Late blight of potato is caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, which infects its host Solanum tuberosum. Initial symptoms appear as purplish brown spots on foliage during flowering that rapidly spread during moist weather, potentially destroying the entire crown of leaves within 2-3 days. Tubers below the soil can also be infected, causing dry or wet rot depending on moisture. The disease cycle is propagated by sporangia or zoospores that infect through leaf, stem, or tuber surfaces. Control measures include using disease-free seed tubers, resistant varieties, fungicide spraying, and mercuric chloride treatment of tubers before storage.
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It's an overview about most prevalent plant disease attack on seedlings .the disease incidence is dependent more upon the conditions under which the seedlings are grown than upon the particular species of plant concerned.
Damping-off |Symptoms, Causes, Control and Management Mamoona Ghaffar
It's an overview about most prevalent plant disease attack on seedlings .the disease incidence is dependent more upon the conditions under which the seedlings are grown than upon the particular species of plant concerned.
Environment is the factors surrounding plants from heat - Humidity - light - soil ...., and these factors may help the spread of the disease and the incidence and severity of the disease if it is suitable for the growth and reproduction of pathogens or work to increase the resistance to diseases and the disease does not occur if it is suitable for the growth of host plants .Plant disease is only an interaction between the three pillars of the disease triangle
(host plant - pathogen - environmental conditions).
This slideshare is prepared for last hour revision to students related with plant pathology. This slideshare may not contain enough informations about diseases.
a brief description on diseases of pea their symptom and casual organism.
Content is for eduacational purpose and truly for students ,scientist and farmers.
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Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
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1. LATE BLIGHT OF POTATO
Dr.Vishnupriya Sharma
Department of Botany
Title of the Paper- Mycology and Phytopathology
2. Name of the Disease-
Late blight of Potato
Causal Organism-Phytophthora infestans
Host- Solanum tuberosum
Systemic position of pathogen- Eumycota
Mastigomycotina
Oomycetes
Perenosporales
Pythiaceae
Phytophthora
3. • Symptoms
The symptoms of the disease appear at the flowering time.
During the initial stages, purplish brown spots appear on the
foliage. During moist weather these areas extend rapidly and
hyphal and sporangial development occurs.
During severe infections entire crown of leaves may perish
within 2-3 days.After the destruction of the foliage(leaf), the
infection advances on the underground parts specially the
tubers which are below the soil surface.
Tubers may also catch infection at the time of harvesting or
during storage. Primary infection is also responsible for
reducing the size and number of tubers and is caused by
zoospores or sporangia.The rot may be either dry or wet,
depending upon the availability of moisture. Dry rot of tubers
is usually expressed by formation of brownish areas which
extend to about an inch below the surface.The decay of the
tubers is very rapid when weather is moist and the surface of
the infected tubers turn light creamy due to formation of
sporangia.
Phytophthora infestans-Late blight
of potato. A. Symptoms on affected
leaf B.Symptoms on affectedTuber
4. • Disease Cycle-The disease is propagated by sporangia
which may germinate either directly or indirectly (by zoospore
formation). 90 per cent RH is essential for sporangial germination.
Sporangial production is accomplished in a saturated atmosphere at
a wide range of temperature (20°C to 26°C); 21°C is, however,
optimum. It has been observed that infection declines significantly at
temperatures above 20°C, because of fall in germination percentage
and the slow growth of germ tube.
Epiphytotics occur whenever environmental conditions favour the
production and germination of sporangia and zoospores.
A cool weather, combined with abundant moisture, is ideal
for bulk production of inoculum. In India, it is generally the moisture
(and not the low temperature., which is readily available during later
part of winter) that becomes limiting factor.
The fungus can not persists in soil because temperature during
summers becomes very high.The only source of inoculum is through
infected seed tubers. Storing the seeds in cold storage has mainly
contributed in perpetuation of the disease in plains of India. After
formation of sporangia or zo0spores, the disease spreads to large
number of plants. Infection may take place through any part of leaf
or stem. In tubers infection takes place through 'eyes, lenticels and
wounds.
6. Control Measures
• Control measures:The control measures are as follows:
• (1) Disease-free tubers should be used for seed purposes.
• (2) Use ofresistant varieties.
• (3)The tubers should be given a 90 minutes dip in 1:1,000 mercuric chloride solution
before the storage.
• (4) In order to control the disease, it is better to start spraying of the crop with fungicides
when it is about 8 inches tall. Fungicides like Blitox 50, Fytolan, Dithane Z-78, DithaneM-
22, and Bordeaux mixture have proved more effective in controlling the disease