1. Traveling waves propagate in a single direction with minimal change in shape, such as ocean waves. Standing waves occur when traveling waves interact in an enclosed space and form stationary patterns of nodes and antinodes. 2. Newton's law of gravitation describes gravity as a force between two masses that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. 3. According to Kepler's laws of planetary motion, the orbits of planets around the sun are ellipses with the sun at one focus, and planets sweep out equal areas in equal intervals of time.