Phylogenetic tree
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A phylogenetic tree is a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships between organisms or groups of organisms. It branches to illustrate the passage of time and the progression from ancestral to more recent species. Phylogenetic trees are constructed by biologists and scientists to study how living things evolved from their earliest ancestors and are related to each other through the passage of generations.
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Classification
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The document describes the process of constructing a phylogenetic tree from mitochondrial DNA sequence data retrieved from online databases. It involves the following steps:
1) Retrieving sequence data from NCBI for humans, Neanderthals, chimpanzees, gorillas and other primates.
2) Aligning the sequences using ClustalW and viewing the alignment.
3) Using programs from the Phylip package like Seqboot, Dnadist, Neighbor and Consense to generate bootstrap trees, distance matrices and consensus trees.
4) Viewing and saving the phylogenetic trees in TreeView.
Principles of taxonomy
The document discusses taxonomy and systematics. It defines taxonomy as the science of classifying organisms and systematics as including taxonomy along with theoretical and practical aspects of evolution. The key points are:
1. Linnaeus developed the binomial nomenclature system which provides a standardized way to name species.
2. Taxonomy involves identifying and classifying organisms according to evolutionary relationships. This includes describing new species, assigning names, and grouping taxa into hierarchical ranks.
3. Systematics builds on taxonomy by also examining evolutionary relationships and genetics to reflect monophyletic groups based on common ancestry.
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Speciation and Systematics APBioCh16and18
The document discusses several key aspects of speciation and taxonomy:
1) Speciation requires isolation of populations which then undergo genetic divergence and reproductive isolation. The main types of speciation discussed are allopatric and sympatric speciation.
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3) Polyploidy, where organisms have more than two paired sets of chromosomes, is another path to speciation discussed.
4) The document outlines the history of taxonomy from Aristotle to the current three domain system recognizing bacteria, archaea and eukarya based on genetic analysis.
Classifiction and Nomenclature of Kingdoms of Life
This document discusses the history and principles of taxonomy and biological classification. It begins with definitions of taxonomy, classification, and nomenclature. It then covers the historical development of classification systems from Aristotle to the modern five-kingdom and three-domain systems. Key figures discussed include Linnaeus, Haeckel, Copeland, and Whittaker. The document also outlines taxonomic ranks, important classification features like embryology and body plans, and rules of scientific nomenclature.
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The document summarizes the history of life on Earth from its beginnings around 4 billion years ago to the present. It describes how life first emerged on Earth through natural chemical and physical processes, with the earliest life forms being microspheres composed of amino acids and RNA. These eventually developed into the first prokaryotic cells through self-replication of their RNA. Further evolution led to eukaryotic cells through endosymbiosis, and complex multicellular organisms developed over time, with major diversifications and several mass extinction events altering life on the planet.
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3) Using programs from the Phylip package like Seqboot, Dnadist, Neighbor and Consense to generate bootstrap trees, distance matrices and consensus trees.
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1. Linnaeus developed the binomial nomenclature system which provides a standardized way to name species.
2. Taxonomy involves identifying and classifying organisms according to evolutionary relationships. This includes describing new species, assigning names, and grouping taxa into hierarchical ranks.
3. Systematics builds on taxonomy by also examining evolutionary relationships and genetics to reflect monophyletic groups based on common ancestry.
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in Education
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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