Pidgin
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Pidgins form as makeshift languages for communication between groups that do not share a common language, often in trading or slave contexts. The term originated from a Chinese pronunciation of the English word "business." Creoles develop from pidgins and become full languages with consistent grammar when passed to new generations of native speaker children. Creoles are more developed than pidgins and become stable languages in their own right, though still potentially influenced by the parent languages.
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- The industrial revolution transformed Britain and led to rapid urbanization, changing social structures.
- Scientific and technological advances introduced many new terms related to medicine, electricity, automobiles, movies, radios, and wars. New words were also borrowed from other languages.
- Events like cheap newspapers and postage in the 1800s increased opportunities for sharing information and influenced language.
- The Oxford English Dictionary was a monumental work in the late 1800s that systematically documented the English language.
- English became an international language used widely around the world in the 20th century.
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A guide to the differences between american english and british english
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The document provides context and analysis of Walt Whitman's poem "O Captain! My Captain!". It summarizes that the poem uses a metaphor where the death of a ship's captain represents the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln at the end of the Civil War. Through three stanzas, it depicts the speaker's grief at finding the captain dead on the deck after the ship has returned from its successful journey. The analysis explains that the poem mourns Lincoln's death by using the captain as a symbolic representation of the lost president and leader.
sonnet_powerpoint.pptx
A sonnet is a 14-line poem written in iambic pentameter with a set rhyme scheme. The most common types are the English or Shakespearean sonnet, which has three quatrains and a couplet, and the Italian or Petrarchan sonnet, which has an octave followed by a sestet. Sonnets were invented in Italy in the 13th century and introduced to English by Sir Thomas Wyatt in the 16th century. Famous sonnet writers include Shakespeare, Spenser, and Sidney.
From Paradise Lost Book 1 ppt.pptx
Milton introduces the subject of his epic poem Paradise Lost - humankind's first act of disobedience against God, which was the eating of the forbidden fruit by Adam and Eve. This act brought death and suffering into the world. Milton invokes his muse, identifying it as the Holy Spirit rather than the classical muses, and says he aims to write an epic that surpasses all previous works. The poem then focuses on Satan and his rebellion against God, including his fall from heaven and speech rallying his followers to continue fighting God despite their defeat. Satan leads his legions in constructing a great temple, Pandaemonium, to convene their planning.
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The knight tells the poet that he met a beautiful lady in the meadow who seduced him with her beauty and songs. They spent the day together in love and intimacy. That night, in his dreams, the knight saw visions of past kings and warriors who had been misled by the same beautiful lady and were left grieved and starving. He awoke alone on the cold hill, realizing she had bewitched him for her own ends, leaving him distressed like the others. This explained his current lonely, pale state wandering by the empty lake.
Arms & the Man ppt.pptx
- Raina helps a Swiss mercenary soldier, Bluntschli, hide from Serbian soldiers searching her home after a battle. She provides him food and helps him escape.
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Death of the Author by Roland Barthes .pptx
- Roland Barthes argues that the meaning of a text depends on the reader's interpretation rather than the author's intentions. He asserts that a work's unity lies in how it is received by audiences, not in its origins or creator.
- Barthes's theory of "The Death of the Author" rejects classical literary criticism's practice of incorporating an author's biography and intentions to explain a text's meaning. Instead, it emphasizes the reader's role in deriving new insights and interpretations unconstrained by any single definitive meaning.
- By arguing that the author's role ends as soon as they fix the text in writing, Barthes elevates the status of the reader over the author and asserts that any knowledge gained comes from
Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer's Day?
- Sonnet 18 praises the youth, beauty, and positive qualities of a young man.
- It contrasts the imperfections of a summer's day with the subject's perpetual beauty and mild nature.
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Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer's Day?pptx
This document provides a summary and analysis of William Shakespeare's famous sonnet 18, also known as "Shall I Compare Thee To A Summer's Day". The summary includes:
1) An overview of the structure and themes of the sonnet, including Shakespeare comparing the beauty of his subject to a summer's day and arguing their beauty is eternal.
2) A line by line explanation of the poem, analyzing the metaphors, similes and personification used by Shakespeare.
3) The conclusion that through his poem, Shakespeare intends to show that his subject's beauty will live on for eternity in his verse, even after death.
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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
The_Lyrical_Ballads.ppt
Wordsworth's preface argues that poetry should depict ordinary and common experiences using simple language. The poet selects situations from everyday life but imbues them with imagination to present familiar things in an unusual way. Additionally, the poet should have a deeper understanding of human nature and passions than most people and use language as it is naturally used by common people rather than elaborate or artificial language. The preface establishes Wordsworth's view that poetry arises from intense emotion and should bring pleasure by focusing on ordinary human experiences.
Add.eng.notes sem1.docx
This document outlines the course structure and content for an Optional English course on Introduction to Literature: Short Story and Poetry. The course is divided into two semesters. The first semester focuses on the short story, covering definitions and elements of the short story like theme, plot, character, setting and conflict. It also covers different types of short stories like fables, parables, drabble, anecdotes and adventurous stories. Specific short stories analyzed include "The Barber's Trade Union", "A Horse and Two Goats", "The Necklace" and "The Romance of a Busy Broker". The second semester will focus on the study of poetry.
Passage to India NOVEL BY FORSTER notes .pdf
- A Passage to India is a novel by E.M. Forster published in 1924 that examines interactions between Indians and British colonists in India in the early 20th century.
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The_Lyrical_Ballads.pptx
The document discusses the key figures of English Romanticism in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It outlines the contributions and most famous works of William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Keats, Robert Burns, and Lord Byron. These poets are credited with launching the Romantic movement in England through works like Lyrical Ballads and poems such as "Ode on a Grecian Urn", "Kubla Khan", "Ozymandias", and "Auld Lang Syne". They emphasized emotion, nature, imagination, and everyday language in poetry, influencing generations of poets to come.
The Necklace story.pptx
This document discusses the concepts of satisfaction, envy, and jealousy. It asks what truly determines satisfaction and whether money and wealth equate to satisfaction. It also differentiates between internal and external conflict, noting that the story being discussed contains an internal conflict within the main character's mind rather than an external one between characters.
A Horse & Two Goats.pptx
It is a very popular story by R.K.Narayan, it is about a poor man Muni. The story shows the effects of miscommunication
The Barber's Trade Union.pptx
Chandu, a low-caste barber, is publicly insulted by the wealthy Sahukar for dressing in fine clothes. In response, Chandu goes on strike and refuses to shave or cut the hair of the villagers. His strike is successful and forces the villagers to come to his new barber shop in town, allowing Chandu to establish his own business and gain independence from the villagers who once looked down upon him.
Ode to the West Wind ppt.pptx
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- Overall, the poem explores themes of death and rebirth through nature's cycles, with the speaker seeking to find renewal or spread his message through becoming one with the powerful force of the
Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard by Thomas Gray.pptx
The document provides biographical information about the English poet Thomas Gray, noting that he was born in 1716 in London, died in 1771 in Cambridge, and is best known for his poem "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard." It lists some of his notable works, including the elegy, which was written between 1745-1750 but not published until 1751. The summary analyzes the poem, describing how it uses a speaker who stands in a graveyard contemplating life and death, and the inevitability of mortality for all people, rich and poor alike. The poem suggests that some of those buried in the simple country churchyard may have had untapped talents and could have accomplished great things if given the
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Its a popular sonnet written by John Donne which is full of paradox about the fearful nature of death.
'Blow! Blow! Thou Winter Wind'
The poem compares the harshness of winter weather to the harshness of human nature. While the winter wind is cold and biting, the poet argues that a person's ingratitude and forgetfulness of friends is even more painful. Over two stanzas, the poet asks the winter wind to blow and the sky to freeze, noting that these physical hardships are less severe than the emotional hardship of unfaithful friends forgetting past kindnesses. The poem promotes finding simplicity and truth in nature rather than in the falseness of human relationships.
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Pidgin
- 3. Why Pidgins and Creoles are created? Prof.R.R.Borse
- 7. Pidgin derives from a Chinese pronunciation of the English word business, and all attestations from the first half of the nineteenth century given in the third edition of the Oxford English Dictionary mean 'business; an action, occupation, or affair' (the earliest being from 1807). The term pidgin English ("business English"), first attested in 1855, shows the term in transition to referring to language, and by the 1860s the term pidgin alone could refer to Pidgin English. The term was coming to be used in the more general linguistic sense represented by this article by the 1870s. Prof.R.R.Borse
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- 12. A Pidgin is the first-generation version of a language that forms between native speakers of different languages — a makeshift communication bridge, it’s a jugaad language Prof.R.R.Borse
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- 14. Generally speaking, pidgins form in the context of a multicultural population. Historically, this has often happened in areas where multiple groups were trading with each other, or when groups of slaves from various nations were assimilated into a single population and developed a language. Prof.R.R.Borse
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- 37. Creole is a stable natural language that develops from the simplifying and mixing of different languages at a fairly sudden point in time: often, a pidgin transitioned into a full- fledged language. While the concept is similar to that of a mixed or hybrid language, a creole is often additionally defined as being highly simplified when compared to its parent languages. However, a creole is still complex enough that it has a consistent system of grammar, possesses a large stable vocabulary, and is acquired by children as their native language. Prof.R.R.Borse
- 38. The English term Creole comes from French créole, which is cognate with the Spanish term criollo and Portuguese crioulo, all descending from the verb criar ('to breed' or 'to raise'), all coming from Latin creare ('to produce, create'). The specific sense of the term was coined in the 16th and 17th century, during the great expansion in European maritime power and trade that led to the establishment of European colonies in other continents. Prof.R.R.Borse
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- 40. A Pidgin is the first-generation version of a language that forms between native speakers of different languages — a makeshift communication bridge. It’s a jugaad language. A Creole is a pidgin with native speakers, or one that’s been passed down to a second generation of speakers who will formalize it and fortify the bridge into a robust structure with a fully developed grammar and syntax.Prof.R.R.Borse
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