Physics definitions
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The document defines key terms related to spaceflight mechanics including: - Field vector, which describes the strength and direction of a uniform vector field like gravity. Weight is defined as the force on a mass due to gravity. Gravitational potential energy is the energy of a mass due to its position within a gravitational field. - A projectile is any object launched into the air, and its trajectory is the path it follows during flight. Escape velocity is the initial velocity needed to just escape a planet's gravity. Thrust is a force exerted by accelerating or expelling mass. - Uniform circular motion is circular motion at a constant speed. Centripetal force maintains circular motion towards the circle's
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In physics, gravity (from Latin gravitas 'weight'[1]) is a fundamental interaction which causes mutual attraction between all things that have mass. Gravity is, by far, the weakest of the four fundamental interactions, approximately 1038 times weaker than the strong interaction, 1036 times weaker than the electromagnetic force and 1029 times weaker than the weak interaction. As a result, it has no significant influence at the level of subatomic particles.[2] However, gravity is the most significant interaction between objects at the macroscopic scale, and it determines the motion of planets, stars, galaxies, and even light.
On Earth, gravity gives weight to physical objects, and the Moon's gravity is responsible for sublunar tides in the oceans (the corresponding antipodal tide is caused by the inertia of the Earth and Moon orbiting one another). Gravity also has many important biological functions, helping to guide the growth of plants through the process of gravitropism and influencing the circulation of fluids in multicellular organisms.
The gravitational attraction between the original gaseous matter in the universe caused it to coalesce and form stars which eventually condensed into galaxies, so gravity is responsible for many of the large-scale structures in the universe. Gravity has an infinite range, although its effects become weaker as objects get farther away.
Gravity is most accurately described by the general theory of relativity (proposed by Albert Einstein in 1915), which describes gravity not as a force, but as the curvature of spacetime, caused by the uneven distribution of mass, and causing masses to move along geodesic lines. The most extreme example of this curvature of spacetime is a black hole, from which nothing—not even light—can escape once past the black hole's event horizon.[3] However, for most applications, gravity is well approximated by Newton's law of universal gravitation, which describes gravity as a force causing any two bodies to be attracted toward each other, with magnitude proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Current models of particle physics imply that the earliest instance of gravity in the universe, possibly in the form of quantum gravity, supergravity or a gravitational singularity, along with ordinary space and time, developed during the Planck epoch (up to 10−43 seconds after the birth of the universe), possibly from a primeval state, such as a false vacuum, quantum vacuum or virtual particle, in a currently unknown manner.[4] Scientists are currently working to develop a theory of gravity consistent with quantum mechanics, a quantum gravity theory,[5] which would allow gravity to be united in a common mathematical framework (a theory of everything) with the other three fundamental interactions of physics.
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1) The document discusses concepts related to gravitation including Newton's law of universal gravitation, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, gravitational field, gravitational potential energy, and escape velocity.
2) Key models discussed include the geocentric model proposed by Ptolemy and the heliocentric model proposed by Copernicus.
3) Newton's law of gravitation states that the gravitational force between two objects is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Gravitation.pptx
1. The document discusses key concepts of gravitation including Newton's universal law of gravitation, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, gravitational force, acceleration due to gravity, escape velocity, and free fall.
2. It explains that gravitational force is responsible for holding the atmosphere above the earth and for the motion of objects.
3. Newton's universal law of gravitation states that the gravitational force between two objects is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
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This document provides instructions for navigating a presentation on circular motion and gravitation. It begins with directions for viewing the presentation as a slideshow and advancing through it. It then lists the chapter's content sections and objectives. The remainder of the document consists of slides from the presentation covering topics like centripetal acceleration, force, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, and torque.
Physics Pp Presentation Ch 7
This document provides instructions for navigating a presentation on circular motion and gravitation. It outlines how to view the presentation as a slideshow, advance through slides, access resources from the resources slide, and exit the slideshow. The document also lists the chapter's objectives, sections, and sample problems. Key concepts covered include centripetal acceleration and force, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, and torque.
- Gravitation and satallites-.pdf
1. Newton's law of gravitation states that every particle in the universe attracts each other with a force directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
2. Weight is the force of attraction experienced by a body towards the center of Earth. It is calculated by mass times gravitational acceleration (w=mg).
3. There are natural satellites like the Moon and artificial satellites used for purposes like communication, navigation, remote sensing, and geology. Their orbital paths and velocities depend on the radius of the orbit around the central planet or body.
APPLICATIONS OF SHM
Simple harmonic motion is a periodic motion where the restoring force is directly proportional to the displacement from the equilibrium position. It is characterized by its amplitude, period, frequency, and phase. The period and frequency are determined by the overall system, while the amplitude and phase depend on the initial conditions. Examples of simple harmonic motion include a mass attached to a spring, a pendulum, and molecules inside solids. It occurs throughout nature and has many practical applications.
Gravitaion notes.pdf
1) There are four main types of forces - gravitational, electromagnetic, nuclear, and centripetal. Gravitational force acts between any two masses and depends on their masses and the distance between them.
2) Kepler's laws of planetary motion describe the motion of planets in the solar system. Newton's universal law of gravitation states that there is a gravitational attraction between any two masses that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
3) Gravitational acceleration (g) is the acceleration on an object due to gravity. On Earth, g is approximately 9.8 m/s2. The value of g depends on factors like the
Chapter 7
The document summarizes key concepts about circular motion, Newton's law of universal gravitation, motion in space, and weightlessness. It discusses centripetal acceleration and force, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, and how apparent weightlessness occurs in falling elevators and orbiting spacecraft due to inertia rather than a lack of gravitational force. Examples and equations are provided to calculate values like tangential speed, centripetal force, gravitational force, and planetary orbital properties.
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Satellites are used for telecommunications including mobile applications like communication with ships, planes, vehicles, and handheld devices as well as TV and radio broadcasting. They provide these services to an assigned region on Earth. Satellites follow Kepler's laws of planetary motion, with their path being an ellipse around the primary body (Earth). Their motion also follows Newton's laws of motion and gravity. Orbital parameters like inclination, eccentricity, and altitude affect satellite orbits and must be maintained through station keeping to prevent orbital decay over time from perturbations. Geostationary satellites orbit at an altitude of 35,786 km, maintaining a fixed position over a location on Earth, while other non-geostationary orbits are also used.
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Physics definitions
- 1. Space Definitions Field Vector A field vector is a single vector that describes the strengths and direction of a uniform vector field. For a gravitational field, the field vector is g Weight Weight is defined as the force on a mass due to the gravitational field of a large celestial body such as the Earth Gravitational Potential Energy Gravitational Potential Energy is the energy of a mass due to its position within a gravitational field. On a large scale GPE is defined as the work done to move an object from infinity to a point within a gravitational field Projectile A projectile is any object launched into the air Trajectory The trajectory of a projectile is the path that it follows during its flight Escape Velocity Escape Velocity is the initial velocity required by a projectile to rise vertically and just escape the gravitational field of a planet Thrust Thrust is a force that is exerted on an object by the expulsion or acceleration of mass in one direction Uniform Circular Motion Uniform Circular Motion is the circular motion with a uniform orbital speed Centripetal Force Centripetal force is the force that acts to maintain circular motion and is directed towards the centre of the circle Centripetal Acceleration Centripetal Acceleration is always present in uniform circular motion it is associated with centripetal force and is also directed at the centre of the circle
- 2. Period Period is the time taken to complete on orbit Low Earth Orbit Low Earth Orbit is an orbit higher than 250km and lower than 1000km Geostationary Orbit Geostationary Orbit is an orbit where the Satellite orbits in tandem with that of earth. This corresponds to an approximate altitude of 35 800km Transfer Orbit Transfer Orbit is a orbit used to manoeuvre a satellite from one orbit to another Ionisation Blackout Ionisation Blackout is a period of no communication with a space craft due to a surrounding layer of ionised atoms forming in the heat of re-entry Vector A Vector is any quantity that has both magnitude and direction. Force is one example Gravitational Field A Gravitational Field is a field within which any ass will experience a gravitational force. The field has both strength and direction Slingshot Effect The Slingshot Effect or planetary swing by or gravity assisted manoeuvre is a strategy used with space probes to achieve a change in velocity with little expenditure of fuel Aether The aether was the proposed medium for light and other electromagnetic waves, before it was realised that these waveforms do not need a medium in order to travel Medium A medium is the material through which a wave must travel Inertial Frame of Reference An inertial frame of reference is a non accelerated movement only steady motion or no motion is allowed. A non -inertial frame of reference experiences acceleration Rest Frame
- 3. A Rest frame is the frame of reference within which a measured event occurs or a measured object lies at rest Time Dilation Time dilation is the slowing down of events as observed from a reference frame in relative motion Length contraction Length contraction is the shortening of an object in the direction of its motion as observed from a reference frame in relative motion Mass Dilation Mass dilation is the increase in the mss of an pbject as observed from a reference frame in relative motion Rest Energy Rest Energy is the energy equivalent of a stationary objects mass measured within the objects rest frame