PID
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The document discusses prolapse intervertebral disk (PID), noting that lumbar back ache is a common cause of chronic disability associated with the L5/S1 disk. With aging, the disk nucleus becomes desiccated, causing the annulus fibrosis to develop fissures and herniations of nucleus material. Physical stress can cause acute disk herniation, rupturing the annulus and extruding fibrocartilaginous material posteriorly or free in the spinal cord in severe cases. Clinical features of PID include sciatic radiation, numbness, weakness, and positive straight leg raise test. Imaging like X-ray, CT, MRI, and myelography are used for diagnosis. Treatment focuses on rest, reduction of protr
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Spondylolisthesis
Dr. Mahak Jain presented on spondylolisthesis. Key points include:
1) Spondylolisthesis is the forward translation of one vertebra on another, commonly caused by defects in the pars interarticularis known as spondylolysis.
2) It is classified based on etiology, with dysplastic, isthmic, degenerative, traumatic, and pathological types.
3) Treatment depends on factors like grade, symptoms, and etiology, ranging from conservative care to surgical options like decompression, fusion, and instrumentation.
4) Studies show surgery with fusion has better outcomes for pain and function than nonsurgical treatment or decompression alone for degenerative
Frozen shoulder BY MIN^ED ACADEMY
1) Frozen shoulder is characterized by a stiff and painful shoulder with dense capsular adhesions and significant loss of range of motion over 3-4 stages lasting 2-3 years.
2) Symptoms include dull shoulder pain worsened by movement. Examination reveals limited active and passive range of motion in all directions.
3) Treatment includes oral anti-inflammatory medications, corticosteroid injections, physical therapy focusing on stretching and range of motion exercises, and sometimes manipulation or surgery.
Colles' fracture
Mahashin akond presented on Colles' fracture, which is a break in the distal part of the radius bone 2.5cm above the articular surface. Colles' fractures most commonly occur in young adults and those over 40 years old from falls or direct blows. Treatment involves reduction, immobilization with a plaster cast or surgery, followed by physiotherapy to regain range of motion, strength, and function. Complications can include malunion, tendon rupture, osteoporosis, and delayed healing, though most fractures heal within 6-8 weeks with proper treatment and rehabilitation.
disc prolapse
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of lumbar intervertebral discs. It describes the normal structure and composition of discs, including the nucleus pulposus, annulus fibrosus, and endplates. Discs receive little blood supply and rely on diffusion for nutrition. With aging, discs undergo degeneration as proteoglycan content decreases, collagen content increases, and matrix turnover declines. This makes discs more prone to injuries like herniations and less able to function as effective shock absorbers.
Lumbar disc prolapse
The document discusses the history and anatomy of lumbar disc disease. Key points include:
1) Aurelianus in the 5th century described symptoms of sciatica and Andreas Vesalius in 1543 first described the intervertebral disc.
2) Mixter and Barr in 1934 described disc herniation as the cause of sciatica.
3) The lumbar spine has intervertebral discs that can prolapse and press on nerve roots, commonly occurring posterolaterally at L4-L5 and L5-S1 levels.
Spondylolisthesis
Spondylolisthesis is the forward slippage of one vertebra over another and most commonly occurs between L4-L5 or L5-S1. It can be caused by developmental abnormalities, stress fractures of the pars interarticularis, degeneration of the disc and facets, trauma or tumors. Symptoms include lower back pain and sciatica. Conservative treatment involves rest and bracing while surgery is indicated for progressive, high grade or neurologically compressive slips. Surgical options include fusion with or without instrumentation to reduce the slip and decompress the nerves.
Dupuytrens contracture
Dupuytren's contracture is a condition causing the fingers to bend towards the palm due to fibrosis of the palmar fascia. It typically affects men over 50 years old and has an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. Clinically, patients present with nodules and cords in the palm leading to finger contractures. Treatment options include observation for slow cases, radiotherapy in early stages, and surgery involving fasciotomy or fasciectomy. Complete fasciectomy has high recurrence rates while partial fasciectomy balances effectiveness and risk of recurrence. Post-operative splinting and exercises are needed to regain finger extension.
Hip dislocation
Isabelle, a 23-year-old woman, was in a high-speed motor vehicle accident where her car collided head-on with another vehicle going 90 km/hour. She experienced an airbag deployment and hit her head on the windshield and knees on the dashboard, resulting in a brief loss of consciousness. She was brought to the emergency department complaining of neck, knee, and hip pain. One injury that can occur in high-energy trauma like this is a hip dislocation, which will be the focus of the discussion. Hip dislocations are classified based on their location (posterior, anterior, central) and can have complications like avascular necrosis if not properly reduced. Closed reduction techniques like the Allis
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Spondylolisthesis
Dr. Mahak Jain presented on spondylolisthesis. Key points include:
1) Spondylolisthesis is the forward translation of one vertebra on another, commonly caused by defects in the pars interarticularis known as spondylolysis.
2) It is classified based on etiology, with dysplastic, isthmic, degenerative, traumatic, and pathological types.
3) Treatment depends on factors like grade, symptoms, and etiology, ranging from conservative care to surgical options like decompression, fusion, and instrumentation.
4) Studies show surgery with fusion has better outcomes for pain and function than nonsurgical treatment or decompression alone for degenerative
Frozen shoulder BY MIN^ED ACADEMY
1) Frozen shoulder is characterized by a stiff and painful shoulder with dense capsular adhesions and significant loss of range of motion over 3-4 stages lasting 2-3 years.
2) Symptoms include dull shoulder pain worsened by movement. Examination reveals limited active and passive range of motion in all directions.
3) Treatment includes oral anti-inflammatory medications, corticosteroid injections, physical therapy focusing on stretching and range of motion exercises, and sometimes manipulation or surgery.
Colles' fracture
Mahashin akond presented on Colles' fracture, which is a break in the distal part of the radius bone 2.5cm above the articular surface. Colles' fractures most commonly occur in young adults and those over 40 years old from falls or direct blows. Treatment involves reduction, immobilization with a plaster cast or surgery, followed by physiotherapy to regain range of motion, strength, and function. Complications can include malunion, tendon rupture, osteoporosis, and delayed healing, though most fractures heal within 6-8 weeks with proper treatment and rehabilitation.
disc prolapse
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of lumbar intervertebral discs. It describes the normal structure and composition of discs, including the nucleus pulposus, annulus fibrosus, and endplates. Discs receive little blood supply and rely on diffusion for nutrition. With aging, discs undergo degeneration as proteoglycan content decreases, collagen content increases, and matrix turnover declines. This makes discs more prone to injuries like herniations and less able to function as effective shock absorbers.
Lumbar disc prolapse
The document discusses the history and anatomy of lumbar disc disease. Key points include:
1) Aurelianus in the 5th century described symptoms of sciatica and Andreas Vesalius in 1543 first described the intervertebral disc.
2) Mixter and Barr in 1934 described disc herniation as the cause of sciatica.
3) The lumbar spine has intervertebral discs that can prolapse and press on nerve roots, commonly occurring posterolaterally at L4-L5 and L5-S1 levels.
Spondylolisthesis
Spondylolisthesis is the forward slippage of one vertebra over another and most commonly occurs between L4-L5 or L5-S1. It can be caused by developmental abnormalities, stress fractures of the pars interarticularis, degeneration of the disc and facets, trauma or tumors. Symptoms include lower back pain and sciatica. Conservative treatment involves rest and bracing while surgery is indicated for progressive, high grade or neurologically compressive slips. Surgical options include fusion with or without instrumentation to reduce the slip and decompress the nerves.
Dupuytrens contracture
Dupuytren's contracture is a condition causing the fingers to bend towards the palm due to fibrosis of the palmar fascia. It typically affects men over 50 years old and has an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. Clinically, patients present with nodules and cords in the palm leading to finger contractures. Treatment options include observation for slow cases, radiotherapy in early stages, and surgery involving fasciotomy or fasciectomy. Complete fasciectomy has high recurrence rates while partial fasciectomy balances effectiveness and risk of recurrence. Post-operative splinting and exercises are needed to regain finger extension.
Hip dislocation
Isabelle, a 23-year-old woman, was in a high-speed motor vehicle accident where her car collided head-on with another vehicle going 90 km/hour. She experienced an airbag deployment and hit her head on the windshield and knees on the dashboard, resulting in a brief loss of consciousness. She was brought to the emergency department complaining of neck, knee, and hip pain. One injury that can occur in high-energy trauma like this is a hip dislocation, which will be the focus of the discussion. Hip dislocations are classified based on their location (posterior, anterior, central) and can have complications like avascular necrosis if not properly reduced. Closed reduction techniques like the Allis
Hip dislocation
Definition:-
1) Hip dislocation occurs when the head of the femur is forced out of its socket in the hip bone (pelvis). It typically takes a major force to dislocate the hip.
2) A hip dislocation a disruption of the joint between the femur and pelvis.
3) A hip dislocation occurs when the ball-shaped head of the femur (thigh bone) moves out of its socket on the pelvis. In most cases, this requires a traumatic force to the thigh bone.
intervertebral disc prolapse
A disc prolapse occurs when the outer layer of an intervertebral disc ruptures, causing part of the soft inner material to bulge out and press on nerves. It often results from wear and tear on the spine from physical labor, injuries, obesity, or aging. Common symptoms include low back pain that radiates into the legs, accompanied by numbness, tingling, and muscle weakness. Diagnosis is made through x-rays, CT scans, MRIs, or electromyography. Treatment options range from pain medications and rest to surgical procedures to remove the protruding disc material or fuse the vertebrae.
Intervertibral disc prolapse
1. The document discusses the anatomy, physiology, and clinical presentation of herniated intervertebral discs. It describes the composition and functions of the nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus.
2. Signs and symptoms of herniated discs vary depending on location but commonly include back pain radiating into the buttock and leg. Physical examination involves testing for limited range of motion and tenderness as well as straight leg raise.
3. Diagnosis involves assessing patient history, symptoms on physical exam, and sometimes imaging tests. Herniated discs most often occur in the lumbar spine and can impinge on lumbar or sacral nerve roots.
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perthes disease
This document provides an overview of Legg Calve Perthes disease, including its definition, demographics, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical features, investigations, classifications, management, and surgical procedures. Some key points:
- It is avascular necrosis of the femoral head in children, most common in ages 4-8 years. Positive family history and low birth weight are risk factors.
- Clinical features include hip/thigh pain aggravated by movement. Imaging shows stages from avascular necrosis to fragmentation to regeneration/healing.
- Conservative management includes bracing for young/mild cases. Surgical containment is used for more severe/older cases to encourage spherical remodeling.
- Procedures
Spondylolisthesis
Spondylolisthesis is a condition in which one bone in your back (vertebra) slides forward over the bone below it. It most often occurs in the lower spine (lumbosacral area).
2. Spondylolisthesis is often defined as the forward or anterior displacement of a vertebra over the vertebra inferior to it dueto defects in pars-interarticularis.
De quervain's
De Quervain's disease is a stenosing tenosynovitis of the first dorsal compartment of the wrist caused by inflammation of the tendon sheaths of the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis tendons. It often affects women ages 30-50 and is caused by repetitive motions of the thumb like gripping. Symptoms include pain on the radial side of the wrist worsened by ulnar deviation and thumb movement. Diagnosis is based on tenderness over the tendon sheaths and a positive Finkelstein's test. Most cases are treated conservatively with splinting, activity modification and anti-inflammatories while surgery is reserved for persistent cases.
Lumbar spondylolisthesis ppt (4)
Degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis is a condition where one vertebra slips over the one below due to degenerative changes in the spine. It commonly occurs at the L4-L5 level and is associated with low back and leg pain. Non-surgical treatment options include bracing, flexion exercises to strengthen the spine, stabilization exercises, and epidural steroid injections, with the goal of reducing pain and improving function. Surgical intervention is considered if non-surgical options fail to provide relief from persistent or progressive pain and neurological symptoms.
Greenstick fractures
Greenstick fractures are incomplete fractures of long bones most commonly seen in young children under 10 years old. They typically occur from bending forces that break the convex surface of the bone while leaving the concave surface intact. Common sites are the forearm and lower leg. On x-ray, greenstick fractures show a break on one side of the bone with the other side remaining intact and the bone angulated at the fracture site.
Management of Fractures
This slide includes general principles of fracture management. This is just a basic idea. I have tried to include figures as well as videos. But unfortunately videos wont play here.
Radius and Ulna Shaft Fracture
This document provides information on fractures of the radius and ulna shaft. It discusses the anatomy of the forearm bones and the deforming forces that can occur with certain fracture locations. Types of fractures covered include isolated radius or ulna shaft fractures, both bone fractures, Monteggia fractures, Galeazzi fractures, and reverse Galeazzi fractures. Treatment options including nonoperative management with casting or operative management with open reduction and internal fixation are described. Postoperative rehabilitation and potential complications are also summarized.
GOLFERS ELBOW AND PHYSIOTHERAPY MANAGEMENT
Golfer's elbow, also known as medial epicondylitis, is an overuse injury causing pain on the inner side of the elbow where forearm muscles attach. It results from repetitive motions like swinging a golf club or racket. Physiotherapy treatments include ultrasound, laser therapy, stretching and strengthening exercises to reduce pain and inflammation, improve range of motion and muscle strength, and prevent reinjury. Conservative treatments are usually tried first before considering corticosteroid injections or surgery. Proper form, rest, stretching, strengthening, and equipment choices can help prevent golfer's elbow.
Sprengel deformity
This document provides an overview of Sprengel's deformity, a rare congenital anomaly where the scapula is elevated and rotated medially. Key points:
- It results from interrupted migration of the scapula during embryonic development.
- Clinical features include an elevated shoulder, restricted shoulder movement, and sometimes scoliosis. Severity is graded based on elevation level.
- Diagnosis is made through x-rays showing elevated scapula position. CT scans can show associated bone anomalies.
- Surgical treatment aims to lower the scapula through muscle releases and reattachments, with the goal of improving function and asymmetry. Complications can include brachial plexus injury or sc
Plid
The document discusses prolapsed lumbar intervertebral disc (PLID), which occurs when the soft central portion of an intervertebral disc bulges out beyond the damaged outer rings. It causes severe back and leg pain. Key points include: PLID most commonly occurs at the L4/L5 level. Common symptoms are radiating pain, numbness, and weakness. MRI is the preferred imaging method to detect herniations. Treatment options include conservative measures like NSAIDs, physical therapy, and epidural injections or surgery for severe/progressive cases.
Patella fracture
This document summarizes information about fractures of the patella. It describes the anatomy of the patella and mechanisms of injury, which can include direct trauma from a fall or indirect trauma from forceful quadriceps contraction. Clinical evaluation involves examining for pain, swelling, abrasions, and limited knee movement. Fractures are classified as undisplaced or displaced. Investigations may include x-rays, CT scans, bone scans, and MRIs. Treatment depends on the type of fracture, and may involve casting, tension band wiring, or patellectomy. Complications can include non-union, avascular necrosis, osteoarthritis, or knee stiffness.
Osteoarthritis knee
This document provides an overview of osteoarthritis of the knee, including its definition, classification, epidemiology, anatomy, pathology, risk factors, diagnosis, grading, and management. Some key points are:
- Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint condition characterized by cartilage breakdown and new bone growth. It commonly affects the knee joint.
- Risk factors include age, obesity, previous injury, activities like squatting that increase pressure on the knee.
- Diagnosis involves clinical exams, x-rays showing bone changes and loss of joint space, and ruling out other causes through tests.
- Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes like weight loss and exercise, medications, injections, and sometimes surgery like knee replacement
Dislocation of hip
This document discusses hip dislocations, including anatomy, classification, clinical features, imaging, treatment approaches, and complications. It describes the ball-and-socket anatomy of the hip joint and ligaments that provide stability. Hip dislocations are most commonly posterior or anterior, depending on the direction the femoral head is displaced from the acetabulum. Treatment involves closed or open reduction, sometimes along with fixation of any fractures. Complications can include myositis ossificans or avascular necrosis leading to osteoarthritis.
Shoulder fractures around the shoulder
This document discusses fractures around the shoulder joint, including proximal humerus fractures, shoulder dislocations, scapular fractures, and clavicular fractures. It provides details on the anatomy, classifications, clinical presentations, imaging, and treatment options for each type of injury. Treatment may involve closed reduction, open reduction with various surgical techniques like plating or nailing depending on the fracture pattern and bone quality. Post-operative rehabilitation is important for optimal outcomes.
Tb hip
Tuberculosis of the hip joint is the second most common site of bone and joint TB after the spine. It typically affects people in their first three decades of life. The infection spreads from a primary focus such as the lungs to the hip joint via the bloodstream. It can initially involve different areas of the hip and pelvis before spreading to the joint. Patients present with hip pain, limping, and constitutional symptoms. Treatment involves anti-TB drugs along with rest, traction, and surgery if needed to address complications like joint destruction and deformity. Surgical options depend on the stage of disease and can include synovectomy, arthrodesis, osteotomy, or arthroplasty.
Low back pain (lumbago)
Low back pain is a common condition that affects 60-80% of people at some point in their lives. It is caused by injuries or strains to the muscles, ligaments or discs in the lower spine. Common symptoms include pain in the lower back that may radiate to the buttocks or thighs. Prolonged sitting, obesity, poor posture, heavy lifting and repetitive bending or twisting can contribute to back pain. Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms and physical exam rather than tests. Treatment involves medications, physical therapy, injections or surgery in severe cases. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle and proper lifting technique can help prevent back pain.
Intervertibral disc prolapse
The document discusses the anatomy, physiology, causes, symptoms, diagnosis and management of intervertebral disc herniation. Key points include:
1) Intervertebral discs act as shock absorbers between vertebrae and allow limited spinal movement. Herniation occurs when a tear in the disc allows the nucleus pulposus to bulge beyond the annulus fibrosus.
2) Common causes are repetitive strain, trauma, obesity and poor posture. Symptoms vary depending on location but often include back pain radiating into the legs.
3) Diagnosis involves physical examination including the straight leg raise test and sometimes imaging tests. Management focuses on reducing pressure on neural elements through treatments like
Chest wall deformity
This document discusses various chest wall deformities and conditions that affect the structure and function of the chest wall. It covers scoliosis, pectus excavatum, ankylosing spondylitis, flail chest, thoracoplasty, pectus carinatum, Poland Syndrome, and chest wall tumors. For each condition, it describes the presentation, pathophysiology, clinical features, treatment options, and relevant anatomy and imaging findings.
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Hip dislocation
Definition:-
1) Hip dislocation occurs when the head of the femur is forced out of its socket in the hip bone (pelvis). It typically takes a major force to dislocate the hip.
2) A hip dislocation a disruption of the joint between the femur and pelvis.
3) A hip dislocation occurs when the ball-shaped head of the femur (thigh bone) moves out of its socket on the pelvis. In most cases, this requires a traumatic force to the thigh bone.
intervertebral disc prolapse
A disc prolapse occurs when the outer layer of an intervertebral disc ruptures, causing part of the soft inner material to bulge out and press on nerves. It often results from wear and tear on the spine from physical labor, injuries, obesity, or aging. Common symptoms include low back pain that radiates into the legs, accompanied by numbness, tingling, and muscle weakness. Diagnosis is made through x-rays, CT scans, MRIs, or electromyography. Treatment options range from pain medications and rest to surgical procedures to remove the protruding disc material or fuse the vertebrae.
Intervertibral disc prolapse
1. The document discusses the anatomy, physiology, and clinical presentation of herniated intervertebral discs. It describes the composition and functions of the nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus.
2. Signs and symptoms of herniated discs vary depending on location but commonly include back pain radiating into the buttock and leg. Physical examination involves testing for limited range of motion and tenderness as well as straight leg raise.
3. Diagnosis involves assessing patient history, symptoms on physical exam, and sometimes imaging tests. Herniated discs most often occur in the lumbar spine and can impinge on lumbar or sacral nerve roots.
ILIZAROV EXTERNAL FIXATOR
general discussion about Ilizarov external fixator with its history, principles, indication, application, advantage and disadvantage
perthes disease
This document provides an overview of Legg Calve Perthes disease, including its definition, demographics, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical features, investigations, classifications, management, and surgical procedures. Some key points:
- It is avascular necrosis of the femoral head in children, most common in ages 4-8 years. Positive family history and low birth weight are risk factors.
- Clinical features include hip/thigh pain aggravated by movement. Imaging shows stages from avascular necrosis to fragmentation to regeneration/healing.
- Conservative management includes bracing for young/mild cases. Surgical containment is used for more severe/older cases to encourage spherical remodeling.
- Procedures
Spondylolisthesis
Spondylolisthesis is a condition in which one bone in your back (vertebra) slides forward over the bone below it. It most often occurs in the lower spine (lumbosacral area).
2. Spondylolisthesis is often defined as the forward or anterior displacement of a vertebra over the vertebra inferior to it dueto defects in pars-interarticularis.
De quervain's
De Quervain's disease is a stenosing tenosynovitis of the first dorsal compartment of the wrist caused by inflammation of the tendon sheaths of the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis tendons. It often affects women ages 30-50 and is caused by repetitive motions of the thumb like gripping. Symptoms include pain on the radial side of the wrist worsened by ulnar deviation and thumb movement. Diagnosis is based on tenderness over the tendon sheaths and a positive Finkelstein's test. Most cases are treated conservatively with splinting, activity modification and anti-inflammatories while surgery is reserved for persistent cases.
Lumbar spondylolisthesis ppt (4)
Degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis is a condition where one vertebra slips over the one below due to degenerative changes in the spine. It commonly occurs at the L4-L5 level and is associated with low back and leg pain. Non-surgical treatment options include bracing, flexion exercises to strengthen the spine, stabilization exercises, and epidural steroid injections, with the goal of reducing pain and improving function. Surgical intervention is considered if non-surgical options fail to provide relief from persistent or progressive pain and neurological symptoms.
Greenstick fractures
Greenstick fractures are incomplete fractures of long bones most commonly seen in young children under 10 years old. They typically occur from bending forces that break the convex surface of the bone while leaving the concave surface intact. Common sites are the forearm and lower leg. On x-ray, greenstick fractures show a break on one side of the bone with the other side remaining intact and the bone angulated at the fracture site.
Management of Fractures
This slide includes general principles of fracture management. This is just a basic idea. I have tried to include figures as well as videos. But unfortunately videos wont play here.
Radius and Ulna Shaft Fracture
This document provides information on fractures of the radius and ulna shaft. It discusses the anatomy of the forearm bones and the deforming forces that can occur with certain fracture locations. Types of fractures covered include isolated radius or ulna shaft fractures, both bone fractures, Monteggia fractures, Galeazzi fractures, and reverse Galeazzi fractures. Treatment options including nonoperative management with casting or operative management with open reduction and internal fixation are described. Postoperative rehabilitation and potential complications are also summarized.
GOLFERS ELBOW AND PHYSIOTHERAPY MANAGEMENT
Golfer's elbow, also known as medial epicondylitis, is an overuse injury causing pain on the inner side of the elbow where forearm muscles attach. It results from repetitive motions like swinging a golf club or racket. Physiotherapy treatments include ultrasound, laser therapy, stretching and strengthening exercises to reduce pain and inflammation, improve range of motion and muscle strength, and prevent reinjury. Conservative treatments are usually tried first before considering corticosteroid injections or surgery. Proper form, rest, stretching, strengthening, and equipment choices can help prevent golfer's elbow.
Sprengel deformity
This document provides an overview of Sprengel's deformity, a rare congenital anomaly where the scapula is elevated and rotated medially. Key points:
- It results from interrupted migration of the scapula during embryonic development.
- Clinical features include an elevated shoulder, restricted shoulder movement, and sometimes scoliosis. Severity is graded based on elevation level.
- Diagnosis is made through x-rays showing elevated scapula position. CT scans can show associated bone anomalies.
- Surgical treatment aims to lower the scapula through muscle releases and reattachments, with the goal of improving function and asymmetry. Complications can include brachial plexus injury or sc
Plid
The document discusses prolapsed lumbar intervertebral disc (PLID), which occurs when the soft central portion of an intervertebral disc bulges out beyond the damaged outer rings. It causes severe back and leg pain. Key points include: PLID most commonly occurs at the L4/L5 level. Common symptoms are radiating pain, numbness, and weakness. MRI is the preferred imaging method to detect herniations. Treatment options include conservative measures like NSAIDs, physical therapy, and epidural injections or surgery for severe/progressive cases.
Patella fracture
This document summarizes information about fractures of the patella. It describes the anatomy of the patella and mechanisms of injury, which can include direct trauma from a fall or indirect trauma from forceful quadriceps contraction. Clinical evaluation involves examining for pain, swelling, abrasions, and limited knee movement. Fractures are classified as undisplaced or displaced. Investigations may include x-rays, CT scans, bone scans, and MRIs. Treatment depends on the type of fracture, and may involve casting, tension band wiring, or patellectomy. Complications can include non-union, avascular necrosis, osteoarthritis, or knee stiffness.
Osteoarthritis knee
This document provides an overview of osteoarthritis of the knee, including its definition, classification, epidemiology, anatomy, pathology, risk factors, diagnosis, grading, and management. Some key points are:
- Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint condition characterized by cartilage breakdown and new bone growth. It commonly affects the knee joint.
- Risk factors include age, obesity, previous injury, activities like squatting that increase pressure on the knee.
- Diagnosis involves clinical exams, x-rays showing bone changes and loss of joint space, and ruling out other causes through tests.
- Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes like weight loss and exercise, medications, injections, and sometimes surgery like knee replacement
Dislocation of hip
This document discusses hip dislocations, including anatomy, classification, clinical features, imaging, treatment approaches, and complications. It describes the ball-and-socket anatomy of the hip joint and ligaments that provide stability. Hip dislocations are most commonly posterior or anterior, depending on the direction the femoral head is displaced from the acetabulum. Treatment involves closed or open reduction, sometimes along with fixation of any fractures. Complications can include myositis ossificans or avascular necrosis leading to osteoarthritis.
Shoulder fractures around the shoulder
This document discusses fractures around the shoulder joint, including proximal humerus fractures, shoulder dislocations, scapular fractures, and clavicular fractures. It provides details on the anatomy, classifications, clinical presentations, imaging, and treatment options for each type of injury. Treatment may involve closed reduction, open reduction with various surgical techniques like plating or nailing depending on the fracture pattern and bone quality. Post-operative rehabilitation is important for optimal outcomes.
Tb hip
Tuberculosis of the hip joint is the second most common site of bone and joint TB after the spine. It typically affects people in their first three decades of life. The infection spreads from a primary focus such as the lungs to the hip joint via the bloodstream. It can initially involve different areas of the hip and pelvis before spreading to the joint. Patients present with hip pain, limping, and constitutional symptoms. Treatment involves anti-TB drugs along with rest, traction, and surgery if needed to address complications like joint destruction and deformity. Surgical options depend on the stage of disease and can include synovectomy, arthrodesis, osteotomy, or arthroplasty.
Low back pain (lumbago)
Low back pain is a common condition that affects 60-80% of people at some point in their lives. It is caused by injuries or strains to the muscles, ligaments or discs in the lower spine. Common symptoms include pain in the lower back that may radiate to the buttocks or thighs. Prolonged sitting, obesity, poor posture, heavy lifting and repetitive bending or twisting can contribute to back pain. Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms and physical exam rather than tests. Treatment involves medications, physical therapy, injections or surgery in severe cases. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle and proper lifting technique can help prevent back pain.
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Intervertibral disc prolapse
The document discusses the anatomy, physiology, causes, symptoms, diagnosis and management of intervertebral disc herniation. Key points include:
1) Intervertebral discs act as shock absorbers between vertebrae and allow limited spinal movement. Herniation occurs when a tear in the disc allows the nucleus pulposus to bulge beyond the annulus fibrosus.
2) Common causes are repetitive strain, trauma, obesity and poor posture. Symptoms vary depending on location but often include back pain radiating into the legs.
3) Diagnosis involves physical examination including the straight leg raise test and sometimes imaging tests. Management focuses on reducing pressure on neural elements through treatments like
Chest wall deformity
This document discusses various chest wall deformities and conditions that affect the structure and function of the chest wall. It covers scoliosis, pectus excavatum, ankylosing spondylitis, flail chest, thoracoplasty, pectus carinatum, Poland Syndrome, and chest wall tumors. For each condition, it describes the presentation, pathophysiology, clinical features, treatment options, and relevant anatomy and imaging findings.
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This document discusses various chest wall deformities and conditions that affect the structure and function of the chest wall. It covers scoliosis, pectus excavatum, ankylosing spondylitis, flail chest, thoracoplasty, pectus carinatum, Poland Syndrome, and chest wall tumors. For each condition, it describes the presentation, pathophysiology, clinical features, treatment options, and relevant anatomy and imaging findings.
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Cervical myelopathy is caused by compression of the cervical spinal cord, most commonly from cervical spondylosis. Cervical spondylosis involves degenerative changes to the spine that decrease space for the spinal cord. This can lead to static or dynamic compression of the cord, impairing circulation. Patients experience symptoms like neck pain, weakness, spasticity and sensory changes. Diagnosis involves assessing severity using scales and investigating spinal changes through imaging like CT which shows stenosis and compression more clearly than x-rays.
Degenerative conditions.pptx
This document discusses degenerative diseases of the joints, spine, and their presentation and management. It notes that degenerative joint disease (osteoarthritis) is a common condition affecting older adults, especially weight-bearing joints like the hips and knees, causing pain and stiffness. Degenerative spine disease also increases with age and can result in back pain, nerve root compression, and spinal cord issues. Management involves exercises, weight control, medications, and possibly surgery to relieve symptoms from joint and spine degeneration.
Spina bifida
Spina bifida is a birth defect where the spine and spinal cord do not form properly. It occurs when the neural tube fails to close fully during early embryonic development. The most common type is myelomeningocele, where parts of the spinal cord and meninges protrude out of an opening in the spine. This can cause paralysis, loss of feeling, and problems with bladder and bowel control below the level of the defect. Treatment involves surgery to close the opening and manage any related complications like hydrocephalus. Prevention focuses on adequate folic acid intake before and during early pregnancy.
Scfe seminar
This document discusses slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE), a disorder where the femoral head is displaced from the femoral neck through the growth plate. It covers the etiology, risk factors, classification, signs and symptoms, investigations including x-rays, and treatment options. The main treatment approaches are conservative management with traction or surgical management with in situ pinning to stabilize the epiphysis and promote growth plate closure. The goal of treatment is to prevent further slipping and allow for functional recovery without long-term complications like osteonecrosis.
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis
This document provides information on slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE), including:
- SCFE involves slippage of the femoral epiphysis posteriorly and inferiorly due to weakness of the growth plate.
- It most commonly affects obese adolescent boys and girls during periods of rapid growth.
- Clinical features include pain in the groin or knee and limited range of motion of the hip.
- Treatment involves closed or open reduction and internal fixation using pins or screws to stabilize the slip.
- The goals of treatment are to prevent further slippage and allow healing to occur without complications like avascular necrosis.
Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease.pptx
Legg-Calve-Perthes disease is avascular necrosis of the femoral head that occurs in children aged 4-10 years. It has an insidious onset and is usually unilateral. The cause is unknown but it may result from trauma, infection, or coagulation disorders. Presentation includes limping, hip pain, and limited range of motion. Imaging shows changes in femoral head density and structure over time. Treatment depends on age, involvement of the lateral pillar, and femoral head deformity, ranging from observation to osteotomies. Complications include femoral head flattening or enlargement and degenerative arthritis.
Cevic spondylosis
Cervical spondylosis is a degenerative condition caused by aging that involves degeneration of the cervical discs and joints between vertebrae. This leads to narrowing of the spinal canal and neural foramina. Symptoms include neck pain, radiculopathy, and myelopathy. Cervical spondylosis results from age-related changes like disc desiccation and bulging, osteophyte formation, and thickening of ligaments that decrease the space for the spinal cord and nerve roots. Dynamic factors like neck motion can further exacerbate symptoms from cervical spondylosis.
Syphilis in ortho
This document provides an overview of syphilis of bones and joints, including its pathology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management. Syphilis is caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum, which can spread to bones via the bloodstream. In bones, it causes inflammatory responses that can destroy tissue. Congenital syphilis commonly involves the long bones and skull in infants. Clinical features may include pseudoparalysis or bone deformities. Radiographs show changes to the growth plates and periosteal reactions. Adult syphilis often causes painless periostitis of long bones and skull. Diagnosis involves serology tests and microscopy. Treatment is with penicillin, including high dose intravenous regim
Torticollis
Torticollis can be congenital or acquired. Congenital forms include muscular torticollis from in utero positioning causing SCM muscle fibrosis, and Klippel-Feil syndrome involving cervical spine anomalies. Acquired causes include atlantoaxial rotatory displacement from neck inflammation and neurogenic forms from CNS tumors, syringomyelia, or paroxysmal torticollis of infancy. Treatment depends on cause but often involves stretching exercises, immobilization, or surgery to correct structural abnormalities.
Perthes disease
Legg-Calve-Perthes disease is a childhood condition caused by avascular necrosis of the femoral head. It leads to deformity of the femoral head and premature osteoarthritis. The exact cause is unknown but it is likely multifactorial, involving both genetic and environmental factors. Treatment depends on the age of the patient, extent of involvement, disease stage, and presence of head deformity. Younger patients often do well with non-operative treatment focusing on range of motion exercises, while older patients or those with more severe deformity may require surgical containment procedures like osteotomies to reshape the femoral head and acetabulum.
dr.salah, radiology, joint disease 2nd lect
This document provides a summary of various joint diseases and conditions as seen on radiographs. It compares and contrasts osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, describing features such as joint space narrowing, erosion, and subchondral sclerosis. Infectious arthritis, septic arthritis, and Charcot joints are also summarized. Avascular necrosis, Perthes' disease, slipped capital femoral epiphysis, and developmental dysplasia of the hips are discussed along with their characteristic radiographic findings.
developmental condition of musculoskelatal system
This document summarizes several developmental conditions of the musculoskeletal system, including Osteogenesis Imperfecta, Mucopolysaccharidosis IV, Dysplasia Epiphysealis Multiplex, Osteopetrosis, Ollier Disease, Hereditary Multiple Exostoses, and Achondroplasia. It describes the genetic causes, clinical features, radiological findings, and management of each condition.
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PID
- 2. PID • Lumber back ache is most common cause of chronic disability. • Majority of case are associated with Inter vertebral disk at L5 / S1.
- 3. Pathology • With ageing disk dries out the nucleus pulposes turgid and gelatinous bulb to desiccated structure annulus fibrosis develop fissure . • Small herniation of nucleus material squeeze through the annulus. • They penetrate the vertebral end plate to produce SCHMORLS nodes in 75 % of pt • Displacement of facet joint is inevitable due to disk space collapse leading to OA.
- 4. Acute disk herniation or prolapse • Less common but more dramatic. • Physical stress is the causative factor. • The dick will not rupture unless there is disturbance in hydrophilic property of nucleus. • When it rupture fibro cartilaginous material extrude posteriorly. • With complete rupture nucleus may sequestrate and lie free spinal cord. • Pain in PID is due to disruption of annulus fibrosis and tearing of post longitudinal ligament and dura.
- 5. Stage
- 6. Clinical Features • There is –Sciatic radiation –Parenthesis –Numbness –Weakness –Depress reflex may be present
- 7. Clinical Feature • Acute PID is uncommon in very young and very old. • It occur in fit adult of 20 to 45 years. • There is H/O lifting and stooping. • Pain will be more on coughing and straining. • Cauda equana is affected to cause urinary retention. • There is sciatic sclerosis. • Range of motion diminished. • Para vertebral muscles spasm. • SLR positive. • Cross sciatic test may be positive.
- 8. Imaging • X-ray • Myelography( for rediculopathy) • CT and MRI
- 9. Differential Diagnosis • Inflammatory diseases • Vertebral tumor • Nerve tumor