for Determination of Selexipag by Vis...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
The present study is a first report on development of a spectrophotometric method for determination of selexipag (used to cure pulmonary arterial hypertension) in bulk and tablet formulation and its validation. The basis of the proposed method is formation of a chromophore (of λ max 600 nm) in presence of acidic ferric chloride by oxidative coupling reaction between selexipag and MBTH (3-methylbenzo-thiazolin-2-one hydrazone) solution. Regression analysis (r > 0.999) shows that the plotted calibration curve exhibits good linearity in the studied range of concentration (5 – 30 μg mL-1). As per the existing guidelines of ICH, various parameters of the method were tested for validation. Low values of R.S.D. (< 2%) were observed indicating that the proposed method is reproducible, accurate and precise
An emerging way of estimation of Olmesartan medoxomil & Hydrochlorothiazide i...Priyanka Bose
An emerging way of estimation of Olmesartan medoxomil & Hydrochlorothiazide in Bulk & Combined tablet dosage form by Absorbance Correction Method using methanol as solvent system. It is cost effective, highly precised method for estimation.
Chapter 13 Determination of riociguat using ninhydrin as a chromogen 2019Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
A simple method is described to determine the amount of riociguat in bulk and tablet formulation by visible spectrophotometry. Formation of a chromophore with max of 597 nm, due to the reaction between the aromatic amine groups present on riociguat and ninhydrin in citric acid medium forms the basis for the current method. Extension of conjugation due to attachment of two ninhydrin molecules to a riociguat molecule explains the noticed high intensity as well as max of the generated chromophore. Current ICH guidelines were followed to validate the method. The obtained regression equation (y = 0.0316x+0.001) has a good correlation coefficient (> 0.999) in the studied range of 5.0-30.0 μg mL-1. Due to lack of separation steps in the method, it is found to be rapid as well as simple. The recovery levels of riociguat were in the range of 99.87 – 100.06.
Quantitative Evaluation of Dissociation Mechanisms in Methylorange and MethylredAI Publications
Several computational chemistry programs were evaluated as aids to teaching a part of qualitative analytical chemistry. Computational chemical calculations can predict absorption spectra, thus enabling the modeling of indicator dissociation mechanisms using a personal computer. An updated MNDO program among 51 programs was previously found to be the best predictor to explain the dissociation mechanisms of isobenzofuranones and sulfonephthaleins. Therefore, the further quantitative analysis was performed for methyl-orange and methyl-red. Computational chemical analysis can be used for quantitative explanation of indicator dissociation mechanisms.
Visible Spectrophotometric Determination of Gemigliptin Using Charge Transfer...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
A visible spectrophotometric method was developed and validated for the determination of gemigliptin present in bulk drug and tablet formulation. It involves an indirect method of charge transfer complex formation in presence of NBS, metol and suphanilic acid. Gemigliptin was subjected to oxidation with excess amount of oxidant (NBS) and the unconsumed NBS oxidizes metol to give p-N-methylbenzoquinone monoamine (PNMM) which in turn forms a charge transfer complex with sulphanilic acid. Then validated the above developed method as per the current ICH guidelines. An excellent correlation coefficient (> 0.999) was found for the obtained regression equation
(y = –0.0302x + 0.928) in the range of 2.0–30.0 μg mL-1. The method was found to be simple and rapid because it does not involve any solvent extraction. The recovery levels of the drug were in the range 99.92 – 100.08.
Synthesis and Characterization of a New Cationic Surfactant Derived from 5-Ch...IJERA Editor
:In this paper, anovel cationic surfactant is synthesized by the alkylation reaction of 5-Chloro- 1H-indole-2,3-dioneunder the conditions of phase transfer catalysis and quaternizationby trimethylamine in acetone solution.Chemical structures of synthesized compounds were confirmed by 1HNMR and 13C NMR. The micellization of cationic surfactant in aqueous solution at room temperature has been reported using the conductivity of the measurements
Methylene Blue (MB) is thiazine dyes that widely use to color product in many industry such as textile, printing, leather, cosmetic and paper. Xanthogenated-Modified Chitosan Microbeads (XMCM) is use to observe the new alternative adsorbent in removing MB from water body through adsorption process. The interactions between MB and functional group in XMCM were confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR). Several parameters that influence adsorption ability such as the effect of adsorbent dosage of XMCM and the effect of initial pH of MB aqueous solution were studied. This study were done at optimum condition which is at pH 4 of initial pH of MB solution, 0.01 g of initial XMCM dosage, 6 hours stirring time and temperature of (30 ± 2 ). The adsorption data fit well Langmuir model more than Freundlich model. Based on Langmuir model, the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of MB was 21.62 mg g-1 which indicated that XMCM can be a new alternative adsorbent for removing MB.
Determination of Mianserine using Fe3+-phenanthroline by visible Spectrophoto...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Mianserin is used as an antidepressant medication. A visible spectrophotometric method was developed for
determination of Mianserine present in bulk and tablet formulation. The basis of the proposed method is
formation of a chromophore (of λ max 484 nm) in presence of Fe3+-Phenanthroline. Optimization of reaction
conditions was carried out to get highly sensitive and stable colored complex. The proposed method does not
require a pre-treatment process. The method has the advantage of simple, reproducible, selective and sensitive.
Regression analysis (r > 0.999) shows that the plotted calibration curve exhibits good linearity in the studied
range of concentration (1 – 6 μg mL-1). The % recovery values falls in 98.00 – 99.66 range. As per the existing
guidelines of ICH, various parameters of the method were tested for validation. %RSD results of both precision
studies were observed in the range 0.181 – 0.530 and -0.135 – 0.408 respectively, indicating the satisfactory
precision of the method. Low values of R.S.D. (< 2 %) were observed indicating that the proposed method is
reproducible, accurate and precise. The proposed method can be used in routine analysis of Mianserine (bulk
drug and pharmaceutical dosage forms) in quality control laboratories, as an alternative to the methods which
require expensive instruments.
A New Lupan type Triterpene Butilinol from Viburnum grandiflorumIOSR Journals
The isolation and structural studies on the chemical constituents of Viburnum grandiflorum are described. The medicinal properties of the plant are also described. The mentholic extract was subjected to the preparative thin layer chromatography (PTLC) test experiments to investigate the isolation pattern. Based on the PTLC test experiments, the extract was subjected to the silica gel column chromatography. The column was eluted with increasing polarities of organic solvents. This afforded several fractions. The fractions were re-chromatographed on silica gel column to afford a new lupan type triterpene butilinol (1) with several known compounds i. e. oleanolic acid (2), ursolic acid (3), β-sitosterol (4), butilinic acid (5), butilin (6), α-amyrin (7) and germanicol (8). The compound (6) was not reported previously from the genus Viburnum. This therefore represents its first report from Viburnum grandiflorum. The compounds (2) and (4) have been previously reported from Viburnum pronifolium while the compounds (3) and (8) from Viburnum opulus and Viburnum erubescens, respectively. This represents the first report of the presence of these compounds in Viburnum grandiflorum. The structures of the above compounds were identified on the basis of spectral data (UV, IR, Mass, 1NMR, 13C-NMR) and literature evidences. The hexane and ethyl acetate soluble portions of the methanolic extract showed significant antifungal activity, while the chloroform soluble portion and the remaining methanol extract showed moderate activity.
DETERMINATION OF MIANSERIN USING TROPAEOLIN-OOO BY ION PAIR FORMATIONRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
Objective: The present study was aimed at the development of a simple visible spectrophotometric method for the assay of mianserin, a drug used for the treatment of depression.
Methods: The method was developed using tropaeolin-ooo (TPooo) as an ion associative complex forming a chromophore. Developed the chromophore by sequential mixing of aqueous solutions of mianserin, hydrochloric acid, and TPooo. Chromophore was extracted into an organic solvent (chloroform) and absorbance values of organic layers were measured. As per the existing guidelines of an international conference on harmonization (ICH), various parameters of the method were tested for validation.
Results: At the optimized reaction conditions, the formed chromophore (λ max
Conclusion: Due to lack of pre-treatment process for this method, it was simple. All the tested parameters of the method were validated as per ICH guidelines.
Determination of Mianserine using Fe3+-phenanthroline by visible Spectrophoto...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Mianserin is used as an antidepressant medication. A visible spectrophotometric method was developed for
determination of Mianserine present in bulk and tablet formulation. The basis of the proposed method is
formation of a chromophore (of λ max 484 nm) in presence of Fe3+-Phenanthroline. Optimization of reaction
conditions was carried out to get highly sensitive and stable colored complex. The proposed method does not
require a pre-treatment process. The method has the advantage of simple, reproducible, selective and sensitive.
Regression analysis (r > 0.999) shows that the plotted calibration curve exhibits good linearity in the studied
range of concentration (1 – 6 μg mL-1). The % recovery values falls in 98.00 – 99.66 range. As per the existing
guidelines of ICH, various parameters of the method were tested for validation. %RSD results of both precision
studies were observed in the range 0.181 – 0.530 and -0.135 – 0.408 respectively, indicating the satisfactory
precision of the method. Low values of R.S.D. (< 2 %) were observed indicating that the proposed method is
reproducible, accurate and precise. The proposed method can be used in routine analysis of Mianserine (bulk
drug and pharmaceutical dosage forms) in quality control laboratories, as an alternative to the methods which
require expensive instruments.
Determination of Riociguat by Oxidative Coupling Using Visible SpectrophotometryRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
A simple spectrophotometric method was developed to determine riociguat in bulk and tablet formulation. The present method lies on the oxidation of MBTH by Fe+3 ions in acidic medium to form active coupling species and followed by its coupling with riociguat to form the chromophore having lmax 660 nm. Validated the proposed method as per the existing guidelines of ICH. Good linearity (r~ 0.999) was observed for calibration curve in the studied concentration range (6.25 – 37.50 μg mL-1). Reproducibility, accuracy and precision of the method were confirmed from low values of % RSD.
Determination of Riociguat by Oxidative Coupling Using Visible SpectrophotometryRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
A simple spectrophotometric method was developed to determine riociguat in bulk and tablet formulation. The present method lies on the oxidation of MBTH by Fe+3 ions in acidic medium to form active coupling species and followed by its coupling with riociguat to form the chromophore having lmax 660 nm. Validated the proposed method as per the existing guidelines of ICH. Good linearity (r~ 0.999) was observed for calibration curve in the studied concentration range (6.25 – 37.50 μg mL-1). Reproducibility, accuracy and precision of the method were confirmed from low values of % RSD.
Oxidative Coupling: A Tranquil Approach for Determination of Selexipag by Vis...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
The present study is a first report on development of a spectrophotometric method for determination of selexipag (used to cure pulmonary arterial hypertension) in bulk and tablet formulation and its validation. The basis of the proposed method is formation of a chromophore (of λ max 600 nm) in presence of acidic ferric chloride by oxidative coupling reaction between selexipag and MBTH (3-methylbenzo-thiazolin-2-one hydrazone) solution. Regression analysis (r > 0.999) shows that the plotted calibration curve exhibits good linearity in the studied range of concentration (5 – 30 μg mL-1). As per the existing guidelines of ICH, various parameters of the method were tested for validation. Low values of R.S.D. (< 2%) were observed indicating that the proposed method is reproducible, accurate and precise.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Nalbuphine hydrochloride (5a,6a)-17-(Cyclobutylmethyl)-4,5- epoxymorphinan-3,6,14-triol hydrochloride, is narcotic analgesic drug which is a morphine- like drug with agonist activity at the k- opioid receptor and antagonist activity at the μ-opioid receptor. Nalbuphine is recommended for use in moderate to serve pain and its indications include pain after myocardial infraction.
Quantitative Evaluation of Dissociation Mechanisms in Methylorange and MethylredAI Publications
Several computational chemistry programs were evaluated as aids to teaching a part of qualitative analytical chemistry. Computational chemical calculations can predict absorption spectra, thus enabling the modeling of indicator dissociation mechanisms using a personal computer. An updated MNDO program among 51 programs was previously found to be the best predictor to explain the dissociation mechanisms of isobenzofuranones and sulfonephthaleins. Therefore, the further quantitative analysis was performed for methyl-orange and methyl-red. Computational chemical analysis can be used for quantitative explanation of indicator dissociation mechanisms.
Visible Spectrophotometric Determination of Gemigliptin Using Charge Transfer...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
A visible spectrophotometric method was developed and validated for the determination of gemigliptin present in bulk drug and tablet formulation. It involves an indirect method of charge transfer complex formation in presence of NBS, metol and suphanilic acid. Gemigliptin was subjected to oxidation with excess amount of oxidant (NBS) and the unconsumed NBS oxidizes metol to give p-N-methylbenzoquinone monoamine (PNMM) which in turn forms a charge transfer complex with sulphanilic acid. Then validated the above developed method as per the current ICH guidelines. An excellent correlation coefficient (> 0.999) was found for the obtained regression equation
(y = –0.0302x + 0.928) in the range of 2.0–30.0 μg mL-1. The method was found to be simple and rapid because it does not involve any solvent extraction. The recovery levels of the drug were in the range 99.92 – 100.08.
Synthesis and Characterization of a New Cationic Surfactant Derived from 5-Ch...IJERA Editor
:In this paper, anovel cationic surfactant is synthesized by the alkylation reaction of 5-Chloro- 1H-indole-2,3-dioneunder the conditions of phase transfer catalysis and quaternizationby trimethylamine in acetone solution.Chemical structures of synthesized compounds were confirmed by 1HNMR and 13C NMR. The micellization of cationic surfactant in aqueous solution at room temperature has been reported using the conductivity of the measurements
Methylene Blue (MB) is thiazine dyes that widely use to color product in many industry such as textile, printing, leather, cosmetic and paper. Xanthogenated-Modified Chitosan Microbeads (XMCM) is use to observe the new alternative adsorbent in removing MB from water body through adsorption process. The interactions between MB and functional group in XMCM were confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR). Several parameters that influence adsorption ability such as the effect of adsorbent dosage of XMCM and the effect of initial pH of MB aqueous solution were studied. This study were done at optimum condition which is at pH 4 of initial pH of MB solution, 0.01 g of initial XMCM dosage, 6 hours stirring time and temperature of (30 ± 2 ). The adsorption data fit well Langmuir model more than Freundlich model. Based on Langmuir model, the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of MB was 21.62 mg g-1 which indicated that XMCM can be a new alternative adsorbent for removing MB.
Determination of Mianserine using Fe3+-phenanthroline by visible Spectrophoto...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Mianserin is used as an antidepressant medication. A visible spectrophotometric method was developed for
determination of Mianserine present in bulk and tablet formulation. The basis of the proposed method is
formation of a chromophore (of λ max 484 nm) in presence of Fe3+-Phenanthroline. Optimization of reaction
conditions was carried out to get highly sensitive and stable colored complex. The proposed method does not
require a pre-treatment process. The method has the advantage of simple, reproducible, selective and sensitive.
Regression analysis (r > 0.999) shows that the plotted calibration curve exhibits good linearity in the studied
range of concentration (1 – 6 μg mL-1). The % recovery values falls in 98.00 – 99.66 range. As per the existing
guidelines of ICH, various parameters of the method were tested for validation. %RSD results of both precision
studies were observed in the range 0.181 – 0.530 and -0.135 – 0.408 respectively, indicating the satisfactory
precision of the method. Low values of R.S.D. (< 2 %) were observed indicating that the proposed method is
reproducible, accurate and precise. The proposed method can be used in routine analysis of Mianserine (bulk
drug and pharmaceutical dosage forms) in quality control laboratories, as an alternative to the methods which
require expensive instruments.
A New Lupan type Triterpene Butilinol from Viburnum grandiflorumIOSR Journals
The isolation and structural studies on the chemical constituents of Viburnum grandiflorum are described. The medicinal properties of the plant are also described. The mentholic extract was subjected to the preparative thin layer chromatography (PTLC) test experiments to investigate the isolation pattern. Based on the PTLC test experiments, the extract was subjected to the silica gel column chromatography. The column was eluted with increasing polarities of organic solvents. This afforded several fractions. The fractions were re-chromatographed on silica gel column to afford a new lupan type triterpene butilinol (1) with several known compounds i. e. oleanolic acid (2), ursolic acid (3), β-sitosterol (4), butilinic acid (5), butilin (6), α-amyrin (7) and germanicol (8). The compound (6) was not reported previously from the genus Viburnum. This therefore represents its first report from Viburnum grandiflorum. The compounds (2) and (4) have been previously reported from Viburnum pronifolium while the compounds (3) and (8) from Viburnum opulus and Viburnum erubescens, respectively. This represents the first report of the presence of these compounds in Viburnum grandiflorum. The structures of the above compounds were identified on the basis of spectral data (UV, IR, Mass, 1NMR, 13C-NMR) and literature evidences. The hexane and ethyl acetate soluble portions of the methanolic extract showed significant antifungal activity, while the chloroform soluble portion and the remaining methanol extract showed moderate activity.
DETERMINATION OF MIANSERIN USING TROPAEOLIN-OOO BY ION PAIR FORMATIONRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
Objective: The present study was aimed at the development of a simple visible spectrophotometric method for the assay of mianserin, a drug used for the treatment of depression.
Methods: The method was developed using tropaeolin-ooo (TPooo) as an ion associative complex forming a chromophore. Developed the chromophore by sequential mixing of aqueous solutions of mianserin, hydrochloric acid, and TPooo. Chromophore was extracted into an organic solvent (chloroform) and absorbance values of organic layers were measured. As per the existing guidelines of an international conference on harmonization (ICH), various parameters of the method were tested for validation.
Results: At the optimized reaction conditions, the formed chromophore (λ max
Conclusion: Due to lack of pre-treatment process for this method, it was simple. All the tested parameters of the method were validated as per ICH guidelines.
Determination of Mianserine using Fe3+-phenanthroline by visible Spectrophoto...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Mianserin is used as an antidepressant medication. A visible spectrophotometric method was developed for
determination of Mianserine present in bulk and tablet formulation. The basis of the proposed method is
formation of a chromophore (of λ max 484 nm) in presence of Fe3+-Phenanthroline. Optimization of reaction
conditions was carried out to get highly sensitive and stable colored complex. The proposed method does not
require a pre-treatment process. The method has the advantage of simple, reproducible, selective and sensitive.
Regression analysis (r > 0.999) shows that the plotted calibration curve exhibits good linearity in the studied
range of concentration (1 – 6 μg mL-1). The % recovery values falls in 98.00 – 99.66 range. As per the existing
guidelines of ICH, various parameters of the method were tested for validation. %RSD results of both precision
studies were observed in the range 0.181 – 0.530 and -0.135 – 0.408 respectively, indicating the satisfactory
precision of the method. Low values of R.S.D. (< 2 %) were observed indicating that the proposed method is
reproducible, accurate and precise. The proposed method can be used in routine analysis of Mianserine (bulk
drug and pharmaceutical dosage forms) in quality control laboratories, as an alternative to the methods which
require expensive instruments.
Determination of Riociguat by Oxidative Coupling Using Visible SpectrophotometryRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
A simple spectrophotometric method was developed to determine riociguat in bulk and tablet formulation. The present method lies on the oxidation of MBTH by Fe+3 ions in acidic medium to form active coupling species and followed by its coupling with riociguat to form the chromophore having lmax 660 nm. Validated the proposed method as per the existing guidelines of ICH. Good linearity (r~ 0.999) was observed for calibration curve in the studied concentration range (6.25 – 37.50 μg mL-1). Reproducibility, accuracy and precision of the method were confirmed from low values of % RSD.
Determination of Riociguat by Oxidative Coupling Using Visible SpectrophotometryRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
A simple spectrophotometric method was developed to determine riociguat in bulk and tablet formulation. The present method lies on the oxidation of MBTH by Fe+3 ions in acidic medium to form active coupling species and followed by its coupling with riociguat to form the chromophore having lmax 660 nm. Validated the proposed method as per the existing guidelines of ICH. Good linearity (r~ 0.999) was observed for calibration curve in the studied concentration range (6.25 – 37.50 μg mL-1). Reproducibility, accuracy and precision of the method were confirmed from low values of % RSD.
Oxidative Coupling: A Tranquil Approach for Determination of Selexipag by Vis...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
The present study is a first report on development of a spectrophotometric method for determination of selexipag (used to cure pulmonary arterial hypertension) in bulk and tablet formulation and its validation. The basis of the proposed method is formation of a chromophore (of λ max 600 nm) in presence of acidic ferric chloride by oxidative coupling reaction between selexipag and MBTH (3-methylbenzo-thiazolin-2-one hydrazone) solution. Regression analysis (r > 0.999) shows that the plotted calibration curve exhibits good linearity in the studied range of concentration (5 – 30 μg mL-1). As per the existing guidelines of ICH, various parameters of the method were tested for validation. Low values of R.S.D. (< 2%) were observed indicating that the proposed method is reproducible, accurate and precise.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Nalbuphine hydrochloride (5a,6a)-17-(Cyclobutylmethyl)-4,5- epoxymorphinan-3,6,14-triol hydrochloride, is narcotic analgesic drug which is a morphine- like drug with agonist activity at the k- opioid receptor and antagonist activity at the μ-opioid receptor. Nalbuphine is recommended for use in moderate to serve pain and its indications include pain after myocardial infraction.
Department of Pharmaceutical Management and Regulatory Affairs, Lachoo Memorial College of Science & Technology, Pharmacy Wing, Jodhpur National University, Rajasthan – 342003
Method Development and Validation of Naftopidil by Reverse Phase-HPLC in Bulk...SriramNagarajan15
A new simple, accurate, rapid and precise isocratic High performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed and validated for the determination of Etomidate (ETO) injection. The Method employs Waters HPLC system on Develosil –ods-UG column (300 x 3.9 mm x 5µm) and flow rate of 1.5 mL/min with a load of 20 µL. Acetonitrile and Phosphate buffer was used as mobile phase in the composition of 40:60. The Detection was carried out at 254 nm. Linearity ranges for Etomidate was 40-240 µg/ml respectively. Retention Time of Etomidate was found to be 12.061 minutes respectively. Percent recovery study values of Etomidate were found to be within 98-102 %. This newly developed method was successfully utilized for the Quantitative estimation of Etomidate in injectables. This method was validated for accuracy, precision, linearity and Robustness as per ICH guidelines.
Method Development and Validation of Naftopidil by Reverse Phase-HPLC in Bulk...SriramNagarajan15
A new simple, accurate, rapid and precise isocratic High performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed and validated for the determination of Etomidate (ETO) injection. The Method employs Waters HPLC system on Develosil –ods-UG column (300 x 3.9 mm x 5µm) and flow rate of 1.5 mL/min with a load of 20 µL. Acetonitrile and Phosphate buffer was used as mobile phase in the composition of 40:60. The Detection was carried out at 254 nm. Linearity ranges for Etomidate was 40-240 µg/ml respectively. Retention Time of Etomidate was found to be 12.061 minutes respectively. Percent recovery study values of Etomidate were found to be within 98-102 %. This newly developed method was successfully utilized for the Quantitative estimation of Etomidate in injectables. This method was validated for accuracy, precision, linearity and Robustness as per ICH guidelines.
Determination of Satranidazole through Ion-Associative Complex ReactionRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
A simple, selective, accurate and low-cost spectrophotometric method
has been described for determination of satranidazole in bulk and
pharmaceutical formulations. The developed method involves the
formation of chloroform extractable colored ion-association complex
of satranidazole with Tropaeolin OOO (TPooo). The extracted colored
complex showed absorbance maximum at wavelength 484 nm and
obeying Beer′s law in the concentration 4-20 μg mL-1 with the
correlation coeffiecent of 0.9998. The results of statistical analysis of
the proposed method reveals high accuracy and good precession. Thus,
the proposed method can be used commercially for the determination
of satranidazole in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations.
A new analytical method development and validation for the estimation of lenv...SriramNagarajan19
A simple and selective LC method is described for the determination of Lenvatinib dosage forms. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a c18 column using mobile phase consisting of a mixture of Phosphate buffer (KH2PO4): Acetonitrile (80:20) with detection of 240nm. Linearity was observed in the range 60-140 µg /ml for Lenvatinib (r2 =0.996) for the amount of drug estimated by the proposed methods was in good agreement with the label claim.
The proposed methods were validated. The accuracy of the methods was assessed by recovery studies at three different levels. Recovery experiments indicated the absence of interference from commonly encountered pharmaceutical additives. The method was found to be precise as indicated by the repeatability analysis, showing %RSD less than 2. All statistical data proves validity of the methods and can be used for routine analysis of pharmaceutical dosage form.
Quantitative Evaluation of Dissociation Mechanisms in Methylorange and MethylredAI Publications
Several computational chemistry programs were evaluated as aids to teaching a part of qualitative analytical chemistry. Computational chemical calculations can predict absorption spectra, thus enabling the modeling of indicator dissociation mechanisms using a personal computer. An updated MNDO program among 51 programs was previously found to be the best predictor to explain the dissociation mechanisms of isobenzofuranones and sulfonephthaleins. Therefore, the further quantitative analysis was performed for methyl-orange and methyl-red. Computational chemical analysis can be used for quantitative explanation of indicator dissociation mechanisms.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
Visible Spectrophotometric Determination of Gemigliptin Using Charge Transfer...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
A visible spectrophotometric method was developed and validated for the determination of gemigliptin present in bulk drug and tablet formulation. It involves an indirect method of charge transfer complex formation in presence of NBS, metol and suphanilic acid. Gemigliptin was subjected to oxidation with excess amount of oxidant (NBS) and the unconsumed NBS oxidizes metol to give p-N-methylbenzoquinone monoamine (PNMM) which in turn forms a charge transfer complex with sulphanilic acid. Then validated the above developed method as per the current ICH guidelines. An excellent correlation coefficient (> 0.999) was found for the obtained regression equation
(y = –0.0302x + 0.928) in the range of 2.0–30.0 μg mL-1. The method was found to be simple and rapid because it does not involve any solvent extraction. The recovery levels of the drug were in the range 99.92 – 100.08.
Similar to Ion-pair Formation for the Determination of Mianserin Using Fast Sulphon Black F (20)
Electrochemical study of anatase TiO2 in aqueous sodium-ion electrolytesRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
In this paper, a basic electro-analytical study on the behavior of anatase TiO2 in aqueous NaOH has been presented using cyclic voltammetry technique (CV). The study has explored the possibility of using TiO2 as anode material for ARSBs in presence of 5 M NaOH aqueous electrolyte. CV profiles show that anatase TiO2 exhibits reversible sodium ion insertion/de-insertion reactions. CV studies of TiO2 anode in aqueous sodium electrolytes at different scan rate shows that the Na+ ion insertion reaction at the electrode is diffusion controlled with a resistive behavior. Proton insertion from aqueous sodium electrolytes into TiO2 cannot be ruled out. To confirm the ion inserted and de-inserted, CV studies are done at different concentration of NaOH and it is found that at lower concentrations of NaOH, proton insertion process competes with Na+ ion insertion process and as the concentration increases, the Na+ ion insertion process becomes the predominant electrode reaction making it suitable anode materials for aqueous sodium batteries in 5 M NaOH.
Validated HPLC Method for Assay and Content Uniformity Testing of Roflumilast...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Roflumilast is a selective enzyme inhibitor of phosphodiesterase-4. This drug is recommended for treatment of patients suffering from
chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease with chronic-bronchitis. Roflumilast is not official in pharmacopoeia and the reported methods
are having high chromatographic run times. A short run time HPLC method was developed for assay and content uniformity testing to
determine the roflumilast in blend and tablets. The mobile phase consists of 10 mM sodium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate buffer
and acetonitrile in the ratio of 45:55 v/v. The HPLC method was developed using accucore-C18 150 × 4.6 mm, 4 μm column with a flow
rate of 1.0 mL min-1, 215 nm wavelength and 10 μL injection volume with run time of 5 min. The method linearity was proved between
5.02-40.17 μg mL-1 and obtained correlation-coefficient value is 1.0000. The mean recovery of roflumilast was 100.6%. The stability
indicating nature was established and performed the validation by considering ICH Q2 (R1) recommendations.
Substrate Inhibition in Ruthenium(III) Catalyzed Oxidation of Propane-1,3-dio...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Ruthenium(III) catalyzed oxidation of propane-1,3-diol by potassium periodate was studied in aqueous perchloric acid medium. Orders
of reaction with respect to concentrations of oxidant, substrate, acid and catalyst were determined. First order in oxidant and catalyst
concentrations, and inverse fractional order in acid medium were observed. In addition, substrate inhibition (i.e. a decrease in reaction rate
with an increase in substrate concentration) was observed. Effect of addition of salt and solvent was studied. Based on the studies of
temperature variation, Arrhenius parameters were calculated. Plausible mechanism was also proposed based on observed kinetics.
Ruthenium(III) Catalyzed Oxidation of Sugar Alcohols by Dichloroisocyanuric A...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Kinetics of ruthenium(III) catalyzed oxidation of biologically important sugar alcohols (myo-inositol,
D-sorbitol, and D-mannitol) by dichloroisocyanuric acid was carried out in aqueous acetic acid—perchloric
medium. The reactions were found to be first order in case of oxidant and ruthenium(III). Zero order
was observed with the concentrations of sorbitol and mannitol whereas, a positive fractional order was found
in the case of inositol concentration. An inverse fractional order was observed with perchloric acid in oxidation
of three substrates. Arrhenius parameters were calculated and a plausible mechanism was proposed
Shift of Reaction Pathway by Added Chloride Ions in the Oxidation of Aromatic...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Role of added chloride ions on the shift of reaction pathway of oxidation of aromatic ketones (acetophenone,
desoxybenzoin) by dichloroisocyanuric acid (DCICA) was studied in aqueous acetic acid—perchloric
acid medium. Participation of enolic and protonated forms of ketones in the rate determining steps is
manifested from zero and first orders with respect to the oxidant in absence and presence of added chloride
ions, respectively. Positive and negative effects of acid and dielectric constant on the reaction rate were
observed. The observations deduce plausible mechanisms involving (i) rate-determining formation of enol
from the conjugate acid of the ketone (SH+) in the absence of added chloride ions and (ii) rapid formation of
molecular chlorine species from HOCl (hydrolytic species of DCICA) in the presence of added chloride ions,
which then interacts with SH+ in a rate-determining step prior to the rapid steps of product formation. The
order of Arrhenius parameters substantiate the proposed plausible mechanisms based on order of reactants
both in presence and absence of added chloride ions.
Kinetics of Ruthenium(III) Catalyzed and Uncatalyzed Oxidation of Monoethanol...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Kinetics of uncatalyzed and ruthenium(III) catalyzed oxidation of monoethanolamine by N-bromosuccinimide
(NBS) has been studied in an aqueous acetic acid medium in the presence of sodium acetate
and perchloric acid, respectively. In the uncatalyzed oxidation the kinetic orders are: the first order in NBS,
a fractional order in the substrate. The rate of the reaction increased with an increase in the sodium acetate
concentration and decreased with an increase in the perchloric acid concentration. This indicates that free
amine molecules are the reactive species. Addition of halide ions results in a decrease in the kinetic rate,
which is noteworthy. Both in absence and presence of a catalyst, a decrease in the dielectric constant of the
medium decreases the kinetic rate pointing out that these are dipole—dipole reactions. A relatively higher
oxidation state of ruthenium i.e., Ru(V) was found to be the active species in Ru(III) catalyzed reactions. A
suitable mechanism consistent with the observations has been proposed and a rate law has been derived to
explain the kinetic orders.
A novel reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous det...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
In the present study 12 impurities of bisoprolol fumarate (BISO) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) were
separated simultaneously in a single HPLC method. Out of these 12 impurities, five are potential
degradants, which are validated as per The International Council for Harmonisation of Technical
Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines. As the two active drug substances
BISO and HCTZ have different solubilities and polarities, the most critical parameters in resolving the
components from each other are pH, temperature, and solvents. The method is precise (RSD < 1.0%),
accurate, linear (r2 > 0.999), robust, and stability indicating in the range of limit of quantification (LOQ)
to 150%. The HPLC method is then migrated to ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) to
further reduce the run time and solvent consumption, and increase the sample throughput
The emergence of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) against first-line drugs and extensively drug resistant TB (XDRTB)
due to misuse of second-line anti tubercular drugs (ATDs) is a further concern. Recommended treatment involves
long term and multiple drug therapy with severe side effects. Due to this concern nanoparticle-based systems
have significant potential for treatment and prevention of tuberculosis (TB) to overcome the need to administer
ATDs at high and frequent doses, would assist in improving patient compliance and circumvent hepatotoxic ity
and/or nephrotoxicity/ocular toxicity/ototoxicity associated with the prevalent first-line chemotherapy.
Nanostructured delivery systems constitute a wide range of systems varying from liposomes, micelles, micro- and
nanoemulsions, to polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs ) and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs). Pulmonary administration
of inhaled nanoparticles in the form of dry powder inhalers offer particular advantages for pulmonary administration
of anti tubercular drugs (ATDs). Present review comprehensively about different approaches of nanobased
drug delivery, devises and techniques for pulmonary delivery of nanoparticle encapsulated ATD.
Kinetic, isotherm and thermodynamics investigation on adsorption of divalent ...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Three novel and distinct agricultural waste materials, viz., Casuarinas fruit powder (CFP), sorghum stem powder
(SSP) and banana stem powder (BSP) were used as low cost adsorbents for the removal of toxic copper(II) from
aqueous solutions. Acid treated adsorbents were characterized by SEM, EDX and FTIR. Different factors effecting
adsorption capacity were analyzed and the effi ciency order was BSP>SSP>CFP. Based on the extent of compatibility
to Freundlich/Langmuir/D-R/Temkin adsorption isotherm and different models (pseudo-fi rst and second order,
Boyd, Weber’s and Elovich), chemisorption primarily involved in the case of CFP and SSP, whereas, simultaneous
occurrence of chemisorption and physisorption was proposed in the case of BSP. Based on the observations, it was
proposed that three kinetic stages involve in adsorption process viz., diffusion of sorbate to sorbent, intra particle
diffusion and then establishment of equilibrium. These adsorbents have promising role towards removal of Cu(II)
from industrial wastewater to contribute environmental protection.
Kinetic, thermodynamic and equilibrium studies on removal of hexavalent chrom...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Removal of Cr(VI) by biosorption on two agro waste materials, casuarinas fruit powder (CFP) and sorghum
stem powder (SSP), has been investigated. The prepared adsorbent materials were characterized by SEM, EDX,
FTIR and BET. These biomaterials effectively removed Cr(VI) with a maximum removal of 93.35% and 63.75% using
15 gL−1 and 5 gL−1 of CFP and SSP, respectively, at 60 oC with 20mgL−1 initial Cr(VI) concentration in solution. In both
cases of adsorbents, kinetic data of adsorption fitted well in pseudo-second-order in terms of correlation coefficient
(R2). This helps in proposing the process of adsorption as chemical coordination, which is correlated with the thermodynamic
study results conducted at different values of temperature. Langmuir, Freundlich and D-R models were evaluated
for description of metal sorption isotherms. Values of coefficients of intra-particle diffusion and mass transfer have
also been determined at different values of temperature.
Novel coumarin isoxazoline derivatives: Synthesis and study of antibacterial ...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
A highly efficient and mild protocol for the syntheses of ethyl-3-
[7-benzyloxy-4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-8-chromenyl]-5-aryl-4,5-dihydro-4-
isoxazole carboxylates and ethyl-3-[7-benzyloxy-3-chloro-4-methyl-2-
oxo-2H-8-chromenyl]-5-aryl-4,5-dihydro-4-isoxazole carboxylates in
good yields via [3 þ 2] cycloaddition of in situ–generated nitrile
oxides from 7-benzyloxy-4-methyl-coumarin hydroxymoylchlorides
and 7-benzyloxy-3-chloro-4-methyl-coumarin hydroxymoylchlorides
respectively with ethyl-3-aryl prop-2-enoate has been developed.
The new compounds are screened for antibacterial activity.
Ultra performance liquid chromatographic method for simultaneous quantificati...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Plerixafor (PLX) injections are administered to patients with cancers of lymphocytes
(non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma) and plasma cells (multiple myeloma). The main
objective of the current study was to develop a short reverse phase chromatographic
method for the simultaneous quantification of PLX and its impurities, in an injection
formulation, to reduce the time required for these quality tests. Furthermore, the
present work describes the role of nonalkyl branched nonquaternary ion pair reagent
in improving the peak shape and reducing column equilibration time. The separation
of PLX and its related substances is pH dependent (optimum pH = 2.50) and was
achieved on an octadecylsilyl (C18) column. The method was validated for its intended
purpose in accordance with the current regulatory guidelines for validation. The
proposed method can be applied for quality control, release, and stability analyses of
active pharmaceutical ingredient, PLX, as well as finished products, PLX injections
Caralluma lasiantha: A review on it’s vital role in Indian Traditional MedicineRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
Caralluma is a genus used as traditional medicine. Caralluma lasiantha is medicinally important due
to existence of pregnane glycosides, which may possess various biological activities. This article thoroughly
reviewed about the usage of C. lasiantha in traditional medicinal system, phytochemicals present in it, profile
identification studies, anti-hyperglycemic effect, antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities
Phytochemical Investigation of Caralluma lasiantha: Isolation of Stigmasterol...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Stigmasterol, a phytosteroid was isolated for the first time from C. lasiantha using n-hexane as a solvent. Stigmasterol was characterized on the basis of physical, chemical and spectral data (IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 1HNMR, DEPT-45, 90 & 135, and MS) analysis as well as by comparing them to their literature data. A sequence of steps was adopted like saponification, fractional crystallization and gradient elution column chromatography to isolate stigmasterol because some phytosterols possess identical physical properties which makes it difficult to isolate the constituents.
Phytochemical Screening of Caralluma lasiantha Isolation of C21 Pregnane SteroidRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
Phytochemical screening of Caralluma lasiantha was carried out and one C21 pregnane steroid was isolated from chloroform extract. Based on spectroscopic studies (IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and ESI-MS) the isolated compound is 3b,14b-dihydroxy-14b-pregn-5-en-20-one which was earlier isolated from other species.
Supercritical fluid (CO2) chromatography for quantitative determination of se...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
In the present study, two cancer therapeutic drugs (docetaxel and bortezomib) were separated from their
potential impurities on a chromatographic platform by utilizing CO2 gas (supercritical state) and quantified.
The chromatographic separations were achieved on two short columns BEH-2EP (100mm 3mm, 1.7 mm)
and CHIRALPAK AD-3 (100 mm 4.6 mm, 3 mm) for docetaxel and bortezomib, respectively. The present
work describes the role of organic modifiers in the separation of polar compounds by supercritical fluid
chromatography. The two new methods were fully validated in accordance with the current ICH
(International Council for Harmonization of technical requirements for pharmaceuticals for human use)
guidelines. The stability indicating power of the methods was demonstrated from the stress studies
conducted on the injection formulations of the two compounds. The methods are precise with % RSD of
0.4, linear with the correlation coefficient of r2 $ 0.999 and accurate in the range of 50–150% of the
target assay concentration. The two methods can be equally employed for the assay determination of
docetaxel and bortezomib APIs as well.
Quality-by-design-based development and validation of a stability-indicating ...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
A systematic design-of-experiments was performed by applying quality-by-design concepts to determine
design space for rapid quantification of teriflunomide by the ultraperformance liquid chromatography
(UPLC) method in the presence of degradation products. Response surface and central composite
quadratic were used for statistical evaluation of experimental data using a Design-Expert software. The
response variables such as resolution, retention time, and peak tailing were analyzed statistically for the
screening of suitable chromatographic conditions. During this process, various plots such as perturbation,
contour, 3D, and design space were studied. The method was developed through UPLC BEH C18
2.1 � 100 mm, 1.7-μ column, mobile phase comprised of buffer (5 mM K2HPO4 containing 0.1%
triethylamine, pH 6.8), and acetonitrile (40:60 v/v), the flow rate of 0.5 mL min 1 and UV detection at
250 nm. The method was developed with a short run time of 1 min. Forced degradation studies revealed
that the method was stability-indicating, suitable for both assay and in-vitro dissolution of a drug product.
The method was found to be linear in the range of 28–84 μg mL 1, 2.8–22.7 μg mL 1 with a correlation
coefficient of 0.9999 and 1.000 for assay and dissolution, respectively. The recovery values were found in
the range of 100.1–101.7%. The method was validated according to ICH guidelines.
A convenient new and efficient commercial synthetic route for dasatinib (Spry...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
A new and efficient synthetic route for dual-Src/Abl kinase inhibitor
dasatinib (Sprycel®), an anticancer drug, is described. This commercially
viable process yields dasatinib monohydrate free of potential impurities
with consistent yield of 68% in route A and 61% in route B with HPLC
purity >99.80% over four stages.
Utilization of agro-waste for removal of toxic hexavalent chromium: surface i...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Abundantly available agricultural waste materials
(banana bunch, sorghum stem and casuarinas fruit) are
processed with negligible cost and are found to be highly
suitable as biosorbents for chromium(VI) removal from
aqueous environment due to high surface area and functional
groups of adsorbents. The equilibrium data have
been analyzed for the adsorbate–adsorbate/adsorbent
interactions and found to be fitted to the data in the order,
Hill–de Boer C Fowler–Guggenheim % Frumkin[Kiselev.
To determine the characteristic parameters for process
design, mass transfer studies have been carried out using
two-parameter isotherm models (Harkins–Jura, Halsey,
Smith, El-Awady and Flory–Huggins) and three-parameter
isotherm models (Redlich–Peterson and Sips) which are
applied to the experimental data. The fitness of the isotherms
describes that both mono- and multilayer adsorptions
occur in the present studied three biosorbents in
preference to the latter. The mechanism of adsorption has
been studied using diffusion kinetic models (viz. liquid film
diffusion, Dunwald–Wagner intra-particle diffusion model
and moving boundary model) and described the possibility
of diffusion in the order of banana bunch–stem powder[
sorghum stem powder[casuarinas fruit powder in
terms of diffusion coefficients. In essence of all the results,
the selected adsorbents can be used as a potential adsorbent
for the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions.
Evaluation of in vitro antibacterial activity of Caralluma lasiantha for scie...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Caralluma lasiantha is used as a traditional medicine in India to heal body
heat and inflammations. In order to find out a scientific validation for the Indian
traditional knowledge, antibacterial activity of C. lasiantha extracts was studied
against inflammation causing bacteria (viz., Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli,
Streptococcus Sp., Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae)
along with other Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Solvents with different
polarity were used for extraction from dry roots and stems. Minimum inhibitory
concentrations (MIC) were also studied. Differential antibacterial activity was
exhibited by extracts and higher inhibition potential against Gram-positive bacteria
was explained. The observed antibacterial activities were correlated with the chemical
structures of phytochemicals present in C. lasiantha. Anti-inflammation activities
are related to C. lasiantha extracts through their antibacterial activities.
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
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Ion-pair Formation for the Determination of Mianserin Using Fast Sulphon Black F
1. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics • Oct-Dec 2018 (Suppl) • 12 (4) | S1390
Ion-pair Formation for the Determination of
Mianserin Using Fast Sulphon Black F
Giri Prasad Gorumutchu1
, Venkata Nadh Ratnakaram2
, Sireesha Malladi3
1
Department of Chemistry, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India,2
Department of
Chemistry, GITAM University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India,3
Department of Science and Humanities, Vignan’s
Foundation for Science, Technology and Research, Vadlamudi, Andhra Pradesh, India
Abstract
Aim: The objective of the current study is to develop a colorimetric method for the determination of mianserin,
an antidepressant drug. Materials and Methods: Fast Sulphon Black F, an acidic dye was used to develop
a soluble colored ion-pair complex. The complex was extracted into an organic solvent and absorbance
was measured. Results: Reaction conditions were optimized to obtain a sensitive and stable chromophore
(λmax
554 nm) in dichloromethane. Good linearity was observed for the calibration curve plotted in the studied
concentration range (4–14 μg/mL) with regression analysis (r > 0.9997). High percentage recovery values
(98.25–101.40) show that the method is accurate. Reproducibility of the method is evident from lower relative
standard deviation (<2%) for both intra- and inter-day precision studies. Conclusions: The proposed method
is validated as per the existing ICH guidelines. This method is simple as it does not require any pre-treatment
process.
Key words: Assay, Fast Sulphon Black F, ion-pair complex, method development, mianserin, validation
Address for correspondence:
Dr. Venkata Nadh Ratnakaram, Department of Chemistry,
GITAM University, Bengaluru Campus, Nagadenahalli,
Doddaballapur Taluk, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
Phone: +91-9902632733. E-mail: doctornadh@yahoo.co.in
Received: 07-10-2018
Revised: 08-12-2018
Accepted: 24-12-2018
INTRODUCTION
M
ianserin is used to get relief from
depression by working on nerve cells
of brain. It is metabolized in liver
by enzyme cytochrome P450 2D6 through a
sequence of reactions such as N-oxidation,
aromatic hydroxylation, and N-demethylation.
It is a tetracyclic piperazinoazepine with
molecular formula C20
H20
N2
[Figure.1].[1,2]
Hindering the role of L-DOPA antiparkinsonian
limits its prospective clinical usage, though
it is active in relieving from PD psychosis
as well dyskinesia.[3]
Mianserin modulates
(a) the decrease in levels of interleukin-6
and tumor necrosis factor-alpha and (b)
regulation of cytokine amounts in stressed
animals.[4]
A thorough literature survey shows
that spectrophotometric,[5-9]
high-performance
liquid chromatography,[10-13]
capillary gas
chromatography and electrophoresis,[14-16]
and gas chromatography[17,18]
based analytical
methods were published for quantitative
determination of it. In view of high cost of
the above stated instruments, Fast Sulphon
Black F (FSBF) was used as a chromogen for
color development to determine mianserin
spectrophotometrically in bulk drug as well as
tablet dosage forms.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
TECHOMP (UV 2310) double-beam UV-visible
spectrophotometer with HITACHI software version 2.0 was
used to measure the absorbance. Quartz cuvettes (10 mm path
length) were used for the analysis. Digital pH meter (Elico
LI-120) and balance (ShimadzuAUX-220) were used to weigh
the samples and to measure pH, respectively. Spectroscopic
measurements were conducted at room temperature (25 ± 5°C).
All chemicals used in the present study were AR grade. In the
entire process, used water was double distilled.
Preparation of reagents
FSBF solution
About 300 mg of FSBF is dissolved in 100 mL of distilled
water. Then, the solution was washed with chloroform to
remove soluble impurities in the organic solvent.
ORIGINALARTICLE
2. Gorumutchu, et al.: Spectrophotometric determination of mianserin
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics • Oct-Dec 2018 (Suppl) • 12 (4) | S1391
Preparation of standard drug solution
The standard mianserin (25 mg) was weighed accurately
and transferred to 25 mL volumetric flask. It was dissolved
properly and diluted up to the mark with methanol to obtain
final concentration of 1000 µg/mL (stock solution). 2.0 mL
from the stock solution was further diluted to 10.0 mL to get
a standard stock solution having 200 µg/mL of mianserin.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Out of the available different techniques, ion association
involved colored complex formation is a widespread approach
in the quantitative determination of pharmaceutical drugs.
This method can be adopted to all those drugs consisting a
heteroatom (for example, nitrogen) which bears lone pair
of electrons. Hence, they undergo protonation by accepting
proton(s) and form a cation. Dyes capable of attaining
anionic form can cultivate an ion-pair complex with the
above formed cation from a drug. Organic solvent is used to
extract this complex and its absorbance is measured by visible
spectrophotometry.[19]
Applicability to determine the precise
compound even in the presence of different constituents
of formulations is the additional benefit of this method.
Prompted by the above gains, the current study explains the
establishment of a process which is based on the development
of a soluble ion-pair complex in the presence of an acidic
chromogenic dye like FSBF. The developed chromophore has
shown an absorption maximum at 554 nm [Figure 2].
Optimization of reactions conditions
Reaction conditions were optimized at 30 ± 1°C (ambient
temperature). At initial volumes of 0.1 N HCl, absorption
increased with an increase of acid volume up to 4 mL. Further,
increaseinacidvolumeresultedinadecreaseoftheabsorbance
due to reversal of FSBF hydrolysis which results in lowering
the availability of the number of FSBF anions [Figure 3a].
1.5 mL of FSFB (0.2% w/v) was the optimized conditions for
dye solution [Figure 3b]. Instantaneous development of color
after mixing of reactants and persistence of color intensity for
long hours was witnessed. Dichloromethane was recognized
as the best solvent for extraction among the tried solvents
(CH2
Cl2
, CHCl3
, C6
H6
, C6
H5
NO2
, and C6
H5
NH2
) [Figure 4].
Persistent higher absorbance was resulted for the addition
of 10 mL dichloromethane (organic solvent) to 15 mL of
aqueous layer. Hence, contact time was fixed as 2 minFigure 1: Chemical structure of mianserin
Figure 2: Visible spectrum of mianserin-Fast Sulphon Black F complex
3. Gorumutchu, et al.: Spectrophotometric determination of mianserin
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics • Oct-Dec 2018 (Suppl) • 12 (4) | S1392
between the optimized volumes of organic and aqueous
phases (2:3 v/v). Operative successive addition mode of
reagents was mianserin, acid and dye solution. Development
of 3:1 ion-pair complex between protonated mianserin and
FSBF anion was established from Job’s continuation method.
[20]
Scheme 1 demonstrates the formation of colored ion-pair
complex between mianserin cation (MH+) and FSBF–3
anion.
Optimized method procedure
Appropriate aliquots of the standard solution of mianserin
(200 µg/mL) were transferred into an array of separating
funnels of 125 mL volume each. Sequential addition of HCl
(4.0 mL of 0.1 N conc.) and FSBF solution (1.5 mL of 0.3%
concentration) was followed by it. The total volume of aqueous
layer was made to 15 mL by the addition of distilled water.
After addition of 10 mL of dichloromethane, the contents were
shaken for 2 min. Separated the organic layer from aqueous
and absorbance values of organic layers was measured.
Chromophore formation and chemistry
The three sulfonic acid groups present in FSBF undergo
hydrolysis in aqueous medium to form a tribasic anion.[21]
Formation of an ion-pair complex with a stoichiometry of 1:1
explains that only one nitrogen of mianserin is protonated out
of the available two nitrogen on it. Perhaps, the lone pair of
electrons existing on the other nitrogen (of azepine) is engaged
in resonance with the neighboring benzene ring. Therefore,
lone pair of electrons present on the second nitrogen is not
available for protonation. Hence, the second nitrogen is not
protonated. Hence, tribasic charged FSBF anion attracts three
monoprotonated mianserin cations (formed in acid medium).
Electrostatic attraction between these oppositely charged
ions helps them to keep together and acts as a single unit. The
chemical reactions involved in the formation of colored ion-
pair complex are shown in Figure 5.
Validation of method
Linearity and range
Development of color was carried out with mianserin in a
concentration range of 4–14 μg mL-1
by adopting the above
developed procedure. Thrice measured the absorbance for
each concentration of mianserin and their mean value was
noted [Table 1]. A linear calibration curve was obtained by
plotting mean absorbance values versus concentrations of
mianserin [Figure 6]. Linear regression of the data resulted the
equation y = 0.0755x−0.0147 with a correlation coefficient
>0.9997. Hence, linearity of the proposed analytical method
was tested. Table 2 represents key parameters of method
development and validation.
Accuracy
The proposed method’s accuracy was tested by studying
percentage recovery studies and the obtained results were
noted in Table 3. To perform this, various quantities of
mianserin (range of 50–150%) were supplemented to
constant amount of drug to maintain total concentration
within linearity range. The obtained recovery percentages are
in the range of 98.25–101.40. The proposed method is found
to be accurate because SD as well as percentage relative
standard deviation (RSD) values are <1%.
Precision
Both precisions of this method were checked by choosing
three different concentrations in the linearity range
Figure 3: Effect of volumes of (a) acid and (b) FSFB solution
Figure 4: Effect of extraction solvent
a
b
4. Gorumutchu, et al.: Spectrophotometric determination of mianserin
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics • Oct-Dec 2018 (Suppl) • 12 (4) | S1393
Scheme 1: Colored ion-pair complex formation
Figure 5: Reaction of mianserin with Fast Sulphon Black F
5. Gorumutchu, et al.: Spectrophotometric determination of mianserin
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics • Oct-Dec 2018 (Suppl) • 12 (4) | S1394
(4–24 μg/mL). A sequence of six independent analyses was
performed for each concentration on 6 concurrent days
[Table 4]. Precision studies of the current method were found
to be satisfied because percentage RSD values for interday
and intraday were in the range of 1.88–1.97 and 1.57–1.98,
respectively.
Ruggedness
Under the optimized conditions, the current proposed
method’s ruggedness was appraised by carrying out
mianserin assay by two different analysts on different
days at three different quantities (4, 16, and 24 μg/mL).
The obtained results are reproducible as there is no
significant difference in the values produced by different
analysts [Table 5]. Hence, the ruggedness of this method
was confirmed.
Quantification and detection limits
To estimate the present method’s sensitivity, limit of
detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ)
values were calculated as per the ICH guidelines
(2005) using formulae (3.3 × σ/S) and (10 × σ/S),
respectively,[22,23]
where S (calibration curve slope) and
σ (SD of the response). The resultant obtained values are
given below.
LOD = 0.60 μg/Ml and
LOQ = 1.8 μg/mL
Analysis of pharmaceutical formulations
Chromophore was generated with the extracts of mianserin
tablets (Deipnon®
) by following the above developed
procedure and measured the absorbance values to determine
API quantity in the tablet formulation by considering average
weight as basis [Table 6]. The above developed method can
be extended successfully to determine the mianserin amount
present in of Deipnon, tablet formulation due to excellent
recovery values of API. It shows the non-interference of
common excipients in this method. Spectrophotometry is
the best selected analytical technique in quality control
laboratories of developing and underdeveloped countries.[24-31]
Therefore, the above developed method involving ion-pair
formation by mianserin using a chromogen (FSBF) can
be extended to determine its quantity in pure and tablet
formulations.
CONCLUSIONS
The proposed method comprising FSBF as an ion-
pair forming agent is simple due to no requirement to
maintain intricate reaction conditions (such as elaborate
procedure for sample treatment and maintenance of
critical optimum pH). Moreover, it is not necessary of
using high-end costly instruments. These profits inspire
the adaptation of this method in quality control divisions
for mianserin routine analysis in tablet formulation as
well as bulk drug.
Table 1: Calibration curve values
Concentration of mianserin (µg/mL Absorbance*
4 0.286
6 0.439
8 0.592
10 0.734
12 0.898
14 1.039
*Average of three determinations
Table 2: Key parameters of method development
and validation
Parameter Observation
Optical characteristics
Apparent molar absorptivity 1.94×104
L/mol/cm
Sandell’s sensitivity 0.0136 µg/cm/A
Regression analysis
Slope 0.0755
Intercept −0.0147
Regression coefficient (r) 0.9997
Validation parameters
λmaxa
554 nm
Linearity (Beer’s law limit) 4–14 μg/mL
Limit of detection 0.60 μg/mL
Limit of quantitation 1.8 μg/mL
Stability period 18 h
Figure 6: Calibration graph of mianserin
6. Gorumutchu, et al.: Spectrophotometric determination of mianserin
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics • Oct-Dec 2018 (Suppl) • 12 (4) | S1395
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50 5.97 Mean 5.92 99.50
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4 3.956±0.075 1.91 3.956±0.062 1.57
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14 13.877±0.261 1.88 13.88±0.261 1.98
* Average of six determinations
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4 3.969±0.062 1.56
10 9.916±0.196 1.98
14 13.890±0.234 1.69
*Average of six determinations
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Deipnon®
30 29.709±0.184 99.03 0.62
*Average of three determinations
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Source of Support: Nil. Conflict of Interest: None declared.