Photonics communication uses nano-sized particles and photonic crystals to route information using light instead of electrical signals. This allows information to be transmitted nearly instantaneously. The document discusses how nano-lasers and photonic band gaps can be used to control and direct photons for optical switching. Nanotechnology enables building devices that manipulate individual photons to route data at speeds approaching the speed of light through fiber optic networks.
Examples of Photonics Applications for DAY OF PHOTONICS 21 October 2014Carlos Lee Epic
Examples of photonics, optics, lasers, fiber, ... for more information please contact carlos.lee@epic-assoc.com or visit www.epic-assoc.com or www.day-of-photonics.org
*(PPT was prepared for a 15 min presentation)
The topic "Photonic Integrated circuit technology" is in itself very vast that it cant be explained completely in a matter of minutes, so it is better to focus on a particular type of PIC throughout the presentation .(because,based on substrate material,the technology changes and it is always important to maintain a flow throughout the presentation).
Research well on the topic,do your best and leave the rest
:)
Organic Thin Film Transistor 2016: Flexible Displays and Other Applications 2...Yole Developpement
Are OTFTs ready to disrupt the display industry and enable fully-flexible devices?
ORGANIC TFTS ARE ENTERING THE FAB BY THE BACK DOOR
When trying to build a flexible display panel, the Thin Film Transistor (TFT) matrix is one of the most challenging and fragile functional layers.
Interest in OTFT emerged in the mid-2000s when mobility reached values similar to amorphous silicon (a-Si), the dominant display backplane technology. This triggered a flurry of activity at leading display manufacturers, and prototypes rapidly emerged. Besides fast-improving electrical performance, OTFT’s intrinsic flexibility made the technology ideal for the realization of flexible displays. In 2007, the first ever flexible AMOLED panel was demonstrated by Sony and featured an organic TFT.
However, interest waned as performance and homogeneity issues persisted, and other TFT technologies like LTPS and metal oxide emerged.
Nevertheless, organic semiconductor companies kept perfecting their molecules and ink formulations, gaining a better understanding of the interaction between the materials, the transistor structure, and the manufacturing process. Consequently, performance in the lab improved by another order of magnitude. Combined with the explosive growth of flexible displays and the promise of a cost-efficient, solution-based manufacturing process, interest in OTFT has renewed.
Panel makers remain cautious, but a handful in Taiwan and China are currently attempting to retrofit older Gen 2.5 - 4.5 fabs with OTFT. These first attempts to move OTFT into mass production will be critical for the technology’s future. Failure in these initial industrialization attempts could be fatal for the OTFT industry, or, at the very least, set it back many years. However, if OTFT proves that it can be mass produced and enables panel makers to revive those obsolete fabs with high-margin flexible displays, there are no fundamental barriers prohibiting the technology from being quickly scaled up to fabs Gen 8 or above, and possibly challenge the vast market for traditional a-Si based panels like LCD TV, monitors, etc. In the long-term, because they are inherently solution-processable, OTFTs are also an ideal backplane candidate for additive manufacturing and fully printed displays.
More information on that report at http://www.i-micronews.com/reports.html
In these presentation ,we have discussed about E-paper technology and it's construction,advantages,disdvantages and applications. Also, future scopes of E-paper have been discussed.
Silicon Photonics: A Solution for Ultra High Speed Data TransferIDES Editor
Silicon photonics is the integration of integrated
optics and photonics IC technologies in silicon. Silicon
photonics has recently attracted a great deal of attention since
it offers an opportunity for low cost solutions for various
applications ranging from telecommunications to chip-chip
inter connects. Two keys to this advancement are the increased
speed of communications (now at the speed of light) and the
increased amount of data that can be transmitted at once (i.e.,
bandwidth). Silicon photonics is the study and application of
photonic systems which use silicon as an optical medium.
The silicon is usually patterned with sub-micrometer
precision, into microphotonic components. These operate in
the infrared, most commonly at the 1.55 micrometer
wavelength used by most fiber optic telecommunication
systems. The silicon typically lies on top of a layer of silica in
what (by analogy with a similar construction in
microelectronics) is known as silicon on insulator (SOI). Today
the problems associated with multi-core processors with copper
interconnect are Latency, Bandwidth, Power dissipation,
Electromagnetic interference and Signal integrity. Micro
processor designers use the integration of number of
transistors that could be squeezed onto each chip to boost
computational horsepower. That in turn caused the amount
of waste heat that had to be dissipated from each square
millimeter of silicon to go up. One problem we are facing in
this effort is that micro processors with large numbers of cores
are not yet being manufactured. Fiber optics has a reputation
as an expensive solution because of high cost of hardware and
Fabrication is done using exotic materials which are costly.
The methods used in assembly and package of these
components are also expensive. A recent break through in
silicon photonics is in the development of a laser modulator
that encodes optical data at 40 billion bits per second. Finally
reached the goal of data transmission at 40 Gbps speed,
matching the fastest devices deployed today with least cost of
processing and showing the ultimate solutions to the problems
associated with copper interconnects in multi-core processors
and expensive fiber optics.
Nanotechnology is defined as: the application of scientific knowledge to manipulate and control matter at the Nano scale level to make use of size and structure dependent properties and phenomena distinct from those associated with individual atoms or molecules or with bulk materials.
The Nano scale is the size range from approximately 1nm to 100nm.
Nanotechnology exhibits a strong degree of convergence with many other disciplines, such as the information and communications technologies (ICT) industry.
Examples of Photonics Applications for DAY OF PHOTONICS 21 October 2014Carlos Lee Epic
Examples of photonics, optics, lasers, fiber, ... for more information please contact carlos.lee@epic-assoc.com or visit www.epic-assoc.com or www.day-of-photonics.org
*(PPT was prepared for a 15 min presentation)
The topic "Photonic Integrated circuit technology" is in itself very vast that it cant be explained completely in a matter of minutes, so it is better to focus on a particular type of PIC throughout the presentation .(because,based on substrate material,the technology changes and it is always important to maintain a flow throughout the presentation).
Research well on the topic,do your best and leave the rest
:)
Organic Thin Film Transistor 2016: Flexible Displays and Other Applications 2...Yole Developpement
Are OTFTs ready to disrupt the display industry and enable fully-flexible devices?
ORGANIC TFTS ARE ENTERING THE FAB BY THE BACK DOOR
When trying to build a flexible display panel, the Thin Film Transistor (TFT) matrix is one of the most challenging and fragile functional layers.
Interest in OTFT emerged in the mid-2000s when mobility reached values similar to amorphous silicon (a-Si), the dominant display backplane technology. This triggered a flurry of activity at leading display manufacturers, and prototypes rapidly emerged. Besides fast-improving electrical performance, OTFT’s intrinsic flexibility made the technology ideal for the realization of flexible displays. In 2007, the first ever flexible AMOLED panel was demonstrated by Sony and featured an organic TFT.
However, interest waned as performance and homogeneity issues persisted, and other TFT technologies like LTPS and metal oxide emerged.
Nevertheless, organic semiconductor companies kept perfecting their molecules and ink formulations, gaining a better understanding of the interaction between the materials, the transistor structure, and the manufacturing process. Consequently, performance in the lab improved by another order of magnitude. Combined with the explosive growth of flexible displays and the promise of a cost-efficient, solution-based manufacturing process, interest in OTFT has renewed.
Panel makers remain cautious, but a handful in Taiwan and China are currently attempting to retrofit older Gen 2.5 - 4.5 fabs with OTFT. These first attempts to move OTFT into mass production will be critical for the technology’s future. Failure in these initial industrialization attempts could be fatal for the OTFT industry, or, at the very least, set it back many years. However, if OTFT proves that it can be mass produced and enables panel makers to revive those obsolete fabs with high-margin flexible displays, there are no fundamental barriers prohibiting the technology from being quickly scaled up to fabs Gen 8 or above, and possibly challenge the vast market for traditional a-Si based panels like LCD TV, monitors, etc. In the long-term, because they are inherently solution-processable, OTFTs are also an ideal backplane candidate for additive manufacturing and fully printed displays.
More information on that report at http://www.i-micronews.com/reports.html
In these presentation ,we have discussed about E-paper technology and it's construction,advantages,disdvantages and applications. Also, future scopes of E-paper have been discussed.
Silicon Photonics: A Solution for Ultra High Speed Data TransferIDES Editor
Silicon photonics is the integration of integrated
optics and photonics IC technologies in silicon. Silicon
photonics has recently attracted a great deal of attention since
it offers an opportunity for low cost solutions for various
applications ranging from telecommunications to chip-chip
inter connects. Two keys to this advancement are the increased
speed of communications (now at the speed of light) and the
increased amount of data that can be transmitted at once (i.e.,
bandwidth). Silicon photonics is the study and application of
photonic systems which use silicon as an optical medium.
The silicon is usually patterned with sub-micrometer
precision, into microphotonic components. These operate in
the infrared, most commonly at the 1.55 micrometer
wavelength used by most fiber optic telecommunication
systems. The silicon typically lies on top of a layer of silica in
what (by analogy with a similar construction in
microelectronics) is known as silicon on insulator (SOI). Today
the problems associated with multi-core processors with copper
interconnect are Latency, Bandwidth, Power dissipation,
Electromagnetic interference and Signal integrity. Micro
processor designers use the integration of number of
transistors that could be squeezed onto each chip to boost
computational horsepower. That in turn caused the amount
of waste heat that had to be dissipated from each square
millimeter of silicon to go up. One problem we are facing in
this effort is that micro processors with large numbers of cores
are not yet being manufactured. Fiber optics has a reputation
as an expensive solution because of high cost of hardware and
Fabrication is done using exotic materials which are costly.
The methods used in assembly and package of these
components are also expensive. A recent break through in
silicon photonics is in the development of a laser modulator
that encodes optical data at 40 billion bits per second. Finally
reached the goal of data transmission at 40 Gbps speed,
matching the fastest devices deployed today with least cost of
processing and showing the ultimate solutions to the problems
associated with copper interconnects in multi-core processors
and expensive fiber optics.
Nanotechnology is defined as: the application of scientific knowledge to manipulate and control matter at the Nano scale level to make use of size and structure dependent properties and phenomena distinct from those associated with individual atoms or molecules or with bulk materials.
The Nano scale is the size range from approximately 1nm to 100nm.
Nanotechnology exhibits a strong degree of convergence with many other disciplines, such as the information and communications technologies (ICT) industry.
Nanoleaves is an upcoming technology that aims at providing sustainable and renewable energy available to the mankind.
Nanoleaves are combination of different types of renewable energy under an single roof.
Presentations from CDE themed call launch event on 21 February 2013. For more information on the call visit: http://www.science.mod.uk/events/event_detail.aspx?eventid=200
Application of Nanotechnology in Agriculture with special reference to Pest M...Ramesh Kulkarni
Nanotechnology, a promising field of research opens up in the present decade a wide array of
opportunities in the present decade and is expected to give major impulses to technical innovations in
a variety of industrial sectors in the future.
Nanotechnology ("nanotech") is manipulation of matter on an atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scale. The earliest, widespread description of nanotechnology referred to the particular technological goal of precisely manipulating atoms and molecules for fabrication of macroscale products, also now referred to as molecular nanotechnology. A more generalized description of nanotechnology was subsequently established by the National Nanotechnology Initiative, which defines nanotechnology as the manipulation of matter with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometers. This definition reflects the fact that quantum mechanical effects are important at this quantum-realm scale, and so the definition shifted from a particular technological goal to a research category inclusive of all types of research and technologies that deal with the special properties of matter which occur below the given size threshold. It is therefore common to see the plural form "nanotechnologies" as well as "nanoscale technologies" to refer to the broad range of research and applications whose common trait is size.
Today’s majority of data technique uses Radio Spectrum. But the major drawback of data
technique using radio spectrum is that it is very congested and the demand for wireless data
double each year. Every one, it seems want to use wireless data but the capacity is drying up.
Light –Fidelity is the transmission of data through illumination .It comprises of sending data
through a Light Emitting Diode which varies in intensity faster than human eye can follow .It
uses the fact that light travels at a such a high speed which is faster than human eye to catch.
Therefore when we vary the intensity of light emitting source it become impossible for the
humans to catch that sensation. It leads to very high speed data transmission, which is for
superior to current technologies.
Dr. Taniguchi (in 1974) was the man behind the word “Nanotechnology” but Dr. Richard Phillips Feynman was the person who innovated the new technology. Food contamination due to harmful pathogenic microorganisms (like Escherichia coli, Hepatitis A, Shigella, Staphylococcus aureus, Noroviruses, etc.) causes deadly diseases- ranging from enterocolitis to cancer (WHO-2020). Globally, food borne diseases (FBD) affecting not only the economy but also human health badly. FBD cases is expected to rise from 100 mn in 2011 to 150-177 mn in 2030 (Wageningen Economic Research; WHO-2020) According to a report from the UN (2019), the world’s population is expected to reach 8.548 bn by 2030, 9.735 bn by 2050 , and10.874 bn by 2100 Food nanosensors facilitate in detecting the harmful pathogenic microorganisms by monitoring the quality of food, and help in controlling the spread of foodborne disease. Antibacterial activity of metal NPs (e.g., Ag, Au, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mg, Ti, Si, and their respective oxides) Biochemical synthesis of metal NPs and NPs embedded polymer attract researchers EUC in 2011 regulates the migration of NPs into food products (due to directly / indirectly contact of NPs) with regulation No. 10/2011. FDA and FSSAI are the regulating authorities in USA and India, respectively for the application of NPs in food. 1.
Recent developments in nanoscale electronics
allow current wireless technologies to function in
nanoscale environments. Especially due to their
incredible electrical and electromagnetic proper-
ties, carbon nanotubes are promising physical
phenomenon that are used for the realization of
a nanoscale communication paradigm. This pro-
vides a very large set of new promising applica-
tions such as collaborative disease detection with
communicating in-vivo nanosensor nodes and
distributed chemical attack detection with a net-
work of nanorobots. Hence, one of the most
challenging subjects for such applications
becomes the realization of nanoscale ad hoc net-
works. In this article, we define the concept of
carbon nanotube-based nanoscale ad hoc net-
works for future nanotechnology applications.
Carbon nanotube-based nanoscale Ad hoc NET-
works (CANETs) can be perceived as the down-
scaled version of traditional wireless ad hoc
networks without downgrading its main function-
alities. The objective of this work is to introduce
this novel and interdisciplinary research field and
highlight major barriers toward its realization.
Nanotechnology for Wireless and Telecommunications .docxvannagoforth
Nanotechnology for Wireless and Telecommunications Page 2
Nanotechnology for Wireless and Telecommunications 2
Nanotechnology for Wireless and Telecommunications
Rosendo Ramos
Student id# 31342432
ELEC 308 Nano-science and Nanotechnology
Professor Dr.Loucas
March 30, 2020
Abstract
Nanotechnology has nowadays become the most amazing study in many fields such as civil engineering, chemical engineering, electronics, and medicine. Nanotechnology is the manipulation of matter on an atomic molecular and supramolecular scale (Abdullah-Al-Shafi, 2016). This, therefore, means that at its essence, it is the science of how to use small things in the advancement of technology.
Introduction
The devices that use wireless communication ranges from RFID tags to television set receivers and satellites to mobile phones. The availability of internet access from mobile devices is growing at an exponential rate that causes rising demand on the wireless network and mobile devices' performance. As the type of activities that consumers are engaging in over the wireless connections is changing day in day out, it has been an increased need for the devices to change also. For instance in radios, the increasing quantity of mobile internet traffic there has been increased the need for additional frequency for support. The modern world is becoming an intelligent interactive environment that has needs novel autonomous sensors with wireless communication links that require to be incorporated into an everyday object. This is the reason why sensors that are nano-enabled integrated with small RF transceivers are useful in monitoring air quality, water pollution among other aspects. The main drivers of changing into nanotechnology in wireless devices are needed for high performance, reduced consumption of power as well as reduced compact size.
Background
In nanotechnology, a semiconductor is a material with electrical conductivity between a conductor and an insulator (Neupane, et al., 2019). In these semiconductors, the energy band that is highly occupied is filled with electrons completely and the next that is empty is the conduction band. The semiconductors resistivity can be altered by up to 10 orders of magnitude by doping. Semiconductors nanocrystals are made from various compounds. They are normally referred to as II-IV, III-V or IV-VI semiconductors nanocrystals. This is basing on the periodic table groups where there are three elements formed. Semiconductor nanowires are a unique system that will be in the future to be used in electronic and optoelectronic devices. It has been shown that if the semiconductor materials are minimized, their performance is maximized for their application in a wide range of material applications.
Nanotechnology applications
Nano-antenn ...
Nanoscience and nanotechnology are the study and application of extremely small things and can be used across all the other science fields, such as chemistry, biology, physics, materials science, and engineering.
It’s hard to imagine just how small nanotechnology is. One nanometer is a billionth of a meter, or 10-9 of a meter. Here are a few illustrative examples:
There are 25,400,000 nanometers in an inch
A sheet of newspaper is about 100,000 nanometers thick
On a comparative scale, if a marble were a nanometer, then one meter would be the size of the Earth
Nanoscience and nanotechnology involve the ability to see and to control individual atoms and molecules. Everything on Earth is made up of atoms—the food we eat, the clothes we wear, the buildings and houses we live in, and our own bodies.
But something as small as an atom is impossible to see with the naked eye. In fact, it’s impossible to see with the microscopes typically used in a high school science classes. The microscopes needed to see things at the nanoscale were invented relatively recently—about 30 years ago.
Once scientists had the right tools, such as the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and the atomic force microscope (AFM), the age of nanotechnology was born.
Although modern nanoscience and nanotechnology are quite new, nanoscale materials were used for centuries. Alternate-sized gold and silver particles created colors in the stained glass windows of medieval churches hundreds of years ago. The artists back then just didn’t know that the process they used to create these beautiful works of art actually led to changes in the composition of the materials they were working with.
Today's scientists and engineers are finding a wide variety of ways to deliberately make materials at the nanoscale to take advantage of their enhanced properties such as higher strength, lighter weight, increased control of light spectrum, and greater chemical reactivity than their larger-scale counterparts.
tkoby Tko TkoSubmission date 07-Mar-2020 0115PM (UTC-0marilynnhoare
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tkoby Tko TkotkoORIGINALITY REPORTPRIMARY SOURCES
Nanotechnology for Wireless and Telecommunications Page 2
Nanotechnology for Wireless and Telecommunications 2
Nanotechnology for Wireless and Telecommunications
Rosendo Ramos
Student id# 31342432
ELEC 308 Nano-science and Nanotechnology
Professor Dr.Loucas
March 30, 2020
Abstract
Nanotechnology has nowadays become the most amazing study in many fields such as civil engineering, chemical engineering, electronics, and medicine. Nanotechnology is the manipulation of matter on an atomic molecular and supramolecular scale (Abdullah-Al-Shafi, 2016). This, therefore, means that at its essence, it is the science of how to use small things in the advancement of technology.
Introduction
The devices that use wireless communication ranges from RFID tags to television set receivers and satellites to mobile phones. The availability of internet access from mobile devices is growing at an exponential rate that causes rising demand on the wireless network and mobile devices' performance. As the type of activities that consumers are engaging in over the wireless connections is changing day in day out, it has been an increased need for the devices to change also. For instance in radios, the increasing quantity of mobile internet traffic there has been increased the need for additional frequency for support. The modern world is becoming an intelligent interactive environment that has needs novel autonomous sensors with wireless communication links that require to be incorporated into an everyday object. This is the reason why sensors that are nano-enabled integrated with small RF transceivers are useful in monitoring air quality, water pollution among other aspects. The main drivers of changing into nanotechnology in wireless devices are needed for high performance, reduced consumption of power as well as reduced compac ...
Photonics communication [communication application of nano technology]
1. Photonics Communication
---Routing information at the speed of light
A PAPER PRESENTED UNDER THE TOPIC
Photonics Communication [Communication Application
ofNanoTechnology]
By:
K. Jayaraj Yadav, IIIB.Tech,ECE & Lavanya, III B.Tech, ECE.
jayaraj.chinna@gmail.com lavanya@gmail.com
SIDDARTHA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
2. NARAYANAVANAM ROAD,PUTTUR, CHITTOOR DISTRICT.
Abstract: fast and electrons are heavy and slow and never the
twain shall meet”. In this Photonics communication
Mankind always sensed the milestones of science photons play the prominent role unlike in Electronics.
as wonders. Designing of things and applications that The wave length of light is of a few hundred nano
the humans may not even dream of had become the meters, where as our nano sized particles is of a few
ultimate aim of the scientists and researchers. Here, nano meters so that we can control the light using
we present one of such creative and awesome nano sized particles which is a very interesting thing
technology that emerged as a landmark in the field of in communication. In this communication method we
Communications. directly pass the message signal through light without
converting into electrical or any other signals that is
Nanotechnology deals with the study of
we are replacing the lazy electrons with more
nano sized particles. With the study of nano size
prominent photons.
particles, devices and composites, we will find ways
to make stronger materials, detect diseases in the If we can implement nano technology in photonics
bloodstream, build extremely tiny machines, generate communication we can transmit information within a
light and energy and purify water. The most fraction of a second for that matter with in no time.
fascinating application of Nanotechnology is that we By just using Pico joules of energy, we can switch
can transmit information at thespeed of light more parts in a few hundred Pico seconds of time. So this
efficiently through Photonics communication using is both incredibly fast and also incredibly sparing in
Photons. terms of energy usage.
In this unique paper, we aim to explain how In a single statement, our innovative paper deals
nanotechnology is going to play a key role in with the concept of Photonics Communication,
Electronic Fields. which holds the key in the application of
The main objective of this paper is to Nanotechnology in Communications. To be
implement Nano technology in optical clearer, our concept delivers similar experiences
communication. Photonics communication speeds up to that of Hollywood Movies……. :D
telecommunications by replacing Electronics with
Contents:
Nano optics. Even though we have several
communicating methods like Electronic Nanotechnology
communication, the main reason why we have to go
for photonics is “Photons are light (mass less) and Manipulating Light with Crystals:
2
3. Getting hooked on Photonics can also built. Nanotechnology puts the power of
creation in human hands.
Controlling light: Photonic band gaps
Einstein tells us nothing moves faster than
Nano-Lasers
light. In fact, it is so fast that as you approach the
Applications speed of light, time it itself starts to slow down. (Now
that’s fast.) So when you want your email or your fax
Disadvantages to get to somebody as soon as possible, what you
really want to say is “get it there at the speed of
Conclusion
light”. That is possible with our Photonics
communication.
NanoTechnology: Tele communications utilize some of the
various forms of light (radio waves or micro waves,
The industrial revolution, electricity,
for example) to throw information from one spot on
computers, Internet and now the next big thing is
the earth to another. With the billions of information
Nanotechnology. Technically Nanotechnology is
flying over our heads every split second or passing
defined as an anticipated manufacturing technique by
below us in an optical cable, the whole world seems
which one can be given thorough and inexpensive
to be full of our thoughts. So full, in fact, that it takes
control over the structure of matter. These structures
a monstrous network of electric devices, cables and
are known as nanostructures. The term
computers to keep it all sorted.
Nanotechnology was first introduced by Richard
Feynman in 1959 and K Eric Drexler popularized it And sorting takes time. Even with the best
in 1986 in the book „Engines of Creation‟. electronics today sorting digital signals is not
instantaneous, and every device, cable, or computer
It is also defined as the ability by which we can
slows down the flow, even as it‟s doing its appointed
arrange atoms by given each its place and thus forms
task of straightening all the signals out. The one that
the structure in nanometer scale. Nanotechnology
does all the work without taking any time at all is the
deals with matter at atomic levels. The term nano is
perfect device. An all-optical router that could route
derived from Greek word dwarf. Here it refers to one
the information without converting it from light to
billionth of a meter or (10-9).
electricity is said to be the perfect device. The perfect
The central thesis of Nanotechnology is that almost device can be constructed using Nano technology in
all chemically stable structures that can be specified Photonics.
2
4. and the science of manipulating such pieces of light
is known as photonics.
Getting hooked on Photonics:
A photon is the smallest unit of light and
Manipulating Light with Crystals: doesn't really have a shape or size and mass. They are
the building blocks of light and they travel normally
As our technology still seeks to increase the
in big groups. The information super highway
speed at which information travels, the scale gets
requires orderly photons for information
global and we find the information super highway.
transmission. So, orderly photons have to be made
Although the information super highway has often
before they can be used as signal carriers. The trick is
been used as just another name for the internet, it also
photons can't really carry anything (as they are
describes the vast network of optical and electrical
weightless) so they are not the messenger, they are
cables now used to carry information. Nano
also the message. By varying the number of photons
technology is set to take the next step and improve
we can form a code of high and low pulses. When we
the highway again.
work at the nano scale, we rarely encounter large
This over complicated, axed-out scene could mobs of photons instead; we have to deal with a few
use some simplifying. Crystals designed on the nano photons at a time. If our nano-crystal accidentally
scale could replace electrical routers by directing the stops just one of the photons, we have immediately
light itself instead of first converting it into electrical lost most of our information. Stopping light is
signals. The fiber-optic cables we use to carry ridiculously easy. Photons love to be absorbed by just
information are potentially capable of transferring about anything. And those things that don‟t absorb
data at 10 to 40 Gbps. But most electrical routing light usually reflect it. Thus the photon messenger
occurs at less than 1% of that rate if we transfer to an must face getting either sucked up or bounced.
all-optical router we could route most data packets in Controlling where photons are absorbed and where
less than 1 trillionth of a second, pushing routing they are deflected is the business of photonics and the
speed till it can handle the full capacity of the fiber- concern of all nano-scale optical devices. Most of the
optic cable network. time, we want those photons deflected as a means of
moving information along a path, bouncing photons
Before we can look at the details of how
to their final destination. In order to do that we create
such an all-optical router would work, we need to
and check the IDs for the photons.
look at the nano- scale pieces of light that our crystals
will be dealing with. These pieces are called photons Wavelengths: Creating nano-size IDs
3
5. The photons can be considered as a wave electrical device with a quicker optical one the same
because they are vibrating and they can be considered old design can be used to generate ideas for the new
as particle depending on the situation. Photons have one. To get semi transparent structures, we have to
detectable vibrations. In fact the length of the space it add just enough of the right impurities to our nano
takes for them to go through one cycle of vibration crystals. These semi transparent structures can be
determines the wavelength of a distinct bunch of used to filter the photons. Since different photons
photons. Moist of the light we dealt with as a wave have different wave lengths, by varying the geometry
length of few hundred nano meters. And it turns out of the nano crystal, we can change which energies get
that any nano-crystal router is going to have used the stopped by the opaque part of the crystal and that
wave lengths of photons as a way to identify them. pass through the transparent portion.
The nanoscopic crystal identifies different
To understand controlling of light much better,
wavelengths of light by responding to how they
imagine a large bowl with the marbles spinning
travel. In fact different wavelengths of light travel at
around inside. Here the marbles are our photons and
different angles when they are passing through a
the bowl is the crystal.
medium.
Optical communication is a pretty exclusive
night club. Usually we allow only 1500 nano meter
wavelength into the party because it‟s the
telecommunications standard wave length. So if
The fastest moving photons spin around near
crystal-based router s specifically designed to the
the top, the slowest photons spin near the bottom and
1500 nano meter wave length, it can be integrated
most of the photons spin somewhere between. Now if
into the internet. It's important to note that different
we put some putty in a circle around the middle of
materials and crystal designs can be specifically
the bowl, the marbles that want to spin around at that
tailored for a specific wavelength and only this
level either get stuck in the putty or bounce to higher
specific wavelength excluding all others. That is if
or lower parts of the bowl-and the marbles already in
the photons don‟t have the 1500nm ID, they cannot
the high or low sections cant cross the putty that is
come into our communication system.
the putty functions as a band gap. It separates
Controlling light: Photonic band gaps photons into groups that have different levels of
energy as shown in the above figure.
Photons and electrons don‟t have a lot in
common but similar technology is needed to Now we introduce the concept of photonic
manipulate each of them. When we replace a slow band gaps. The photons that have a particular wave
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6. length have to travel within the photonic band gap We are insulating light of a specific
restricted from the surrounding material. We can wavelength to be guided through our nano crystal.
create these band gaps in one of the two ways The above figure shows a top view of a photonic
crystal. When the light approaches the turn in the
By exploiting geometric abnormalities in the
crystal, it bends to follow the path. The apparent
crystal
bending and spreading of waves can be used to
Using impurities in the crystal
control the light.
By exploiting the geometric abnormalities
in the crystal, we can create distinct energy levels in
the band gap so that some photons may travel
Nano Lasers:
through them. Some photonic crystals are grown the
same computer chips are made. We can create a Along with routers, modern communication
honey comb pattern in the crystal by etching opaque systems also need repeaters for the purpose of
circles into each 2-D layer, spacing them at regular amplifying the fading light signals. To do that we
intervals. As we build up the layers with the circles have to construct Nano lasers. The photonic band
always in same places, the circles become large. The gaps also called optical cavities play a crucial role in
places where the rods are absent are empty spaces. constructing Nano lasers.
The chemical properties of these rods shape the
photonic band gap. Light won‟t travel through the
rods. Now, by removing enough rods we can make
nano-size spaces to allow the light. The geometric
configuration is shown in figure.
When light enters an optical cavity the
photonic band gap keeps the light bounce back and
forth in the cavity- gaining energy, tightening into a
coherent beam. To get the laser effect a gain medium
has to be placed in an optical cavity. When photons
enter into such a medium they get amplified and they
provide complete information.
To make a Nano laser, a photonic crystal is
used to create a cavity that's almost as small as the
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7. wave length of the photons. This cramped space upon another hole, ending up once again in the other
forces the photons to travel in nearly parallel lines, half of the bowl. These holes allow a few trespassers
until the intensity of the light reaches the theoretical across the border. Photons never cross directly but
limits. We have to provide a small electric current to they can go to the intermittent level and then tom the
burst out of the laser. other side. So these levels are said to be the little
wrinkles or folds that led photons cross over. Most of
Thus by using Nano laser we can amplify
the time, these levels are hard-wired into the crystal
our information signals.
such as additional photons. By regulating those
Optical Switching: Nano defects to the photons, we can make an optical switch that can turn
on and off by shining a light at it.
rescue!
So we are able to construct an optical
Being able to form different paths for
switch.
photons, we must be able switch between those parts.
That is we have to “flip the switch” in order for a
Making the switch: Photons on a nano-
nano optical routing device to work. So we have to
highway
see the photonic band gaps in another way. We will
look at the bowl of marbles once again. The putty Researchers at Cornell University have
that separates the top and bottom halves can be already developed some of the nano technology
divided into number of different sub energy levels for needed to create an all-optical switch. Now, we will
our convenience. Next we make small holes in the go deep in the manufacturing of optical switch. The
putty layer that allow our photons to move freely photonic equivalent is called a “ring –router” and is
between the two halves. All of this is brilliantly pictured as below.
illustrated in the following figure.
Now, if there were two lines of putty spaced
a bit apart from each other and holes in each of those
lines, a photon can pass into the space created by the
two lines of putty and then roll around until it came
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8. The ring router has intermittent levels in its light.
photonic band gap and we can manipulate the levels
by introducing the photons of the proper
wavelengths. When the right beam of photons comes
along, the router changes its task instead of allowing
light to zip around in it and go through it; it absorbs
the new wave length or passes it of in another
direction. The following figure shows how such a
switch might work.
Magic with Mirrors:
Mirrors are a handy, easy way to direct light
around and they control the information super
highway. Reflecting large portions of light beam is
pretty easy. When we change the direction that
mirror faces, we change the direction that the
information flows. While it doesn‟t get the details
sorted out, it does move a lot more data around than
the photonic crystals could by themselves.
Notice that there are two beams we have to Combining these two techniques to provide a more
keep track of- well-rounded and versatile router. We will probably
have to settle for one of the many other ways to
The signal beam (the one that
move mirror-to beam-steer. The following figure
either gets blocked or passed
shows a fairly tiny mechanical solution: 256 mirrors
through the router).
on a few square cm of Silicon.
A switch beam (The one that
turns the ring router on and
off).
So we have our nano routers which are
extremely quick and they route nano size portions of
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9. Micro machines are using electrostatic force to
regulate the angle of mirrors.
Applications:
• Lighting
• Information processing
• Metrology
• For communications between spacecraft,
including elements of a satellite constellation
• For inter- and intra -chip communication.
• Laser material processing
Using electrical pulses to move the mirrors
provides even final control and allows faster beam- • Two solar-powered satellites communicating
steering. optically in space via lasers
Light steering: Nanotechnology at the
wheel: Disadvantages:
Aiming a mirror at the nano scale requires Waveguides and fibers are harder to use
precise control of tiny electro mechanical devices. than wire.
Pushing or pulling on a mirror adjust the angle at
which light bounces off, even small changes in The components are more expensive.
angle can lead to big differences in the final
Spurious reflections are much more
destination of beam of light. To tightly regulate the
troublesome.
angle of a mirror on the nano scale, we have to
spread out super tiny electro mechanical devices
around its space. So for the implementation of this
Nanotechnology is essential. Researchers at Boston
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10. Conclusion
No matter which type of mirror-position in
device we would like to use, the final step is in
including it with the nano-router is fairly simple i.e.,
we use the mirror to direct the information in the
form of light thus speeding up our
telecommunication. At the end, the nano-router‟s
use of mirrors will probably be limited to bulk
transmission of data, photonic crystals are faster for
smaller chunks of information.
References:
Nanotechnology
Nothing But the Vast
Internet………….
www.azonano.com
www.nano.org.uk
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