Physio Ex 9 Experiment 11 Activity 1 Essay

Physio Ex 9 Experiment 11 Activity 1 Essay
Exercise 11: Blood Analysis: Activity 1: Hematocrit Determination Lab Report Pre–lab Quiz Results You scored 75% by answering 3 out of 4
questions correctly. 1. Hematocrit Your answer : a. refers to the percentage of white blood cells (WBCs) in a sample of whole blood. Correct answer:
b. of 40 means that 40% of the volume of blood consists of RBCs. 2. A buffy coat layer You correctly answered: d. is all of the above. 3. The diagnosis
of anemia indicates You correctly answered: a. a lower–than–normal hematocrit. 4. Polycythemia refers to You correctly answered: c. a significant
increase in RBCs.
010/11/12
page 1
Experiment Results Predict Question: Predict Question: Predict how the hematocrits of the patients living in Denver, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Possible causes of polycythemia include Your answer: d. an increase in RBCs, resulting in a higher–than–normal hematocrit. Correct answer: b. living
at high altitudes. 4. You would expect anemia to develop in a person You correctly answered: c. who has abnormally shapedhemoglobin in their RBCs.
010/11/12
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Review Sheet Results 1. List the hematocrits for the healthy male (sample 1) and female (sample 2) living in Boston (at sea level) and indicate
whether they are normal or whether they indicate anemia or polycythemia. Your answer: Healthy Male (Sample 1) = 48 and Healthy Female = 44.
Both are normal as the average hematocrit for males is 42–52%, and the average for females is 37–47% 2. Describe the difference between the
hematocrits for the male and female living in Boston. Why does this difference between the sexes exist? Your answer: The difference is that men have
a higher hematocrit due to being larger in size than women and having more muscle mass and it has been shown that testosterone affects the secretion
of erythropoietin (EPO) by the kidneys. EPO is responsible for the formation of red blood cells. Higher testosterone in males means more red blood cell
formation and hence a higher hematocrit. 3. List the hematocrits for the healthy male and female living in Denver (approximately one mile above sea
level) and indicate whether they are normal or whether they indicate anemia or polycythemia. Your answer: Male=55, Female=53 ; Both are elevated

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Sickle-Cell Anemia
Sickle–Cell Anemia is an inherited, chronic blood disease in which the body produces abnormally shaped red blood cells. When the blood cells
become crescent/sickle shaped, they are unable to deliver adequate amounts of oxygen to other cells. Also, these unusual "sickle" cells block blood
pathways to the limbs and organs, limiting the amount of blood flowing throughout the body. It causes pain, organ damage, andanemia (low blood
count). Unfortunately, however, when sufferers are born with this disease, they live life knowing it is incurable.
In Sickle–Cell Anemia, the 11th chromosome is affected, and thus, causes the disorder. In addition, this disease is autosomal, and not sex–linked. It is
also codominant, which means neither allele ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of these treatments is called Hydroxyurea. Hydroxurea is actually a drug that decreases the number of nucleotides inside cells, which reduces the
concentration of defective hemoglobin (sickle–cells). Another treatment for this disease is called Sulphasalazine. This is also a drug, and it works by
reducing the number of "sticky" molecules on red blood cells in Sickle–Cell Anemia. Furthermore, Poloxamer 108 is yet another drug that shortens the
length of painful episodes in Sickle–Cell Anemia. It works by improving blood flow in the blood vessels, surrounding the painful area. Although these
drugs work to "cover up" the disease, and delay its spread, there still isn't enough research to create a cure for Sickle–Cell Anemia.
In order to find out if a person has Sickle–Cell Anemia, doctors need to diagnose him/her using special methods. One simple, inexpensive method,
which happens to be the most common one, includes giving the blood test called hemoglobin electrophoresis. It shows the hemoglobin type in
person's body. This blood test is now given in more than forty states, and is mostly performed on newborn babies. These tests also tell whether or not
the child carries the Sickle–Cell trait. In addition, another method of diagnosis is called the Sickle–Cell solubility test. This test can possibly detect the
presence of "bad" hemoglobin.
Despite having so many opportunities of Sickle–Cell testing, our society still neglects the idea of

Blood Count Literature Review
REVIEW ON IMAGE PROCESSING USED IN HAEMOTOLOGY
Abstract– In medical analysis blood cell count plays vital role. Variations in the count of blood cells cause many diseases in the human body. For
overall health assessment and diagnosis of many disorders complete blood count is required. Abnormal increase or decrease in cell count indicates that
person has indispensable medical condition. The Complete Blood Count (CBC) is a blood test, extensively used to check various disorders such as
infections, allergies, problems with clotting, anaemia, leukaemia etc. In order to perform CBC test, the blood film is stained and then imaged with a
transmission light microscope. Here the analysis of the blood sample is done manually in order to count number of blood cells and also to identify
disorders in blood samples through a microscope. But it is a time consuming process and also leads to undesirable human error. In essence, the goal of
this review paper is to find out and validate the necessary image processing steps and different methods and algorithms used to count blood cells on
blood smear slides. This paper aims to provide: mitigate problems posed by different conditions such as noisy and degraded images; detect the
overlapping cells; to differentiate RBCs ,WBCs and also platelets which are present in a blood smear slide counting RBCs and WBCs and even
platelets and also to detect the disease related to blood.
INTRODUCTION
In early days microscopists have manually viewed

The Effects Of Anemia On The Levels Of Blood
Hemoglobin and Hematocrit
Stephanie Jackson
Professional Communications (MLS 301L)
University of Southern Mississippi
Abstract
Anemia is a decrease in the competence of blood to carry adequate amounts of oxygen to the tissue resulting from an insufficient concentration of
hemoglobin (McKenzie & Otto, 2015). The Hemoglobin and hematocrit are used to screen for the presence of anemia. A small sample of blood in a
capillary tube is needed for the hematocrit test and an anticoagulated tube of blood is used for the hemoglobin (Hematocrit, 2015). Both of these
samples are then looked at using instruments in the laboratory to determine the amount of hemoglobin in the blood and the percent of hematocrit.
Hemoglobin and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A CBC test includes red blood count, white blood count, red blood cell indices, platelet count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit (Hematocrit, 2015).
Depending on the results to these test results, additional tests may be suggested. The hemoglobin and hematocrit results are the values used the most to
determine if a patient has anemia. When combined with information from the history and physical examine of a patient, results of these tests can give
insight to a specific type of anemia and its cause (McKenzie & Otto, 2015).
Body of Paper Hemoglobin is an iron containing protein that helps carry oxygen to the tissues in the body. Hematocrit, on the other hand, is a
measurement related to total blood count. Hemoglobin and the hematocrit depend on the entire blood including plasma (Walker, Hall, & Hurst, 1990).
Procedure
Hemoglobin values are performed by a cell counter from a tube of EDTA–anticoagulated blood. All types of hemoglobin's are converted to
cyanomethemoglobin and measured by a colorimeter (Walker, Hall, & Hurst, 1990). A deficient example, whether because of lacking volume or
insufficient anticoagulation, might give false readings. In the event that it is important to decide the level of frailty rapidly, the hematocrit is a simpler,
more helpful test (Hematocrit, 2013).
Hematocrit tests can be performed by a venipuncture or a finger stick (McKenzie & Otto, 2015). If a fingerstick is being performed, the finger is

Correlation Between Hemoglobin And Hematocrit Essay
Discussion of Findings
Because most of the studies were comparison studies with exception of one Cross–sectional one–way study to analyze their data, the researchers used
two sample t–test for comparison, Linear regression test to see the relation between hemoglobin and hematocrit, Chi square test for the predicted data
results, Mann–Whitney U test to compare the difference of the dependent variable, Kruskal–Wallis–one way analysis of variance, Pearson Correlation
test, fisher exact test and covariance analysis (ANCOVA) (Mukhopadhyay et al., 2010; Oto et al., 2012; Peruzzi et al., 1993; Rezende et al., 2010;
Riessen et al., 2015; Thomas et al., 2009; Ullman et al., 2015). For inclusion criteria, the researcher's chose critically ill patients admitted to ICU with
or without arterial or central venous catheter line, and intubated patients for more than 24 hours. However, their limitation as well as their exclusion
criteria was actively bleeding patients, hemoglobin less than 7g/dl on admission, patients with cancer, chronic kidney disease, chronic anemia, or
hematological disorders as these would have been confounding variables (Mukhopadhyay et al., 2010; Peruzzi et al., 1993; Rezende et al., 2010;
Riessen et al., 2015).
Most of the researchers compared the use of blood conserving apparatus in relation preserved H&H and decrease in transfusion requirement, and
majority of them found the use of blood saving apparatus conserves H&H (Mukhopadhyay et al., 2010; Peruzzi et al.,

Haemoglobin And Red Blood Cells Report Template
Biomedical Sciences 3: Practical 1 – Haemoglobin and Red Blood Cells REPORT TEMPLATE
Please do not alter the document format. Keep to Arial font size 11 and do not exceed 8 pages.
TITLE: Experimental blood test for preliminary indicative results to blood disorder
ABSTRACT
In modern science, experimental blood test has been a general definition for indicating the wellness of blood cells. Several credible theories were
formulated for approximating the concentration of red blood cell (haemoglobin) in the human body, and developing understanding on the difference
between the concentrations between human's sexuality [1,3 and 8]. In this report, we examine the concentration of haemoglobin in the human blood
through spectroscopy and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The intensity of light beam is set at 540 nm, and Cyanmet reagent is used as the absorbance zero control. Through this experiment, concentration of
haemoglobin can be calculated using Beer's law:
A = Оµ Г— c Г— l
A –> absorbance Оµ –> molar absorbance c –> concentration l –> path length
Blood sample is diluted in this experiment to allow measurement to fall within logarithmic range (dilution factor 1:251). Applying Beer's law on the
result obtained, the steps are as follows:
A450 = 44000 molв€’1Lcmв€’1 Г
— c Г— 1cm
Concentration of haemoglobin in diluted sample (gram/litre) = 0.45/44000 Г— 64000 Da = 0.654 g/l
Concentration of haemoglobin in undiluted sample = 0.654 Г— 251 = 164g/l
From the calculation, we can conclude that the blood sample that was drawn for this experiment falls under the normal range of men's and women's
concentration of haemoglobin.
2)Haemocytometer. Summarise the experiment, method and show calculation for the determination of the number of red blood cells in the original
sample
This experiment is performed to estimate the number of erythrocytes in the sample, by counting of the number of cells in one of the centre grid

chamber of haemocytometer. Blood is

Investigation Into Haemoglobin Levels And The Relationship...
Investigation into haemoglobin levels, and the relationship between absorption and concentration. 551+146+85+71 = 853 Introduction
82+41+56+108+57+70+41+96 =551 Haematology, is a well–used important tool for diagnosing anaemia in patients, via a full blood count alongside a
blood film. There are many parameters considered, from Haemoglobin levels, white blood counts and platelet counts to full white blood cell counts,
also referred to as a full blood count ( FBC ) (Bain, 2006) ;(National Institute of Health, 2012). Doing a full blood count, and examining a blood film,
together, helps the haematologist to detect quantitative and qualitative abnormalities, if any, within blood cells. This is a particularly inaccurate
practice, with many... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Looking to the theory of light, it is known that light is made up of many colours of a spectrum. A solution which appears blue for example, is in reality
removing or absorbing the red and green wavelengths of light, and only allowing the blue to transmit through the solution. The amount of light
absorbed, depends entirely on the compounds function, each compound will present a different wavelength and intensity. Due to this, comparison of
compounds and identification is enabled using this technique.108 Measurement of Haemoglobin To try and determine the amount of haemoglobin in
the blood (or a solution ) the haemoglobin must be disassociated from the blood cells, and be free in the solution itself. The pigment produced is then
measured by the spectrophotometer, using light wavelengths. This is compared to a series of results, and drawn on a calibration curve. 57 The method
used to disassociate the haemoglobin, is commonly done by measuring it as cyanomethemoglobin. The method uses cyanide, which binds to oxidised
methemoglobin through oxidisation. Cyanide forms a stable and strong link to the methemoglobin, and it gives off an intense red hue. By measuring
this absorbance in samples, and comparing the results to other known standards, an unknown amount of haemoglobin in an unknown sample can be
determined. (Geis., 2006)70 Hypothesis This investigation will determine the wavelength of maximum absorption of haemoglobin samples, by
producing an

Blood Doping: Far Outweigh The Risks
EPO, or blood doping as it is commonly referred to, is dangerous to heart health and can cause other life threatening issues as well. The WADA has
listed a few of the dangers of EPO such as, heart disease, stroke, and cerebral or pulmonary embolism. To me the risks far outweigh the benefits from
doing this. Not to mention it is been banned by the WADA as a performance enhancing technique. EPO was not created with the intention of helping
athletes get an edge over others, but to help people with anemia, because it increases the amount of red blood cells in a persons body. This in turn can
make the persons blood very thick and can lead to the above listed issues.
I do think that athletes should be tested for performance enhancing drugs throughout

Haemoglobin Concentration For The Patient And A Healthy...
Materials/Methods and Results–Haematology Practical
Haemoglobin Estimation: To determine the amount of haemoglobin concentration in the patient's blood, an anticoagulated blood sample from the
patient and a healthy control, were lysed by converting haemoglobin into cyanmethaemoglobin. Potassium ferricyanide and potassium cyanide are used
for this conversion to occur, and the absorbance of this colouring was measured at 540nm using a spectrophotometer. The results were recorded for the
patient and the control, with the haemoglobin concentration seen below.
Results for the patient and control samples
SampleAbsorbance Readings 123Mean
Reference preparation0.378
Patient Sample0.5460.5520.6180.572
Control Sample0.6220.6170.6380.626
Figure 10
Results showing the haemoglobin concentration for the patient and the control Haemoglobin Concentration (g.L–1)
Patient Sample174
Control Sample190
Figure 11
Red Blood Cell Count:
Control Results for the number of red blood cells
ChamberNumber of cells counted
172
2116
386
499
581
Total number of cells in central square:2230
To determine if there was an increase or decrease in red blood cells in the patient's blood, a counting chamber was filled with a whole blood sample
from the patient, which was diluted with an isotonic diluent. Using the 4mm objective lens, the central 1mm2 area of the grid was found, and in this
grid, only the four small corner squares and the central square were counted for red blood cells. The

A Case Study Of A 67 Year Old Male Patient
The following is a case study of a 67–year–old male patient who has been in good health most of his life and is not a smoker and was recently having
symptoms of fatigue, dizziness, shortness of breath, difficulty sleeping, and frequent headaches. In the past years, he has experienced heartburn,
nausea, and indigestion with certain foods, in which he was eventually diagnosed with chronic atrophic gastritis. In addition to his symptoms, his
doctor noticed a mild tachycardia with his recent visit.
Harold's doctor ordered blood tests including a complete blood count and a microscopic examination of a peripheral blood smear. Results showed that
his red blood cell (RBC) count was 2.6, which was low based on the reference range of 4.7–6.1 million/Вµl. His hemoglobin (a protein in RBC that
binds oxygen) and hematocrit (the amount of space red blood cells use in a whole blood) counts were also lower than normal range; hemoglobin was
10.6 with a reference range of 13 – 18 g/dl and hematocrit was 31.6 with a reference range of 42 – 52 %. Furthermore, Harold's white blood cells count
including neutrophils and basophils were measured revealing an elevation in all three: white blood cells were 12.5 with a reference range of 4.8 – 10.8
/Вµl (x1000), neutrophils were at 8.5 out of 1.1 – 8.3/Вµl (x1000), and basophils were 1100 with a reference range of 0 – 200/Вµl. Lastly, his platelets
were measured revealing normal values, which was 232 out of 150 – 400/Вµl.
Harold's RBC, hematocrit, and

A Brief Note On Diamond Blackfan Anemia ( Dba ) Is A Rare...
Diamond Blackfan anemia (DBA) is a rare genetic disease that causes defects in the ribosomal structure (Farber, 2016). The disease stems from a
decrease in the production of erythroid precursors in the bone marrow, which results in an extremely low red blood cell count. Due to the reduction in
the production of erythrocytes, most individuals diagnosed with this disease develop an array of issues that can be life threatening such as a
predisposition to cancer and bone marrow failure. Within the first year of life, most symptoms of DBA will appear in most individuals (Ellis, 2014).
The importance of understanding the genetics of DBA remains a priority in reducing the number of infants affected by a detrimental hereditary blood
disorder.
After the first description of DBA by Josephs, the disease was further studied and analyzed by Louis Diamond and Kenneth Blackfan in 1938
(Anupama Narla, 2011). Since Diamond and Blackfan discovered a lot of information on the disease through research, the disease was named after
both doctors. Most of the families affected by DBA appear to pass the genetic mutation in a dominant manner. Though several genes have been
identified in the development of DBA, mutations in the RPS19 gene has been linked to more cases of DBA. The RPS19 gene helps to produce
certain ribosomal factors that are used in ribonucleic acid processing. Ribosomes are responsible for producing proteins on a cellular level. This
mutation leads to the inability of

Elizabeth Holmes: A Brief Biography
Elizabeth Holmes The 32 year old Elizabeth Holmes is a Washington native born to a father who was a United States Agency for International
Development (USAID) employee. Her mother was one of the congressional committee staff members. Elizabeth's interest in science and service was
already clear by the age of nine. She started off in business after her completion of a three year summer program at a college level Mandarin at
Stanford University. During which she sold software to Chinese Universities. She was initially drawn to a medicine career but was deterred by the
sight of blood and needles and decided to find an alternative angle of channelling her desires for science and making contributions toward humanity.
She joined Stanford as a Scholar President and majored in chemical engineering. During her first year, she became well–read about "lab–on–a–chip"
technologies and started exploring the technology's possibilities in taking several measurements concurrently from just a single sample of fluid. The
systems used to collect and carry out blood testing, administer medication as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of her former Stanford friend Sunny Balwani came on board as the President and the Chief Operating Officer, and Elizabeth became the
Chairman and the C.E.O. Her former professor, Dr. Robertson Channing retired as a professor in Stanford and came on board in Theranos now as a
fulltime trustee. The end of 2014, Theranos had acquired ten patents that included wearable blood monitors as well as devices that could detect
influenza virus detector devices among other as earlier mentioned. Theranos offered blood tests for only a few dollars for every test contrary to
conventional procedures. As of that, Theranos signed treaties with research labs as well as healthcare providers such as Dignity Health, UCSF Medical
Centre along with Intermountain Healthcare (Elizabeth,

Blood Doping : Can We Beat It?
Blood Doping: Can We Beat It? All humans, no matter what religion, skin color, age, or gender, have blood streaming through out our bodies. Blood
rushes oxygen around the body, pulls carbon dioxide out of the body, sends white blood cells to fight illness and infection, is produced in the bone
marrow, carries platelets and fibers that close up wounds, and comes in the types A, B, AB, and O, with type O being a universalblood donor. Blood is
not just imperative, it is irreplaceable. Doctors can only rely on the generosity of strangers to donate blood and plasma to blood banks to be stored
away for future use. There is no known way to artificially produce blood; this is why it is so valuable. However, some people misuse their own blood in
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Artificial erythropoietin can also be used. By increasing the number of erythropoietin in your blood you increase the amount of oxygen that can be
brought to your muscles and organs, resulting in fewer discomfort in muscles during workout and more endurance, stamina, and enhanced performance.
Blood doping may be most known from lance Armstrong, who admitted to Oparh to using the blood doping method to win the Tour de France seven
times (Pretot, 2012). Because of this he lost all of his credit and isn't the only one to do so. Many former Olympians have been tricked into doping by
their coaches as well and have lost all credit for former actions and achievements. It gives athletes an unfair advantage because the doped athlete has
much more oxygen in their blood which allows them to perform for longer periods of time without feeling the effects. Blood doping is banned by the
International Olympic Committee for this reason and the World Anti–Doping Agency is trying to eliminate it. Many have done blood doping by their
own choice as well which not only takes away their right to compete but also damages their health considerably. It is stated that "EPO tipped the
sporting world upside down so that cynical doctors and drug gurus, rather than talent and training, came to dominate results (Schwarts, 2013)."

The Effect Of Blood Saving Apparatus On Hemoglobin,...
Results
The Effect of Blood–saving Apparatus on Hemoglobin, Hematocrit and Transfusion
A prospective randomized controlled trial that had 127 participants compared venous, arterial blood management (VAMP) system in relation to
transfusion requirement, preserved hemoglobin and hematocrit. The study found that the VAMP was effective on conservinghemoglobin (hgb) and
hematocrit (hct) (H & H); however, the study failed to show, the use of VAMP decreased the number of RBC transfused (Rezende et al., 2010). Final
results on hct were 26.5g/dl in the control group vs 29.4g/dl in the intervention group with a P value of 0.006; the final result of hgb in both groups
were 9.1g/dl in the control group vs 9.7g/dl in the intervention group (P= ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Their findings were as follows: in the first 24hours, both groups had a decrease in hemoglobin level, however on day number six (144 hours later), the
VAMP group had slightly better mean hemoglobin (Peruzzi et al., 1993). The statistical significance of (P< 0.001) a 65% reduction inblood loss
(Riessen et al., 2015). In addition, the units of red blood cells transfused per 100 patients days were 7.0 units in the control group and 2.3 units in
the intervention group; (P< 0.01); in addition there was positive correlation between lower hemoglobin levels on admission and longer ICU stay (r
= 16, P < 0.01); however, there is almost no correlation, at best very weak correlation between APACHE II score in relation to lower hemoglobin level
and the length of ICU stay (r = 0.17, P < 0.01) (Thomas, Jensen, Nahirniak, & Gibney, 2009). While the degree ofanemia was not related to the
cohort's gender, age, diagnosis, comorbidities and blood draws, there is a strong correlation between the length of ICU stay and number of
transfusion (r =0.78, P < .01); and weaker correlation between patients sickness on admission in relation to transfusion requirement (r =0.24, P < .05);
however, there is a strong correlation between blood loss due to blood draws and the rate of transfusion requirement (r =0.80, P < .01) (Thomas et al.,
2009). The finding in this study supports the use of blood–saving apparatus, smaller sample tubes, transfusion

Cabg Report Nursing
The patient's comorbidities include Hypertension, hyperlipidemia, CAD, and GERD. The patient had a CABG operation a few days back from
admission day on 4–10–2017. In addition to the CABG surgery, other procedures such as TEE, cardiopulmonary bypass, vein harvest, and a
thoracotomy with a chest tube and JP drain. Significant surgical procedures also include angioplasty and left and right knee arthroplasty.
Few days back, the patient had a CABG surgery and was send home under stable conditions. Family member noticed SOB and weakness from the
patient and was directed to attend the ED. As they got to the ED, the emergency department nursing staff noticed SOB with pericardial hematoma and
immediate drainage was necessary. Achest tube was placed as a treatment option. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Other changes that could have helped, would have been to educate the patient about S/S to report after a CABG surgery. Early identification of CABG
complications could have helped the patient be in the hospital early and for treatments to be provided.
Throughout my clinical rotation, the only concern for this patient was pain management and discomfort from the chest tube site. The patient was given
Ketorolac for a pain of 4/10 using the numeric pain sale. The patient was also at risk for pneumonia and pressure ulcers from immobility and not
coughing/deep breathing. Nursing interventions were getting the patient up to the chair and using the incentive spirometer ten–times per hour. Another
concern was SOB and fatigue with activities.
The physician was notified of the pain and discomfort related to the chest tube, which pain medication was given. Other notifications were the amount
of drainage from both the chest tube and the JP. Both were under normal limits. SOB and fatigue with activities were also notified to the

Case Study At The Hospital For Tropical Diseases, Thailand
Study design and population This prospective study was conducted at the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Thailand. Patients admitted to the hospital
between May 2013 and July 2015 who met the study criteria were approached for participation. The study's inclusion criteria were: (1) patients at least
15 years old; (2) presenting with clinical criteria for dengue defined as acute fever with at least two of the following symptoms: headache, retro–orbital
or ocular pain, myalgia, arthralgia, rash, a positive tourniquet test (defined as the presence of в‰Ґ20 petechiae per 1 square inch), or leukopenia
(defined as a white blood cell count [WBC] <5.0 Г— 103 cells/Ојl); and (3) having a confirmed dengue viral infection. Patients with a history of ...
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All dengue patients in this study received standard care according to the WHO treatment guidelines for dengue by treating physicians [1, 3]. Type and
amount of fluid intake and urine output were also recorded daily during hospitalization. Patient data including baseline characteristics, clinical
parameters, laboratory findings, hemodynamic parameters, IVCd, IVCc, cardiac biomarkers, ECG, chest X–ray, type of fluid, daily fluid intake and
urine output per day were recorded in a pre–defined case–report form. Severity of dengue was summarized on the date of discharge according to the
WHO's 2009 definition [3].
Case definition of dengue According to the WHO's 2009 definition for dengue [3], dengue patients were classified into non–severe dengue and severe
dengue based on clinical and laboratory criteria. Patients with non–severe dengue were sub–categorized into three groups depending on the presence or
absence of warning signs. Non–severe dengue without warning signs was defined as having acute fever with at least two of the following criteria:
nausea, vomiting, rash, myalgia, arthralgia, a positive tourniquet test, or leukopenia. Warning signs included: (1) abdominal pain, (2) persistent
vomiting (vomiting with signs of dehydration), (3) clinical fluid accumulation (pleural effusion, ascites, or serum albumin of (–– removed HTML ––)
15 cm, (6) bleeding from mucosal areas including nose, gums, gastrointestinal tract or vagina, or (7) an elevated

Essay about Hmartocrit Lab
Hematocrit Determination
Learning Objectives
1.Understand the terms hematocrit, red blood cells, hemoglobin, buffy coat, anemia, and polycythemia.
2.Understand how the hematocrit (packed red blood cell volume) is determined.
3.Understand the implications of elevated or decreased hematocrit.
4.Understand the importance of proper disposal of laboratory material that comes into contact with blood.
Data
|Total height of blood column (mm)|Height of red blood cell layer (mm)|Height of buffy coat (mm)|Hematocrit|% WBC|
Sample 1 (healthy male living in Boston)|100mm|48mm|1mm|48|1%|
Sample 2 (healthy female living in Boston)|100mm|44mm|1mm|44|1%|
Sample 3 (healthy male living in Denver)|100mm|55mm|1mm|55|1%|
Sample 4 (healthy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Given this information, explain how a female could have a consistent hematocrit of 48, large, well–defined skeletal muscles, and an abnormally deep
voice.
The female that is being described could live in a high altitude location and engage in a lot of strenuous athletic training.
В·List the hematocrits for the healthy male (sample 1) and female (sample 2) living in Boston (at sea level) and indicate whether they are normal or
whether they indicate anemia or polycythemia.
Healthy male living in Boston– 48
Healthy female living in Boston– 44
Both of these indicate that they are normal hematocrit values.
В·Describe the difference between the hematocrits for the male and female living in Boston. Why does this difference between the sexes exist?
Males have higher hematocrit levels than females because males have more testosterone. Testosterone levels stimulate the kidneys to release
erythropoietin. Erythropoietin then stimulates the synthesis of red blood cells.
В·List the hematocrits for the healthy male and female living in Denver (approximately one mile above sea level) and indicate whether they are normal
or whether they indicate anemia or polycythemia.
Healthy male living in Denver– 55

Healthy female living in Denver– 53
Both of these levels indicate polycythemia.
В·How did the hematocrit levels of the Denver residents differ from those of the Boston residents? Why? How well did the results compare with your
prediction?
The

Performance Of Sports And Performance Enhancing Drugs
Performance Enhancers in Elite Sports Performance enhancing drugs are as old as sports themselves. Even the ancient athlete that competed in some
of the first Olympic Games were know to use substances to boost their performance. It is on record that "Olympian Thomas Hicks won the marathon
after receiving an injection of strychnine during the race in the third Olympiad". (Savulescu, 1) It wasn't until the 70's that athletes began being tested
for performance enhancing drugs and they became banned. Even then college athletes weren't tested. Only a select few Olympians and professional
athletes were tested. The International Amateur Athletic Federation projects that only 10%–15% of athletes are tested at all in major competition.
(Savulescu, 5) Part of this was due to the fact that the technology to test for these substances was relatively new and unavailable. But the main reason
performance enhancing drugs are illegal for athletic use is because they are seen as an unfair advantage for the athletes that use them and of course
because of the health risks involved with using some of these drugs in dose that wouldn't be prescribed by a physician. These reasons are either untrue
or can be eliminated with their legalization. Either way, performance enhancing drugs should be allowed at the elite levels of competition such as
profession sports and the Olympics. The best way for our government has found to control a substance and make it safer is through legalization and
regulation.

Pros And Cons Of Performance Enhancing Drugs
Performance Enhancing Drugs– Sports Edition
Performance enhancement drugs should be illegal because it gives the individuals who use them more advantages than the people who don't use the
drugs and actually work hard. Here, the World Anti–Doping Agency defines the term blood doping and what it does: "Blood doping is the misuse of
certain techniques and/or substances to increase one's red blood cell mass, which allows the body to transport more oxygen to muscles and therefore
increase stamina and performance." These drugs can be administered via syringe, and blood transfusion. When administered these make the blood more
thick with makes the heart work harder to pump the blood through the body. This can cause heart attacks, strokes, and even blood clots in various places.
On the other hand transfusions can cause the risks to go up for hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and even HIV as well as the risk of allergic reactions, hives,
fevers, and a dangerously high iron buildup. All of the named risks can be life threatening if not taken seriously. Blood doping has became a recently
popular use of performance enhancing drugs. Until blood doping became popular athletes just used steroids and other typical substances to "boost"
their performance and alertness in games. Although this method is illegal it can also be very difficult to detect due to the fact that a natural hormone
known as Erythropoietin can trick the testing into believing the body has been in fact, doped. Hence the reason

Pros And Cons Of Performance Enhancing Drugs
No Pros in Performance Enhancing Drugs
Bigger, faster, stronger. Everyone's goal is to become the best at what they do. From the Wayne Gretzky in hockey, Michael Jordan in basketball, or
Serena Williams in tennis every athlete wants to be the best. But is it worth cheating to become the best? Performance enhancing drugs should continue
to be illegal in athletics due to the immoral use, to probable increase of concussions, and the failure of bodily functions. The first reason performance
enhancing drugs should continue to be illegal is the unfair advantage they create. A performance enhancing drug, or a PED for short, is simply what
the name states. It is a drug that enhances the performance of an athlete in the field of play. Some examples of illegal substances are, "steroids, human
growth hormone (HGH), androstenedione, creatine, and blood doping" (Allen Chapter One). All of these enhancing drugs improve the physical stature
of your body, but these are all immoral due to the fact that the use of PEDs is cheating. PEDs are not worth the consequences.
Secondly, if an athlete would get caught using PEDs they can lose everything they have done with their lives. Plenty of great record breaking athletes
have been caught using PEDs. Players such as Alex Rodriguez and Mark McGwire in baseball (Historical timeline). These athletes both used steroids
to enhance performance. The Russian had their own problem with PEDs of a different form when they blood doped. "The World

Pregnancy Experience Case Study Of The Mother And Her Day
Pregnancy experience case study Overview Of The Mother And Her Day–To–Day Life: The mother who is being written about is giving us a
perspective of her third and final pregnancy. She was 27 years old when she had her third baby and was stays at home mum at the time of her
pregnancy. She was a de facto parent at the time; her and her partner were living on one income, were renting and had access to the family tax
payment. Her activity level was high, as she was busy raising an 18 month old and a 7 year old at this point. Some of her pleasures whilst she was
pregnant were taking bubble baths and watching movies to help her relax. Key Aspects Have The Pregnancy And Birth: This was a planned
pregnancy and they found out that she was pregnant by using a pregnancy test, due to her period being late. The siblings of the baby were
overjoyed and the grandparents were very happy too. She gave birth to her baby on the 28th of April 1998. The main significant dates were the 27th
of April, as she went into labour on this day at 10pm and the 28th of April, because it was the date of the birthing process at 8am (12 hour labour).
The emotional changes were not very significant through this pregnancy, as she had gone through it before and was focused on raising two other
children in the process. She had found that the high points of the pregnancy were almost every part, as she enjoyed the idea of the pregnancy process.
The low points included morning sickness within the first 12 weeks

The Heart Of Blood Cells
It should be common knowledge that red blood cells are one of the most important details of the body, but unfortunately, that is not the case. Most
people believe that the heart makes blood because it is common knowledge the heart is known as the main component of the body. However, the bone
marrow in the body is what produces the red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells. The general population may also believe that having more
than the normal count of white blood cells could be beneficial to the immune system. Nonetheless, having more than the normal count could be
diagnosed as a cancer. On the other hand, there is a bone marrow disease that leads to a rise in the number of blood cells called Polycythemia Vera
(PV) which is usually found in adults over age forty. Polycythemia Vera (PV) is not an uncommon disease. Even though it is regularly found in
older adults from age 40 to 60, it can also be found in people even younger. "Statistical data indicate an incidence of 1 to 2 per 100,000 per year,
which increases with age" (Najean and Rain Par.2). The biggest effect of this disease is on the cardiovascular system and because of that, it has a
direct impact on the quality of life for the patient and is quite expensive to treat. The Polycythemia Vera Study Group, the France division, was
proposed an experiment to try different treatments on individuals who had the disease with ages sixty–five and older. The drugs given to the subjects
were Hydroxyurea (HU) and

Athletes Biological Passports Research Paper
Athlete Biological Passports "An athlete biological passport (ABP) is an individual electronic document that represents a collation of all data
regarding a specific athlete that is useful in establishing whether that individual has doped." [1] In essence, the ABP is the record of biological tracing
throughout an athlete's career. The concept is to monitor biomarkers in athletes. Biomarkers are naturally occurring biological indicators, where
changes in biological processes or diseases can be identified. The biological data collected can indirectly detect the effect performance enhancing
substances have on biomarkers. Abuse of performance enhancing drugs leaves a characteristic mark or pattern on these biomarkers. Scientists can
evaluate the

Iron Disorder Case Studies
Ms. A has been suffering from menorrhagia and dysmenorrhea for 10– 12 years which indicates that she has been loosing great amount of blood for a
long time. Also she has a history of taking aspirin, which means she is high risk for having haemorrhage. According to the history, sign and
symptoms of Ms. A, she has an iron deficiency anemia. An " Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia, which develops due to a
lack of iron in the body. The main reasons of having less iron in the body are excessive blood loss, inadequate absorption of iron, pregnancy and
childbirth, bypass surgeries and others"(American Society of Hematology, 2015). Hemoglobin level of Ms. A is 8g/dl and normal hemoglobin of adult
female should ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A has been suffering from menorrhagia for a long time. Menorrhagia is the main cause of having iron deficiency anemia so menorrhagia should be
treated by identifying the causes such as, hormonal therapy for hormonal imbalance, treatment of uterine fibroids, polyps, adenomyosis and others
(Mayo Clinic, 2015). Encourage Ms. A to consume iron rich foods such as beef, pork, poultry, especially organ meat such as, liver, fish, green leafy
vegetables, legumes, rice, cereals and others. Since her hemoglobin is 8g/dl, hematocrit and erythrocyte count is low, red blood transfusion should be
done to Ms. A because she has a history of active bleeding, shortness of breathing and low level of energy. In addition, provide oral iron 2–5 mg/kg of
body weight. Also, encourage to eat citrus fruits such as, orange, lemon, grape fruits and others which will help to promote the absorption of iron
(American Society of Hematology,

Vaccines: A Short Story
Zoe sat in the cold waiting room, twiddling her thumbs. In this case, her health was failing from no fault of her own. Luckily, this twenty two year
old was a fighter. Zoe has never and will never back down from a challenge she may face. College is a fascinating time in an individual's life. A
time of enlightenment, adventure, and maximum achievement. For Zoe Walker, family has always been a priority. Even in the busy life of a
biochemistry major, Zoe found time to visit her parents and brother. The drive was a quick five hour ride through corn fields and cow pastures. She
genuinely looked forward to the excursion. She created a playlist of her favorite music. Her mind would wander as she sped down the straight road,
forgetting all the stress... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The trial was just completed and has been approved for usage. It introduces weakened or dead cancer cells into the body. This prepares T cells in
developing necessary skills to fight off any live cancer cells. It is a way to boost the immune systems' antibody count, and therefore defend against
all types of cancer." "That is incredible! I wish they had those vaccines when I was still in my youth," Zoe chuckled. Dr. Thompson looked at Zoe, "I
have to take another sample of your blood. I am going to infuse a mixture of quantified T cells back into your body. The T cells will have tiny
nanopouches on the exterior, which will carry all necessary drugs back to the cancerous leukemia cells." "I am stunned by how advanced cancer
fighting technology has become. Is there anyway my brother could get a cancer vaccine? I do not want him to have to go through this in his future."
"Of course," Dr. Thompson proclaimed. "Bring him with you to your follow up appointment in two weeks. By that time, we should see an
improvement in your blood count." "Thank you, Doctor. I hope this treatment works. I would really like to graduate college and begin my

Epinephrine Injection Therapy Case Studies
History: A 67–year–old Caucasian male with a past medical history of type 2 diabetes mellitus and osteoarthritis presented to the ED with complaints
of dark stools for three days associated with lightheadedness.He reported inability to maintain his usual schedule due to fatigue. He also reported his
stools to appear darker than usual with a sticky texture and a malodorous smell. He described a recent worsening in intensity of a long–standing
epigastric burning sensation which has been occurring intermittently for years. He denied any significant relief with doubling the usual dose of Tums
during this time. He denied any associated chest pain, palpitations, dyspnea or syncopal episode. His current medications include metformin 500 mg
twice a... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He was admitted and immediate resuscitative efforts with IV fluid hydration via large bore IVs began while awaiting endoscopy. He was started on IV
pantoprazole therapy and we monitored hemoglobin & hematocrit 4–6th hourly. Blood transfusion should have been initiated in the scenario of active
bleeding and hypovolemia. Endoscopy was performed within 24 hours to discover the bleeding source. Assesment and therapy of the positive bleeder
were done on time. However, epinephrine injection therapy should be used in combination with clipping or coaptive coagulation in cases of high risk
stigmata bleeding(1). Aspirin should have been withheld and resumed only after revaluation of the benefits and risks of such therapies. H. Pylori
testing should have been performed in the case of peptic ulcer bleeding. Our patient was discharged early. Patients who receive endoscopic treatment
for high–risk stigmata should be hospitalized for 72 hours to monitor for rebleeding, since most rebleeding occurs during this time (1). PPI should have
be administered intravenously for 72 hours. Although in some cases, if intervention taken, patient remains stable, to practice cost–effective/conscious
care IV BID Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI) can be considered rather than a continuous infusion post–endoscopy

Mr. Chetan Aggarwal Essay
Activity 1 – Hematocrit Determination 1. List the hematocrits for the healthy make (sample 1) and female (sample 2) living in Boston (at sea level)
and indicate whether they are normal or whether they indicate anemia or polycythemia. Healthy Male (Sample 1) = 48 and Healthy Female = 44.
Both are normal as the average hematocrit for males is 42–52%, and the average for females is 37–47% 2. Describe the difference between the
hematocrits for the male and female living in Boston. Why does this difference between the sexes exist? Men have a higher hematocrit due to 1.) being
larger in size than women and having more muscle mass, and 2.) It has been shown that testosterone affects the secretion of erythropoietin (EPO) by
the kidneys. EPO is... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
THE DIFFERENCE IS THAT THE MALE HAD A HIGHER HEMATOCRIT VALUE THAN THE FEMALE. BATH ARE WITHIN NORMAL
RANGE, BUT NORMALLY A MALE WILL HAVE HIGHER HEMATOCRIT LEVELS. 3. Activity 1: Hematocrit Determination HEMATOCRIT
VALUE FOR HEALTHY MALE LIVING IN DENVER. HEMATOCRIT VALUE FOR HEALTHY FEMALE LIVING IN DENVER. MALE = 55
FEMALE = 53 4. Activity 1: Hematocrit Determination HOW WOULD THE VALUES OF DENVER DIFFER FROM BOSTON. THERE BOTH
WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS, BUT BOTH ARE INCREASED (ELEVATED) COMPARED TO THE MALE AND THE FEMALE FROM BOSTON.
5. Activity 1: Hematocrit Determination DESCRIBE THE EFFECT OF LIVING AT HIGH ELEVATIONS ON A PERSONS HEMATOCRIT. THE
EFFECT WOULD BE THAT A OERSON CAN GET POLYCYTHEMIA WITH IS A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN RED BLOOD CELLS. 6.
DESCRIBE HOW THE KIDNEYS RESPOND TO A DECREASE IN OXYGEN AND WHAT EFFECT THIS HAS ON HEMATOCRIT. IN
RESPONSE TO DECREASED BLOOD OXYGEN, THE KIDNEYS RELEASE ERYTHROPOIETIN INTO BLOODSTREAM. INCREASED
ERYTHROPOIETIN STIMULATES RBC PRODUCTION IN RED BONE MARROW, THIS PROCESS INCREASES BLOOD OXYGEN LEVELS,
RESTORING HOMEOSTASIS. WHICH WILL INCREASE HEMOTOCRIT. 7. HEMATOCRIT VELUE FOR MALE WITH APLASTIC ANEMIA.
% WBC FOR MALE WITH APLASTIC ANEMIA. WHERE THE VALUES WITHIN THE NORMAL RANGE? WHY OR WHY NOT?
HEMATOCRIT VALUE = 19 % WBC = 0.5% NO, THE VALUES WERE WAY BELOW THE NORMAL RANGE. BECAUSE THE PERSON HAS
APLASTIC ANEMIA WHERE THE BONE MARROW FAILS TO PRODUCE ADEQUATE

Hemoglobin Analysis Lab
Introduction: On August 20, a lab was started doing different test involving blood. The objective of the experiment was to test white blood cells
(WBC), red blood cells (RBC), platelet counts, differential of WBCs, a hematocrit, a hemoglobin analysis, and also various calculated indices. All
the test will indicate if a person's blood levels are normal or if the person has an abnormal blood count. To explain what blood is, blood is a red liquid
that circulates throughout the body. It also transports oxygen rich blood throughout the body, takes nutrients from specific cells and waste to be
expelled out of the body. The components of blood in relation to the test are as follows. The blood has two parts the plasma, and the formed elements....
Count the WBCs on a differential counter to one hundred. The basophils will look deep blue or black granules, the nucleus is sometime hidden behind
granules, lymphocytes look slightly larger than RBCs, also lymphocytes are nearly round nucleus and fills most of the cell in smaller lymphocytes
(Martin). Monocytes are the largest WBC, there nucleus is round, kidney–shaped or lobed (Martin). Eosinophils nucleus is usually blobbed, and it is a
reddish granules. The neutrophils will have many variations, each connecting in some way, it is sometimes referred to as a seg, and has either one
nucleus or five

Anabolic Steroids Should Be Banned Research Paper
There are many substances that are banned in the world of athletics. Almost no matter what governing body you look at for a sports association the list
of banned substances is the same. The USADA, the NCAA, and WADA are the three largest organizations that I have found and all of them bann the
same substances. There list include, but are not limited too stimulants, anabolic agents, beta blockers, diuretics and other masking agents, growth
factors, street drugs, and anything chemically related to items on the list. It also continued into procedures that it considered illegal which included
blood doping, gene doping, local anesthetics, and beta–2 agonists ("2016–17 NCAA Banned Drug List" 2016). While most people may not know what
these are and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With athletes these aren't really viewed as performance enhancers but are illegal, so are still placed on the banned substance list. The common
effects of almost any street drug is it gives a feeling of euphoria, and also makes that person feel invincible, which are the side effects that make
people like them. They also cause nausea and vomiting, the failure to recognize injury, and eventually your body develops a dependence on them.
One of the specific street drugs I'm gonna mention is marijuana. While it's not viewed as a "hard drug" it still has side effects that people can either
view as fun or dangerous. These side effects impair short–term memory, increased heart rate, difficulty concentrating, and slowed reflexes. It also
causes mood swings and impairs comprehensive thinking ("Effects of Performance Enhancers" 2014). These side effects happen very quickly due to
how marijuana is usually introduced to a person system. The reason it acts so quickly is explained on the National Institute on Drug Abuse website,
"When a person smokes marijuana, THC quickly passes from the lungs into the bloodstream. The blood carries the chemical to the brain and other
organs throughout the body" ("Drug Facts–Marijuana"

Physio-Ex Blood Analysis: Computer Simulation
Physio–EX Blood Analysis: Computer Simulation Introduction In this lab five blood tests will be performed: hematocrit determination, erythrocyte
sedimentation rate, hemoglobin determination, blood typing, and total cholesterol determination. A "hematocrit refers to the percentage of red blood
cells (RBC's) in a sample of whole blood. Since the function of red blood cells is the transport of oxygen to the cells of the body, the higher the
hematocrit, the more red blood cells are available to carry oxygen." In a normal, healthy male the value for males is 47% and in a normal, healthy
female it is 42%. A person with a lower than normal hematocrit would indicate they are anemic, and a higher than normal hematocrit would indicate...
Every person has a blood type and it is important to know a persons blood type before performing a blood transfusion in order to avoid mixing
blood that is incompatible. Red blood cells, like all cells in the body, are surrounded by a plasma membrane. "The plasma membrane contains
genetically determined glycoproteins, called antigens, that identify the cells. On red blood cell membranes, these antigens are called
agglutinogens." There are many different antigens that are present on red blood cell membranes, but the ABO and Rh antigens cause the most
vigorous and potentially fatal transfusion reactions. "The ABO blood groups are determined by the presence or absence of two antigens: type A
and type B. These antigens are genetically determined so a person has two copies (alleles) of the gene for these proteins. The presence of these
antigens is due to a dominate gene, and their absence is due to a recessive gene. The Rh factor is another genetically determined protein that may be
present on red blood cell membranes. Antibodies to the Rh factor are not found preformed in the plasma. These antibodies are produced only after
exposure to the Rh factor by persons who are Rh negative." Type A blood will have A antigens on red blood cells and anti
–B antibodies present in the
plasma. Type B blood

Essay Iron Deficiency Anemia
Iron Deficiency Anemia
I. Introduction
Iron Deficiency Anemia affects millions of individuals across the world. This disease strikes many more women than men and has harmful effects on
all who suffer from this deficiency that causes oxygen–carrying capacity to decrease. The causes can vary amongst different groups, but the aggravating
symptoms remain constant. Much of the research on Iron Deficiency Anemia concentrates on not only the treatment of this disease, but also the
prevention of it. To attain a better understanding of how to treat this problem, one must clearly know what IronDeficiency Anemia means, what causes
this disease, the effects of it, and finally how to cure it.
II. What Is Iron ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As the concentration of hemoglobin in the Red Blood Cells falls below normal, the total Red Blood Cell count consequently decreases. Therefore,
oxygen cannot be adequately carried. (http://www.mayohealth.org/mayo/pted/htm/iron.htm).
Normal Values of the hemogram (Figure 1)
Test Women Men Ht (%) 36–48 40–52 Hg (g/dl) 12–16 13, 5–17, 7 Hem 4, 0–5, 4 4, 5–6, 0 VCM 80–100 80–100
III.Causes of Iron Deficiency Anemia
The most prominent cause of Iron Deficiency Anemia is bleeding. Blood loss from the Gastrointestinal Tract is a significant cause of anemia for both
men and women. When blood is present in excrement, a gastrointestinal problem exists. Many times, people are unaware of these problems with their
waste products. When they begin to feel the symptoms of anemia and undergo tests that determine that they are anemic, it begins the process of
discovering more health problems. Anemia can serve as the precursor of certain diseases. There are many instances when it is merely a sign of severe
disease such as a peptic ulcer disease, gastritis, hemorrhoids, angiodysplasis of the colon, and colonic adenocarcinoma (http://www.physsportsmed.com
/issues/sep_96/browne.htm).

Females experience blood loss monthly during their menstrual cycle. This fact accounts for why women have a much higher rate of anemia than men.
All women have a constant form of blood

Essay On Drugs And Drugs
DRUG TESTING IN FACILITIES: BEHAVIORS AND CONSEQUENCES THAT AFFECT OUR SOCIETY Throughout life, whether in a
workplace, in athletics, or in a school district, chances are one may be asked to take a drug test. Each year, in the United States, there are
approximately 50,000 deaths due to drugs. Drugs cause our bodies to change, depending on the reaction the drug gives off. Interactions with drugs and,
"other complex social, psychological, and pharmacological factors [that have an] influence [on] the behavior of abusing individuals." In general,
most addicts cannot afford drugs, "so they raise the money through crime," making it unsafe for the environment. Drugs are not only a risk to the
people doing drugs, but are also a risk to the society and innocent people. Since there are thousands of different kinds of drugs in the world today,
how can one imagine a life without drugs? The answer is simple, one cannot. Drugs are a part of everyday life, and are more common now than they
used to be. Random drug testing and effective disciplinary actions with positive testing are essential to keeping workplaces, schools, and thus, society,
at a low risk of harm and danger. People are not going to always comply with the law, so procedures need to be enforced strictly. The process for
random drug testing and consequences should be consistent in society through employees, professional athletes, and students.
Drug testing in the workplace is a necessary process for keeping everyone safe.

Erythropoietin Essay
Erythropoietin: Is it worth it?
Carriella Starnes
Emory & Henry College
Over a century ago Eugene Goldwasser and Takaji Miyake worked together in Chicago to synthesize the human hormone erythropoietin, better known
as EPO. It took over 10 years for EPO to be approved by the Food and Drug Administration to be used solely for patients with anemia. EPO is naturally
produced by the kidneys and is sensitive to the oxygen levels in the blood. When oxygen levels are too low, EPO is released and stimulates the bone
marrow to produce more red blood cells. Often times a low oxygen level in the blood can indicate that a person has anemia, which is a "condition in
which the blood is deficient in red blood cells..." ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Genius as it was, the system soon caught up and cheating the test became harder (Hopkins, 2000). In the 2004 Olympic games they solely used
urine samples to test for synthetic EPO (or rhEPO) in the system, which proved to be a much more accurate way to get results ("EPO detection",
2015). Now there are more ways than one to obtain higher levels of EPO. More recently the use of hyperbaric chambers has increased in use by
athletes. Hyperbaric chambers increase our oxygen intake from 25% to around 50% by forcing pure oxygen into the lungs which increases oxygen
delivery, and thus recovery time is shortened ("Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for athletes", 2015). Many professional athletes have used these chambers to
assist in injury recovery and recuperation after performances. These aren't just used for athletes, though; hyperbaric chambers work very well to aid in
the management of diseases like chronic fatigue syndrome, Parkinson's disease, and rehabilitation after surgeries (Howell, n.d.). A tool that may be a
little more common is an elevation training mask; these masks are designed to simulate training in higher altitudes by restricting the amount of air one
can breathe in. When the amount of oxygen someone breathes in is reduced hemoglobin is produced at a higher rate, which then transports more
oxygen and creates a higher amount of

Bloodhound Research Paper
In this assignment I will be writing about the bloodhound. The bloodhound is a large dog breed, and can weigh up to 110 pounds. There features
that are characteristic is the wrinkled face, the loose hanging skin and there droopy. The coat colors on the bloodhound can range from the black and
tan, liver and tan, and red. Some of the history behind this canine are fascinating as the bloodhound were some of the first to be brought back from
Constantinople, also the canine has been used in law enforcement to aid police in searching and tracking thieves. This breed is also well with other
canines, and can be well played and mannered around children. The bloodhound needs to be groomed at least once a week, this consists of cleaning
their ears, trimming

Symptoms And Symptoms Of Chronic Bronchitis Essay
1.What clinical findings correlate with M.K.'s chronic bronchitis? What type of treatment and recommendations would be appropriate for M.K.'s
chronic bronchitis?
Chronic bronchitis is caused by inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes. These tubes carry oxygen to and from the alveoli of the lungs.
Clinical findings that correlate with M.K.'s chronic bronchitis include:
22 plus years of smoking– smoking has been directly linked as one of the number one causes of Chronic bronchitis/COPD.
Chronic cough with sputum especially in the mornings. A Chronic cough is often one of the initial symptoms of COPD. It is long term, and can
increase in severity as the disease progresses. Sputum or mucus is often produced in the cough of a COPD patient.
Light–headedness, distended neck veins and peripheral edema– The light– headedness, distended neck veins and peripheral edema could all be caused
by pulmonary hypertension. COPD can be a cause of pulmonary hypertension. The rise in blood pressure in your lungs can be caused by changes in
the cells that line the walls of your pulmonary arteries causing them to become stiff and thickened. The arteries can also become inflamed and tight.
Smoking can be a major contributor to the damage of these vessels. These changes can reduce or block blood flow through these vessels, thus raising
the pressure. The reduced blood flow through the lungs puts a strain on the right side of the heart. The right side of the heart has to work

The Pros And Cons Of Fingerprinting And Blood Testing
Fingerprinting and blood testing are two types of assessments to make a positive identification of a criminal. Since everybody's fingerprints are
diverse, it is easy to compare them through a computerized program that forensic scientists use. In order to prove if the DNA of a victim and a
criminal match, there are steps that must be followed carefully and correctly.
There are many reasons why fingerprinting is used as an important methods for identification (Hall, 2015). As stated by Hall (2015), "A fingerprint
consists of several identifiable characteristic, such as loops, arches, whorls, islands, and bifurcations. The arrangement, frequency, and design of these
features are among the many characteristics used to distinguish prints from one another" (p. 510). Everybody's fingerprints are the same. Fingerprints
are kept in Federal and state agencies of the within the law. When someone commits a crime, a forensic scientist takes fingerprints and match them
through the database in computers. Since fingerprinting does not go against the Fifth Amendment, a search warrant is not required. Fingerprints can be
matched with someone's hair down the color of their eyes. Another type of type of recognition to identify someone is through blood tests, and it is used
in the U.S. Benches. The individuals who has this procedure done may feel pain and get sick from the procedure.
Since this procedure constitutes a search as outlined in the Fourth Amendment, authorization from a judge is

Case Study On Nikoleta
1.This states that Nikola is larger than 10 other babies regarding the percentile, and smaller than 90 others. She is in the bottom 10 percent, which is
well under average. This is in comparison with 100 other babies her age. Therefore, there must be an unknown disease contributing to Nikoleta gaining
weight abnormally.
2.According to the study, the symptoms of anemia include malaise, lethargy, fatigue, swelling belly, pale skin, poor appetite, numerous infections, and
crankiness.
3.This was primarily due to the fact that Nikoleta was experiencing gastrointestinal distress. They changed it to a high iron formula to try and help
alleviate the pain. The parents believed that Nikoleta was anemic. Since anemia is a condition known as a deficiency ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
According to the information of Nikoleta's case, Cooley's anemia has features that the beta proteins of hemoglobin do not function properly. This is
caused my mutations in the beta chain of the hemoglobin molecule. The symptoms of Cooley's anemia matches the symptoms of Nikoleta. The main
reason why giving a high iron formula did the opposite is that the constant buildup of iron causes the symptoms to grow worse, and can even result in
heart failure in the future. Cooley's anemia decrease the red blood cell's ability to deliver oxygen to certain tissues. The number of red blood cells are
high, however, the number of hemoglobin is very

The Effect Of Blood Saving Apparatus On Hemoglobin,...
Results
The Effect of Blood–saving Apparatus on Hemoglobin, Hematocrit and Transfusion
A prospective randomized controlled trial that had 127 participants in their control and intervention groups compared venous, arterial blood
management (VAMP) system in relation to transfusion requirement, preservedhemoglobin and hematocrit. The study found that the VAMP was
effective in conserving hemoglobin (hgb) and hematocrit (hct) (H & H); however, the study failed to show, the use of VAMP decreased the number
of RBC transfused (Rezende et al., 2010). Final results on hct were 26.5g/dl in the control group vs 29.4g/dl in the intervention group with a P value
of 0.006; the final results of hgb in both groups were 9.1g/dl in the control group vs 9.7g/dl in the intervention group (P= 0.033), a significant result
for their a–priori level value which was set at 5% (Rezende et al., 2010). The number of transfused RBC in 14 days between the groups were as
follows: 2.42В±1.43 units in the control group vs 2.25units В±1.24 units in the intervention group (P= 0.623) (Rezende et al., 2010). The authors
recommended the use of VAMP to conserve H&H; however, they acknowledge that lack of time and limited resources as their limitation in that larger
studies are needed for comparison with their failed hypothesis regarding decreased transfusion requirement.
Similarly, a prospective randomized controlled trial with 100 participants in both control and intervention groups also compared the use of a

How Drugs Affects The Body And The Side Effects Of The Drugs
Intro:
In my issues analysis I will be talking about the issue of athletes using drugs in sport to enhance their performance. In my first paragraph I will be
talking about the different types of drugs used in sport, how drugs effect the body and the side effects of the drugs. In my second paragraph I will be
talking about how the performance enhancing drugs effect the performance of an athlete and why they do/ use the. In my 3rd paragraph I will be
talking about the negative and positive effects of drugs in sport, the main drugs I will be focusing on for this issues analysis will be– Erythropoietin–
Blood doping and Anabolic steroid's
Paragraph 1:
Some of the variants of drugs that are most commonly utilized in sports is Erythropoietin, blood doping, anabolic steroids and human growth hormones.
Erythropoietin is a drug that can be used to increase an athlete's performance. Some of the side effects of using Erythropoietin are major and can be
fatal, the side effects of using Erythropoietin are increased viscosity of the blood meaning the blood thickens, fever, seizures, nausea, headache,
anxiety and legarthy.. There are some large issues with using erythropoietin, with the increase in the viscosity of the blood there is an increase of a
heart attack or stroke, this is because the blood in the body thickens and it makes it harder for the blood to be pushed through the arteries which means
it can build up in the artery and causes a blood clot, this causes a stop

Physio Ex 9 Experiment 11 Activity 1 Essay

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