There are several phylogenical and physiological factors that can cause unfruitfulness in plants. Some key phylogenical factors include dicliny where male and female flowers are on separate plants requiring cross-pollination, dichogamy where anthers and stigmas mature at different times preventing self-pollination, and self-sterility where pollen does not fertilize the ovule of the same flower. Physiological factors impacting unfruitfulness include slow pollen tube growth, poor pollen germination, delayed pollination missing the receptive period of the stigma, and nutritional deficiencies impacting pistils and pollen productivity.
Explain a) advantage of promoting outcrossing in plants and preventi.pdffasttrackcomputersol
Explain a) advantage of promoting outcrossing in plants and preventing self-fertilization, explain
b) two (2) neat/cool mechanisms you learned on how plants pollinate others. Make sure you
provide enough detail showcasing your understanding of those processes.
Explain a) advantage of dispersing seeds, andexplain b) two (2) neat/cool mechanisms you
learned on how disperse their seeds. Make sure you provide enough detail showcasing your
understanding of those processes.
Solution
Advantages of promoting outcrossing in plants and preventing self-fertilization:
Adding genetic diversity to the species,
It will add resistant to diseases,
It will help in production of hybrid plants and flowers, which keeps the species strong,
It will help in production of large number of viable seeds.
There is a possibility to add new desirable characters,
Yield of crop can be maintained,
It helps in evolution,
Undesirable characters of the plant can be eliminated.
Mechanisms you learned on how plants pollinate others:
1. Imperfect (or unisexual) flowers and monoecy.
The separation of the male sexual part (stamen) and the female part (pistil) into two separate
flowers eliminates intrafloral pollination and favors outcrossing. In monoecy (adj. monoecious),
or monoecism, both imperfect flowers are borne on the same plant.e.g. pumpkin and squash,
melons
2. Imperfect flowers and dioecy.
The natural occurence of individual plants bearing either staminate or pistillate flowers ensures
cross-pollination. This phenomenon is called dioecy (adj. dioecious). e.g. papaya
3. Dichogamy.
Opposite of homogamy, the stamen and the pistil mature at different periods. There are two
main types: protandry and protogyny.
In protandry, the stamens or anthers develop ahead and the pollen grains mature and are shed
before the pistils or the stigma become mature and receptive. Eg: Asteraceae
In protogyny, the pistils or stigma mature ahead of the stamens or anthers. e.g. Suaeda; Simpson
4. Chasmogamy.
Opposite of cleistogamy, pollen is shed, the stigma becomes receptive, and pollination occurs
when the flower opens The opening of the flower exposes the stigma to pollen from other
flowers.
5. Hercogamy (or herkogamy).
This is the spatial separation of the male (stamens) and female (stigma) sexual organs within a
flower. In one type of hercogamy called heterostyly, the heights of stigmas relative to the
stamens vary from flower to flower.
6. Self-sterility or self-incompatibility.
Self-sterility is the inability of a plant to form functional gametes or sexual structures while self-
incompatibility is a condition in which fertilization fails to occur between gametes from the same
individual. In both cases, self-pollination does not form a seed and thus seeds that are formed
necessarily arise from cross-pollination.
ACCORDING TO CHEGG GUIDELINES WE HAVE TO ANSWER ONE QUESTION AT A
TIME. POST THE REST AS SEPERATE QEUSTION, THEN I CAN HELP YOU..
Explain a) advantage of promoting outcrossing in plants and preventi.pdffasttrackcomputersol
Explain a) advantage of promoting outcrossing in plants and preventing self-fertilization, explain
b) two (2) neat/cool mechanisms you learned on how plants pollinate others. Make sure you
provide enough detail showcasing your understanding of those processes.
Explain a) advantage of dispersing seeds, andexplain b) two (2) neat/cool mechanisms you
learned on how disperse their seeds. Make sure you provide enough detail showcasing your
understanding of those processes.
Solution
Advantages of promoting outcrossing in plants and preventing self-fertilization:
Adding genetic diversity to the species,
It will add resistant to diseases,
It will help in production of hybrid plants and flowers, which keeps the species strong,
It will help in production of large number of viable seeds.
There is a possibility to add new desirable characters,
Yield of crop can be maintained,
It helps in evolution,
Undesirable characters of the plant can be eliminated.
Mechanisms you learned on how plants pollinate others:
1. Imperfect (or unisexual) flowers and monoecy.
The separation of the male sexual part (stamen) and the female part (pistil) into two separate
flowers eliminates intrafloral pollination and favors outcrossing. In monoecy (adj. monoecious),
or monoecism, both imperfect flowers are borne on the same plant.e.g. pumpkin and squash,
melons
2. Imperfect flowers and dioecy.
The natural occurence of individual plants bearing either staminate or pistillate flowers ensures
cross-pollination. This phenomenon is called dioecy (adj. dioecious). e.g. papaya
3. Dichogamy.
Opposite of homogamy, the stamen and the pistil mature at different periods. There are two
main types: protandry and protogyny.
In protandry, the stamens or anthers develop ahead and the pollen grains mature and are shed
before the pistils or the stigma become mature and receptive. Eg: Asteraceae
In protogyny, the pistils or stigma mature ahead of the stamens or anthers. e.g. Suaeda; Simpson
4. Chasmogamy.
Opposite of cleistogamy, pollen is shed, the stigma becomes receptive, and pollination occurs
when the flower opens The opening of the flower exposes the stigma to pollen from other
flowers.
5. Hercogamy (or herkogamy).
This is the spatial separation of the male (stamens) and female (stigma) sexual organs within a
flower. In one type of hercogamy called heterostyly, the heights of stigmas relative to the
stamens vary from flower to flower.
6. Self-sterility or self-incompatibility.
Self-sterility is the inability of a plant to form functional gametes or sexual structures while self-
incompatibility is a condition in which fertilization fails to occur between gametes from the same
individual. In both cases, self-pollination does not form a seed and thus seeds that are formed
necessarily arise from cross-pollination.
ACCORDING TO CHEGG GUIDELINES WE HAVE TO ANSWER ONE QUESTION AT A
TIME. POST THE REST AS SEPERATE QEUSTION, THEN I CAN HELP YOU..
Modes of Pollination.pptxhsbsbshshs hdhjZackAbukar
Definition: Extension approaches can be defined as a style of action, embodying the philosophy of an extension system which, by and large determines the direction and nature/style of the various aspects of that system, such as its structure, leadership, program, methods and techniques, resources, and linkages.Definition: Extension approaches can be defined as a style of action, embodying the philosophy of an extension system which, by and large determines the direction and nature/style of the various aspects of that system, such as its structure, leadership, program, methods and techniques, resources, and linkages.Definition: Extension approaches can be defined as a style of action, embodying the philosophy of an extension system which, by and large determines the direction and nature/style of the various aspects of that system, such as its structure, leadership, program, methods and techniques, resources, and linkages.Definition: Extension approaches can be defined as a style of action, embodying the philosophy of an extension system which, by and large determines the direction and nature/style of the various aspects of that system, such as its structure, leadership, program, methods and techniques, resources, and linkages.Definition: Extension approaches can be defined as a style of action, embodying the philosophy of an extension system which, by and large determines the direction and nature/style of the various aspects of that system, such as its structure, leadership, program, methods and techniques, resources, and linkages.Definition: Extension approaches can be defined as a style of action, embodying the philosophy of an extension system which, by and large determines the direction and nature/style of the various aspects of that system, such as its structure, leadership, program, methods and techniques, resources, and linkages.Definition: Extension approaches can be defined as a style of action, embodying the philosophy of an extension system which, by and large determines the direction and nature/style of the various aspects of that system, such as its structure, leadership, program, methods and techniques, resources, and linkages.Definition: Extension approaches can be defined as a style of action, embodying the philosophy of an extension system which, by and large determines the direction and nature/style of the various aspects of that system, such as its structure, leadership, program, methods and techniques, resources, and linkages.Definition: Extension approaches can be defined as a style of action, embodying the philosophy of an extension system which, by and large determines the direction and nature/style of the various aspects of that system, such as its structure, leadership, program, methods and techniques, resources, and linkages.Definition: Extension approaches can be defined as a style of action, embodying the philosophy of an extension system which, by and large determines the direction and nature/style of the various aspect
Seeding Plants for the School Garden ~ MA Ag in Classroom
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Companion Planting Increases Food Production from School Gardens
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Seeding Plants for the School Garden
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Companion Planting Increases Food Production from School Gardens
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Modes of Pollination.pptxhsbsbshshs hdhjZackAbukar
Definition: Extension approaches can be defined as a style of action, embodying the philosophy of an extension system which, by and large determines the direction and nature/style of the various aspects of that system, such as its structure, leadership, program, methods and techniques, resources, and linkages.Definition: Extension approaches can be defined as a style of action, embodying the philosophy of an extension system which, by and large determines the direction and nature/style of the various aspects of that system, such as its structure, leadership, program, methods and techniques, resources, and linkages.Definition: Extension approaches can be defined as a style of action, embodying the philosophy of an extension system which, by and large determines the direction and nature/style of the various aspects of that system, such as its structure, leadership, program, methods and techniques, resources, and linkages.Definition: Extension approaches can be defined as a style of action, embodying the philosophy of an extension system which, by and large determines the direction and nature/style of the various aspects of that system, such as its structure, leadership, program, methods and techniques, resources, and linkages.Definition: Extension approaches can be defined as a style of action, embodying the philosophy of an extension system which, by and large determines the direction and nature/style of the various aspects of that system, such as its structure, leadership, program, methods and techniques, resources, and linkages.Definition: Extension approaches can be defined as a style of action, embodying the philosophy of an extension system which, by and large determines the direction and nature/style of the various aspects of that system, such as its structure, leadership, program, methods and techniques, resources, and linkages.Definition: Extension approaches can be defined as a style of action, embodying the philosophy of an extension system which, by and large determines the direction and nature/style of the various aspects of that system, such as its structure, leadership, program, methods and techniques, resources, and linkages.Definition: Extension approaches can be defined as a style of action, embodying the philosophy of an extension system which, by and large determines the direction and nature/style of the various aspects of that system, such as its structure, leadership, program, methods and techniques, resources, and linkages.Definition: Extension approaches can be defined as a style of action, embodying the philosophy of an extension system which, by and large determines the direction and nature/style of the various aspects of that system, such as its structure, leadership, program, methods and techniques, resources, and linkages.Definition: Extension approaches can be defined as a style of action, embodying the philosophy of an extension system which, by and large determines the direction and nature/style of the various aspect
Seeding Plants for the School Garden ~ MA Ag in Classroom
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Companion Planting Increases Food Production from School Gardens
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Seeding Plants for the School Garden
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Companion Planting Increases Food Production from School Gardens
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
CROP IMPROVEMENT OF TREE SPICES
Spices are an essential component of human life. Seeds, roots, fruit barks, and other plant substances are used as seasoning. Spices are used to flavor and color food. Spices are widely used in Ayurvedic medicine. Spices are also high in antioxidants, heart protection, fitness regeneration, anti-inflammation, and have a variety of health benefits.
SELF INCOMPATIBILITY IN VEGETABLES
Mode of pollination is very important in plant breeding because it determines the genetic constitution, nature of gene action, ease in pollination control and stability of varieties after release. There are several mechanisms that promote cross pollination, among these self-incompatibility. Self incompatibility is defined as the prevention of fusion of fertile (functional) male and female gametes of the same plant (Gowers, 1989). Self incompatibility is a system where self-recognition and rejection is the rule that prevents inbreeding depression.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
1. Phylogenical Factors
(1) Impotency, (2) Incompatibility, and (3) embryo abortion. Some other factors
are related to flower structure and form.
These are:
1. Dicliny or Uni-sexuality:
The stamens and carpels lie in separate flowers. Male or female flowers borne
on same or different trees.
(a) Male and female flowers on the same plants are called monoecious, e.g.,
walnut, pecan nut, chestnut, banana and coconut.
(b) Dioecious:
The male and female flowers are borne on two different plants. Hence, to set
more fruit male flowers from male plants are placed close to female flowers on
the other plant, e.g. Date palm and papaya.
Papaya has 8 types of flowers:
(1) Pure pistillate flowering plants (2) Pure staminate (3) Both staminate and
perfect flowers (4) Plants with sterile pollen (Pseudo hermaphrodite) (5) Plants
producing staminate and perfect flowers but neither pollen nor pistil is fertile
(Sterile hermaphrodite) (6) Plants producing staminate, pistillate and perfect
flowers (7) Plants with staminate and perfect flowers (8) Plant with pistillate
and perfect flowers.
2. Dichogamy:
In many bisexual flowers the anthers and stigma mature on different times. This
condition is known as dichogamy. It acts as a barrier to self-pollination hence;
unfruitfulness in such plants is the result. When the gynoecium matures earlier
than the anthers of the same flower the condition of the flower is protogyny.
On the other hand when the anthers mature first and discharge their pollen
earlier than the stigma of the same flower, the condition is protandry. Avocado
2. flowers are protogynous in nature and in mango stigma are receptive for two
hours but pollen is available for longer period hence such a situation is termed
as protandry. Coconut can be another such example.
3. Self-sterility:
In such flowers the pollen does not fertilize the ovule of the same flower
through stigma; this leads to unfruitfulness in many fruits. This can also be
termed as incompatibility. In incompatibility, both pollen and ovule are fertile
but fail to unite due to some reason. The self-sterility has been found in pear,
apple, plum, almond citrus and mango cultivars. Bartlett pear is self-sterile.
Commercial cultivars of loquat are self- incompatible. In plum cultivars
pollinizer Kala Amritsari have been recommended due to self-incompatibility.
4. Heterostyly:
In this condition the flowers have short styles and long filaments (stamens) and
other flowers on the same tree or species have long style and short
stamens/filaments. This is known as dimorphic heterostyly. Similarly there can
be trim-orphic heterostyly, i.e., stamens and styles of three different lengths,
example pomegranate, litchi, sapota and almond. Hence, poor fruit set may be
due to heterostyly.
Physiological Reasons:
It is difficult to assign the particular reason for unfruitfulness in some of the
situations.
These physiological factors are:
1. Pollen Tube Growth:
The rate of pollen tube growth through the style is so slow that it does not reach
the ovule. It is usually so in heterostyly condition. Poor rate of pollen tube
growth has been found in pear and mandarin.
2. Poor Pollen Germination:
3. Sometimes due to physiological reasons pollen does not germinate on the
stigmatic surface. This situation may bring unfruitfulness.
3. Delayed Pollination
Sometimes flowers abscise because of delay in pollination, for example. If
kangji kalan lemon flowers are not pollinated from outside source, all flowers
fall down due to self-incompatibility. Hence, to get good crop synchronizing in
pollen cultivar with that of lemon cultivars should be included as pollination.
4. Nutrition:
When fruit plants over-bear in one season and get depleted in nutrition, there
may be no crop in the coming year. Nutrition affects the pistils and pollen
productivity both. For example, plums and peaches may not produce any crop in
one year after a heavy crop in the previous year. Carbohydrate deficiency has
been reported for coulure or blossom abortion and flower drop in grapes.
Twenty percent sucrose spray at full bloom stage improves fruit set in soft
pears.