Presented at International Conference on Pulses for Health, Nutrition and Sustainable Agriculture in Drylands, 18-20 April, 2016At: Marrakesh, Morocco

1. Pigeonpea success story in
Eastern and Southern Africa:
achievements and prospects
Ganga Rao and Pigeonpea Team

2. Global Scenario
Country Area
(000’ ha)
Production
(000’ t)
Productivity
(kg/ha)
World (23) 6,975 5,052 724
Asia (5) 5,691
(81.6)
3,883
(76.9)
682
ESA (8) 1,141
(16.4)
1,047
(20.7)
917
Caribbean
& LA (9)
142
(2.0)
122
(2.4)
859

3. Pigeonpea Production(‘000 t) trends
2584
2746
2646
2846
2914
3359
2981
3816
3055
3253
3725
3214
3619
3883
381 405 435 440 412
527 566 520 536
658
785 834
923
1047
30 45 53 56 56 72 74 78 94 101 109 119 120 122
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
3200
3400
3600
3800
4000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Asia
Africa
Carribean

4. Growth trends in Africa
Country In thousand t % increase
2001 2014 Production Area Yield
Tanzania 87.1 249.3 186 106 39
Mozambique 31.6 120.9 282 261 6
Malawi 105.8 301.0 184 69 68
Kenya 73.46 274.5 274 68 122
Uganda 80.0 93.6 17 28 -8
E. S. Africa 380.6 1047.3 175 96 40

5. Exports from Africa(000’ t)
Country 5 year range 2016
(expected)
Tanzania 75-90 70
Mozambique 55-75 75
Malawi 60-90 70
Kenya 15-20 18
Uganda 8-14 12
Sudan 40-50 45
Africa 253-339 290
Source: Jayesh Patel 2016, ETG
India imports about 570, 000 t annually
50% from Myanmar and 50% from Africa

6. Price volatility: 16th April 2016

7. Drivers of Success
• High yielding, wilt resistant MD varieties
• SI through ICM with women participation
• Regional and International export and participation of large traders
• Innovative seed systems including CBS, QDS, Revolving seed
• Value addition and then export to regional and international markets
• Very strong participation of partners, donors ( BMGF, USAID, Irish
Aid etc., ) Governments initiatives -Kilimo Kwanza, Input subsidy

8. Varietal cafeteria
• 33 varieties released in ESA
• Kenya -8, Malawi-7, Mozambique-5, Tanzania-7, Uganda-2, Zambia-
2, Sudan-1, Ethiopia- 1
• Mostly derived from breeding program based in Africa using local
germplasm
Maturity group Up to 2008 2009 onwards
Short duration 7 1
Medium duration 3 10
Long duration 7 5
Total 17 16
• 436 FPVS trials 981 demonstrations in ESA resulted in this fast
track release with participation of 9498 farmers

9. Breeding priorities
• High grain yield
• Phenology for agro-ecol. adaptability and SI
• Photo-thermo insensitivity
• Ratoonability with high yield
• Grain quality for dry & fresh grains
• Climate resilience with drought tolerance
• Fusarium wilt tolerance
• Pest tolerance esp. Pod borers

10. Plant types for SI

11. Understanding modulation of T and P
• Qualitatively Short day plant but,
• Trials conducted across a transect
• 50 to 2500 m asl and T varied from 30 - 150C
• Used artificial lighting P 12 h 20 min to 16 h 20 min
• Early flowering observed at 240C for SD, 220C for MD and at
180C for LD
• MD varieties matured early (150 days) at equator and late
(200 days) away from equator
123 132
99
120117
130
93
105
50
150
250
350
450
Kabete(1825m) Katumani(1560 m) Kiboko (900 m) Mtwapa (25 m)
DaystoMaturity
Locations
T-7
ICP 13067
ICEAP 00040
ICP 6927
ICEAP 00068
ICPL 87091
ICPL 90011

12. Maize-pigeonpea intercropping with micro P-fertilization
Treatment Total VC
(US $)
Net Income
(US $)
B-C Ratio
DAP 518 1137 2.2
Minjingu phosphate
granules
493 991 2.0
Minjingu Mazao 541 994 1.8
Sole maize with
Minjingu Mazao
432 478 1.1
Farmers' practice 345 496 1.4
Sig. at 5% * *

13. Doubled up legumes-Tanzania
Treatment Pigeonpea yield (kg/ha)
Naliendele Nachingwea On-farm
Pigeonpea + Maize inter crop 920 1010 960
Pigeonpea + Groundnut inter crop 1133 1183 1030
SE 78.25 43.85 52.76

14. Vegetable and grain types
Vegetable type
• East Africa and Caribbean is best source
• Larger seeds
• High % of soluble sugars
• High shelling % and ease of shelling
• Have more edible portion, protein, Ca, Mg, Carotene and ascorbic acid
Grain characteristics
• White/cream seed coat
• Bold and round seeds
• Aroma
• Cook fast

15. Pest tolerance with purple and constricted pods
Line Plant no. Plant
yield(g)
Seed colour 100-seed
Mass (g)
MZ 2/9/36/2 3 158 cream 26
MZ 2/9/36/2 10 142 cream 25
MZ 2/9/36/2 12 129 cream 26
MZ 2/9/36/2 11 108 cream 25
MZ 2/9/36/2 14 103 cream 25
MZ 2/9/36/2 7 64 cream 27
MZ 2/9/36/2 14 52 cream 28
MZ 2/9/36/2 2 41 cream 28
ICPL 86022 Cream large seeded

16. Seed systems:
• Seed demand is 11,417 t to saturate present area and 2280 t
@ 20% seed replacement
• About 4258 t pigeonpea seed produced (recorded) during
last 10 years
honey bees facilitated outcrossing Off-season seed increase
Cleisto Normal

17. Genetic enhancement using germplasm
• Additional germplasm was collected in Uganda,
Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique
• LD accessions - to develop varieties for cooler
temp.
• MD varieties from Uganda- for high temperature
and pest tolerance

18. • Genetic enhancement -unique germplasm,
genomic resources, hybrids
• More focus on MD with ratoonability
• Effective seed systems and dissemination SI
• Utilization and value addition
• Greater engagement with market players
Opportunities

19. Potential fodder genotype

21. • Farmers, NGOs, CBOs
• KALRO, EU,DRD, DARTS, IIAM, NARO, EIAR, ZARI
• BMGF, USAID, Irish Aid, AGRA and others
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

22. Thank you!