This document discusses the field of phytochemistry, which is the study of chemical compounds found in plants. There are two main types of metabolites or phytochemicals: primary metabolites that are directly involved in basic metabolic reactions essential for growth and reproduction, and secondary metabolites that have pharmacological effects and serve protective functions. Some examples of secondary metabolites discussed are alkaloids like quinine and caffeine, and glycosides. The document also outlines different extraction and purification methods used to isolate phytochemicals like glycosides from plant materials.

2. Phytochemistry

3. Introduction
Metabolites/Phytochemicals
Types of metabolites
 Primary metabolites
 Secondary metabolites
 Alkaloids
 Glycosides
 Terpenoides
Extraction Method
Classification
Contents:

4.  Phytochemistry can be
considered sub-fields
of botany or chemistry
Introduction
 The word “Phyton” meaning Plant & Chemistry mean
chemical reactions
 Phytochemistry is the study of chemical compounds
that is extracted from plants

5. There are two types of chemical compounds:
 Primary Metabolites
 Secondary Metabolites
Metabolites/Phytochemicals

6. Primary Metabolites:
 Primary metabolites are directly involved in body’s basic metabolic reaction.
 They have definite role and function in metabolism and essential in
Growth, Development and Reproduction of human or animal’s body.
 Practically present in all organism’s.
 Widely distributed in nature.
Generally non expensive to isolate from plants.
Present in large quantity in plants.

7. Primary metabolites includes:
Sugar Amino acids Nucleic acid like DNA and RNA

8. Secondary Metabolites:
Complex in nature.
They have marked pharmacological action on human’s body
(Quinine extract from Cinchona Bark which act as anti-malarial agent)
Secondary organic compounds are biosynthetically derived from
primary metabolites.
Involve in a chemical adaptation to environmental stress, Serve as
defensive protective chemical against microorganism, insects and
higher herbivores etc.

9. Some other secondary metabolites Aristolochic acid
are toxic to humans.
Aristolochic acid

10. Classification:
 Alkaloids
There are three main classes of the secondary metabolites:
 Terpenoides
 Glycosides

11. Alkaloids
Germen Chemist “Carl F.W. Meissnerin” in 1819.
“The group of naturally occurring organic compound which are
mainly basic in nature, contain one or more nitrogen atom,
normally heterocyclic in nature and possess physiological active
action on human’s and animal’s body”

12. Quinine:
Quinine is a medication used to treat malaria
Caffeine:
Caffeine is a chemical found in coffee tea.
Used to improve mental alertness
Caffeine

13. Glycosides:
“Glycosides are naturally occurring organic compounds consist of
sugar (carbohydrates) linked with non-sugar
(Non-carbohydrates) part in a particulate manner”
Glycosides are derived from “Gluco” which mean glucose.

14. They linked with each other through a
glycosidic bond to form a glycosides.

15. Extraction of glycosides:
Powder
Hot percolation / extraction method (Dilute alcohol)
Extract treatment
With lead acetate solution (Non-glycosidal impurities precipitated
Filter
Filtrate Precipitate
Extract pass through hydrogen sulphhide gas
Filter
Excess of lead acetateis
precipitated as lead sulphide
Containing Glycoside
Concentrate
Crude Glycoside Purification
By using chromatographic Technique
Pure product (Glycoside)
Filtrate