The document discusses the physical properties of soil, including its formation from weathering rocks, composition of solid, liquid, and gas phases, texture determined by sand, silt and clay content, structure defined by arrangement of particles, density, porosity, temperature, and classification of soil water. Key topics covered are the three phases of soil, factors influencing soil color, common soil structures like platy and granular, and definition of terms like bulk density, field capacity, and permanent wilting point.
Soils and rocks have unique and distinct engineering properties.
Engineering properties of soils and rocks are very essential parameters to be analysed for several technical reasons.
Properties of these materials may not only pose problems but also give solutions to solve the problems.
This presentation covers the topic of particle size classification, dry sieve analysis, wet sieve analysis, sedimentation analysis, stokes law, methods of sedimentation analysis, Indian Standard Soil classification system.
Soils are characterised by several physical properties. The important ones are: (1) Soil separates and texture,
(2) Structure of soil, (3) Weight and soil density, (4) Porosity of soil, (5) Permeability of soil, (6) Soil colour, (7) Temperature of soil, and (8) Soil Plasticity, Compressibility and Erodibility. Some of these are discussed in this module.
This presentation includes Definition of Permeability, measurement of Permeability, Validity of Darcy's law, Darcy's Law, Methods of Finding Permeability, factors affecting permeability, Permeability of Stratified Soil
- Formation and evolution of soil.
- Characteristics and classification of soils.
- Regularity and environmental features of soil distribution on Earth.
- Location of the soil in the biosphere.
- Morphological signs of soil profile.
- Structure of soil profile.
- Granulometric composition.
- Soil composition: properties and modes.
- General physical properties of soil.
Soils and rocks have unique and distinct engineering properties.
Engineering properties of soils and rocks are very essential parameters to be analysed for several technical reasons.
Properties of these materials may not only pose problems but also give solutions to solve the problems.
This presentation covers the topic of particle size classification, dry sieve analysis, wet sieve analysis, sedimentation analysis, stokes law, methods of sedimentation analysis, Indian Standard Soil classification system.
Soils are characterised by several physical properties. The important ones are: (1) Soil separates and texture,
(2) Structure of soil, (3) Weight and soil density, (4) Porosity of soil, (5) Permeability of soil, (6) Soil colour, (7) Temperature of soil, and (8) Soil Plasticity, Compressibility and Erodibility. Some of these are discussed in this module.
This presentation includes Definition of Permeability, measurement of Permeability, Validity of Darcy's law, Darcy's Law, Methods of Finding Permeability, factors affecting permeability, Permeability of Stratified Soil
- Formation and evolution of soil.
- Characteristics and classification of soils.
- Regularity and environmental features of soil distribution on Earth.
- Location of the soil in the biosphere.
- Morphological signs of soil profile.
- Structure of soil profile.
- Granulometric composition.
- Soil composition: properties and modes.
- General physical properties of soil.
The Physical Properties of the Soil
Inckuding,
1. Soil Texture
2. Soil Structure
3. Soil Color
4. Soil Density
5. Soil Porosity
6. Soil Consistence
7. Soil Temperature
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
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A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
2. The ground(soil),Physical behavior of soil, Water
system, soil mechanics.
The ground(soil),Physical behavior
of soil, Water system, soil mechanics.
5. The word soil derived from Latin word “Solium” Which
means upper layer of earth surface.
Having different meanings for different professions
For agriculture:
It is loose surface material of earth in which plants grow.
For geologist:
It is the material which is produced as a result of disintegration
of rocks. Which has been transported from its original
positions.
For engineers:
Soil is uncemented accumulation of minerals or organic
particles occurring in zone overlying the rock crust.
6. “The upper layer in which plants grow , a black or dark
brown material typically consisting of mixture of
organic remains , clay and rock particles.”
What formed soil?
Soil is thin layer of material covering the earth’s
surface.
It is formed from weathering of rocks.
It contain minerals , water and living organisms.
7. It causes the disintegration of rock near the earth
surface.
Its major causes are plants , animal life , atmosphere
and water.
There are two types of it.
Mechanical weathering
Chemical weathering
8. It transform original material into substances with
different composition and different physical
characteristics.
Newly formed material is more softer and susceptible
to the agent of erosion than original material.
3 phases of soil:
The three phases of soil are as follow:
SOLID
LIQUID
GAS
10. Contain mineral particles.
Having water ,air, and organic matter.
The combination of these determined the
properties of soil.
11. The arrangement and organization of primary
and secondary particles in a soil known as
soil structure.
Structure is described under three categories:
Type – shape or form and arrangement
pattern of peds.
Class- size of peds.
Grade – degree of distinctness of peds.
15. Soil color is due to the reflection of EMR by different
soil constituents like minerals organic matter, water,
salts etc.
The occurrence of two or more patches of color is
called mottling (due to the presence of iron, manganese
and copper in soil in patches).
Soil colour is inherited from the parent material and
that is referred to as lithocromic . Eg: red soils
developed from red sand stone.
16. Soil colour is measured using Munsell colour chart and
expressed in terms of Hue, value and chroma.
Hue denotes the dominant spectral color.
Value denotes the intensity of color.
Chroma indicates the purity of color.
10YR 5/4 means , the Hue value is 10YR, 5 is the value
and 4 is the chroma.
17.
18. Parent material.
Soil moisture.
Organic matter.
Mixture of organic matter and iron oxides.
Alternate wetting and drying condition
19. Relative portion of sand silt and clay .
Mechanical analysis hydrometric method.
Textural Classes:
The proportions of predominant size of fractions of
sand silt and clay is the
basis for classification of soil texture.
20.
21. Arrangement of soil particles.
Individual aggregates are known as peds or
secondary units.
Two forms of structure less conditions are
recognized ;
Single grain
Massive
22. Platy: -In recently deposited clay soil.
This structure is commonly found in soil layers that
have been compacted.
Prism: Vertically oriented
When the tops are flat, these vertical aggregates are
called prismatic.
These elongated columns vary in length with
different soil.
23. These structures is commonly seen in soils with high
clay content and
in horizons dominated by high shrink-swell clays.
When rounded they are known as columnar .
Most commonly seen in soils that have sodium
content in a dry climate.
24. The original aggregates have been reduced to blocks
and basically equal in height, width and depth.
Blocky structure is the most common type of
structure seen in the subsoil (B horizon) in North
Carolina.
Rounded aggregates usually less than 1/4 inch in
diameter .
These complexes lie loosely on the surface and are
readily shaken apart.
These are called granules and the pattern is called
granular .
25. Each individual soil particle is separate and there is
no structure.
This is only found in very sandy soils and is the type
of structure commonly seen in sand dunes at the
beach.
Wedge:- The aggregates resemble wedges thinner at
one end and thicker on the
other end.
26. The weight of an individual soil particle per unit
volume is called particle density.
Typical particle densities for soils range from 2.60
to 2.75 g/cm3.
However they can be as high as 3.0 g/cm3 for very
dense particles and as low as 0.9 g/cm3 for organic
particles
27. Bulk density is the mass of dry soil per unit volume
including the airspace.
It has major effect on the movement of air and water
in soils.
Solis with high bulk densities are often compacted.
Soil compaction restricts rooting depth which
reduces the uptake of water and nutrients by plants.
28. The pore space of soil contains the liquid and gas phases
of soil ,everything but the solid phase that contains
mainly minerals of varying sizes as well as organic
compounds.
Soil porosity is important for many reasons.
A primary reason is that soil pores contain the
groundwater that many of us drink.
Another important aspect of soil porosity concerns the
oxygen found within these pore spaces. All plants need
oxygen for respiration so a well-aerated soil is important
for growing crops.
Clay soil have the highest porosity and sand the lowest
29. Resistance of soil material to deformation or rupture.
Rupture resistance is a measure of the soil’s ability to
withstand applied stress. For this test moist soil is
normally used.
Plasticity is the degree to which a reworked soil can
be permanently deformed without rupturing.
30. Soil air is a continuation of the atmospheric air .
Unlike the other components it is constant state of
motion from the soil
pores into the atmosphere and from the atmosphere
into the pore space.
Composition of air in soil and atmosphere:-Nitrogen:
Soil Air: 79.2% and Atmosphere: 79.0%
Oxygen: Soil Air: 20.6% and Atmosphere: 20.9%
Carbon Dioxide: Soil Air: 0.25% and Atmosphere:
0.04%
31. Soil temperature is simply the measurement of the
warmth in the soil.
Ideal soil temperature for planting most plants are 65
to 75 F ( 18 to 24C)
Night time and day time soil temperatures are both
important.
Soil functions as a major storage mechanism of heat,
collection energy throughout the day and releasing heat
to the surface during the night
32. Physical classification of soil water:-
1. Hygroscopic
2. Capillary
3. Gravitational
Field capacity
Permanent wilting point
Hygroscopic Coefficient
