The document discusses various physical and chemical processes involving matter like evaporation, combustion, and oxidation. It also covers the historical development of atomic models from Democritus to Bohr and Schrodinger, including Thomson's discovery of electrons and Rutherford's nuclear model. Finally, it discusses industrial and medical applications of chemistry related to transforming raw materials and treating health problems in aging patients.

1. Physical and
chemical
properties and
process of matter
including some
atom models
By: Andres Duque

2. Physical process
Physical:
Decantation. to pour (a liquid, such as wine) from one container to another, esp Filtration: a liquid or gas that has been filtered
without disturbing any sediment.
Condensation: he act or process of condensing, or the state of being condensed
Evaporation: to change or cause to change from a liquid or solid state to a vapour
Filtration: a liquid or gas that has been filtered

3. Chemical process
Burning: to undergo or cause to undergo combustion
Oxidation: the act or process of oxidizing
Fermentation: a chemical reaction in which a ferment causes an organic molecule
to split into simpler substances, esp the anaerobic conversion of sugar to ethyl
alcohol by yeast.

4. Chemical process
Reduction: the act or process or an instance of reducing.
Ionization: to change or become changed into ions.
Catalysis: acceleration of a chemical reaction by the action of a catalyst.
Electrolisis: the conduction of electricity by a solution or melt, esp the use of this
process to induce chemical changes.

5. Atomic model
 Democritus:

6. Atomic model
 Dalton:

7. Atomic model
 Thomson:

8. Atomic model
 Rutherford:

9. Atomic model
 Bohr

10. Atomic model
 Schrodinger:

11. Atom history
 Actually, the thought about electricity came before atoms. In about 600 B.C. Thales
of Miletus discovered that a piece of amber, after rubbing it with fur, attracts bits of
hair and feathers and other light objects. He suggested that this mysterious force
came from the amber. Thales, however, did not connect this force with any atomic
particle.
 In 1897, the English physicist J.J. Thomson discovered the electron and proposed a
model for the structure of the atom. Thomson knew that electrons had a negative
charge and thought that matter must have a positive charge. His model looked like
raisins stuck on the surface of a lump of pudding.
 In 1900 Max Planck, a professor of theoretical physics in Berlin showed that when
you vibrate atoms strong enough, such as when you heat an object until it
glows, you can measure the energy only in discrete units. He called these energy
packets, quanta.
 A heated controversy occured for many years on deciding whether light consisted
of waves or particles. The evidence appeared strong for both cases.
Later, physicists showed that light appears as either wave-like or particle-like (but
never both at the same time) depending on the experimental setup.


12.  The results of the experiments came unexpected. Most of the alpha
particles went smoothly through the foil. Only an occasional alpha
veered sharply from its original path, sometimes bouncing straight back
from the foil! Rutherford reasoned that they must get scattered by tiny
bits of positively charged matter. Most of the space around these
positive centers had nothing in them. He thought that the electrons must
exist somewhere within this empty space. Rutherford thought that the
negative electrons orbited a positive center in a manner like the solar
system where the planets orbit the sun.
 Not until 1919 did Rutherford finally identify the particles of the nucleus as
discrete positive charges of matter. Using alpha particles as
bullets, Rutherford knocked hydrogen nuclei out of atoms of six
elements: boron, fluorine, sodium, aluminum, phosphorus, an nitrogen.
He named them protons, from the Greek for 'first', for they consisted of
the first identified building blocks of the nuclei of all elements. He found
the protons mass at 1,836 times as great as the mass of the electron.

13.  In 1912 a Danish physicist, Niels Bohr came up with a theory
that said the electrons do not spiral into the nucleus and
came up with some rules for what does happen. (This
began a new approach to science because for the first
time rules had to fit the observation regardless of how they
conflicted with the theories of the time.)
 RULE 1: Electrons can orbit only at certain allowed
distances from the nucleus.
 RULE 2: Atoms radiate energy when an electron jumps from
a higher-energy orbit to a lower-energy orbit. Also, an atom
absorbs energy when an electron gets boosted from a low-
energy orbit to a high-energy orbit.

14.  By the 1920s, further experiments showed that Bohr's model of
the atom had some troubles. Bohr's atom seemed too simple
to describe the heavier elements. In fact it only worked
roughly in these cases. The spectral lines did not appear
correct when a strong magnetic field influenced the atoms.
 n 1924 a Frenchman named Louis de Broglie thought about
particles of matter. He thought that if light can exist as both
particles and waves, why couldn't atom particles also
behave like waves? In a few equations derived from Einstein's
famous equation, (E=mc2) he showed what matter waves
would behave like if they existed at all. (Experiments later
proved him correct.)
 In 1926 the Austrian physicist, Erwin Schrödinger had an
interesting idea: Why not go all the way with particle waves
and try to form a model of the atom on that basis? His theory
worked kind of like harmonic theory for a violin string except
that the vibrations traveled in circles.

15. Industrial an medicinal use
 Chemical medicinal:There is no way anyone
can guarantee that medication that expired
3 years ago is safe to use. Even though the
tablets look the same on the outside there
may have been chemical changes to the
drugs or loss of potency. A broken tooth will
require prompt attention from your dentist
anyway so I would recommend contacting
him/her as soon as possible to schedule an
appointment and take care of all needs
related to the broken tooth.

16.  Industry- Chemical
 to transform raw materials into more specialized
products. The place where chemical products are
produced is usually called chemical plant. The
chemical industry relies on the knowledge and
investigation of the chemical properties of
different materials.

17.  Medicine- Physical
 There are a number of health problems associated
with aging that affect a person's mental
alertness, mood, or memory.
 But when an older person who is being treated for
epilepsy becomes unusually
depressed, confused, and unable to remember
things, there may be some other explanations. For
example:
 Toxicity
 Drug Interactions
 Sensitivity