The document discusses different philosophies of management including classical, behavioral, and systems approaches. It specifically describes three classical philosophies: scientific management theory developed by Frederick Taylor emphasizing efficiency; administrative management theory by Henry Fayol focusing on formal structure and functions; and bureaucratic management theory by Max Weber based on hierarchy, rules, and impersonality. The theories aim to increase rationality and efficiency in organizations but can neglect human factors and discourage creativity.
The document discusses the classical approaches to management that emerged during the Industrial Revolution. It describes three major approaches: scientific management, which aimed to improve worker efficiency through time and motion studies; bureaucratic management, which emphasized rational organization structures and processes; and administrative management, which focused on management functions and principles like those outlined by Henri Fayol. The classical approaches sought to increase productivity and profitability in factories through principles of specialization, centralized decision-making, and rationalization of work.
This document provides an introduction to management concepts. It discusses the origins of management studies and some ancient writings on management. It defines management as the process of getting work done efficiently through others. The document outlines the nature, purpose, functions, levels of managers, managerial roles, skills, Fayol's 14 principles of management, recent trends, and the scientific management school established by Frederick Taylor which emphasized job analysis, time/motion study, and financial incentives. Taylor's approach was criticized for ignoring human factors and being dehumanizing.
Henry Fayol developed 14 principles of management based on his experience as a manager. Some key principles included: authority and responsibility are related; unity of command and unity of direction to avoid fragmented efforts; scalar chain of command to define lines of authority; division of work through specialization; discipline, equitable remuneration, and order are needed; and initiative and esprit de corps among employees are important. Fayol believed these principles could be applied universally across organizations to effectively manage activities and resources.
The document discusses key concepts in management science including:
1. Definitions of management from various scholars such as Henri Fayol, Peter Drucker, and E.F.L. Brech. Management involves planning, organizing, leading, and controlling resources to achieve goals.
2. Theories of management including Henri Fayol's administrative theory, Elton Mayo's human relations movement, systems theory, and contingency theory.
3. Management as both an art and a science, requiring skills, creativity, and the ability to apply theoretical principles practically.
4. Other topics covered include the universality of management principles, management as a profession, and the functions of management such as planning, organizing, staff
This document discusses organizational theories and management concepts. It begins by defining key terms like management, organization, and theories. It then summarizes three classic organization theories: classical, neoclassical, and modern structural. It also outlines principles and approaches within each theory. The document discusses strengths and weaknesses of each theory. Finally, it explores levels of management, management functions, skills, and styles.
The document provides an overview of the classical approach to management. It originated in the early 1900s and focused on efficiency and economic rationality. Some key aspects summarized:
- Scientific management promoted identifying the "one best way" to perform tasks and breaking work down into small, specialized steps. Administrative management standardized managerial functions. Bureaucratic management formalized rules and procedures.
- Major contributors included Frederick Taylor, known for time and motion studies, and Henri Fayol who identified core management functions like planning and controlling. Taylor's scientific management emphasized standardizing work methods based on analysis while Fayol developed 14 general principles of management.
This document outlines the course objectives, outcomes, evaluation tools, and content for the Principles of Management course. The course aims to enable students to study the evolution of management, functions and principles of management, and apply principles in organizations. It is divided into 5 units covering introduction to management, planning, organizing, directing, and controlling. Students will be evaluated through slip tests, internal tests, assignments, seminars, quizzes, case studies, and moodle tests. The content will cover topics such as definitions of management, management functions, managerial skills and levels, management thinkers like Taylor and Fayol, and additional contemporary management topics.
1. The document discusses several concepts in management including definitions of management provided by Koontz and Fayol, characteristics of management, and principles of management.
2. It also summarizes the Hawthorne experiments which studied the impact of workplace conditions on productivity and found social factors to be important motivators.
3. Major management thinkers discussed include Frederick Taylor with his scientific management principles, Fayol's administrative management principles, and Max Weber's bureaucracy model.
The document discusses the classical approaches to management that emerged during the Industrial Revolution. It describes three major approaches: scientific management, which aimed to improve worker efficiency through time and motion studies; bureaucratic management, which emphasized rational organization structures and processes; and administrative management, which focused on management functions and principles like those outlined by Henri Fayol. The classical approaches sought to increase productivity and profitability in factories through principles of specialization, centralized decision-making, and rationalization of work.
This document provides an introduction to management concepts. It discusses the origins of management studies and some ancient writings on management. It defines management as the process of getting work done efficiently through others. The document outlines the nature, purpose, functions, levels of managers, managerial roles, skills, Fayol's 14 principles of management, recent trends, and the scientific management school established by Frederick Taylor which emphasized job analysis, time/motion study, and financial incentives. Taylor's approach was criticized for ignoring human factors and being dehumanizing.
Henry Fayol developed 14 principles of management based on his experience as a manager. Some key principles included: authority and responsibility are related; unity of command and unity of direction to avoid fragmented efforts; scalar chain of command to define lines of authority; division of work through specialization; discipline, equitable remuneration, and order are needed; and initiative and esprit de corps among employees are important. Fayol believed these principles could be applied universally across organizations to effectively manage activities and resources.
The document discusses key concepts in management science including:
1. Definitions of management from various scholars such as Henri Fayol, Peter Drucker, and E.F.L. Brech. Management involves planning, organizing, leading, and controlling resources to achieve goals.
2. Theories of management including Henri Fayol's administrative theory, Elton Mayo's human relations movement, systems theory, and contingency theory.
3. Management as both an art and a science, requiring skills, creativity, and the ability to apply theoretical principles practically.
4. Other topics covered include the universality of management principles, management as a profession, and the functions of management such as planning, organizing, staff
This document discusses organizational theories and management concepts. It begins by defining key terms like management, organization, and theories. It then summarizes three classic organization theories: classical, neoclassical, and modern structural. It also outlines principles and approaches within each theory. The document discusses strengths and weaknesses of each theory. Finally, it explores levels of management, management functions, skills, and styles.
The document provides an overview of the classical approach to management. It originated in the early 1900s and focused on efficiency and economic rationality. Some key aspects summarized:
- Scientific management promoted identifying the "one best way" to perform tasks and breaking work down into small, specialized steps. Administrative management standardized managerial functions. Bureaucratic management formalized rules and procedures.
- Major contributors included Frederick Taylor, known for time and motion studies, and Henri Fayol who identified core management functions like planning and controlling. Taylor's scientific management emphasized standardizing work methods based on analysis while Fayol developed 14 general principles of management.
This document outlines the course objectives, outcomes, evaluation tools, and content for the Principles of Management course. The course aims to enable students to study the evolution of management, functions and principles of management, and apply principles in organizations. It is divided into 5 units covering introduction to management, planning, organizing, directing, and controlling. Students will be evaluated through slip tests, internal tests, assignments, seminars, quizzes, case studies, and moodle tests. The content will cover topics such as definitions of management, management functions, managerial skills and levels, management thinkers like Taylor and Fayol, and additional contemporary management topics.
1. The document discusses several concepts in management including definitions of management provided by Koontz and Fayol, characteristics of management, and principles of management.
2. It also summarizes the Hawthorne experiments which studied the impact of workplace conditions on productivity and found social factors to be important motivators.
3. Major management thinkers discussed include Frederick Taylor with his scientific management principles, Fayol's administrative management principles, and Max Weber's bureaucracy model.
Fayol's principle of management and scientific techniques of taylor- Classica...Sweetp999
This document summarizes classical management theories proposed by Henry Fayol and Frederick Taylor. It discusses Fayol's principles of management including division of work, authority and responsibility, and unity of command. It also outlines Taylor's scientific management techniques such as functional foremanship, standardization of work, and differential piece wage system. The document provides an overview of the foundational theories in classical management.
The document discusses various aspects of management including definitions of management by different scholars, the universal nature of management, its importance for efficient utilization of scarce resources, and management being a process involving planning, organizing, staffing, leading and controlling. It also discusses the evolution of management theories like classical, neo-classical, and modern theories as well as the different levels of management in organizations.
The document discusses the evolution of management thinking over time. It describes several major perspectives in chronological order: classical perspective focused on efficiency; humanistic perspective emphasized understanding human behavior and needs; management science perspective applied quantitative techniques; and more recent trends include systems theory, contingency view, and total quality management. It also discusses forces influencing organizations, the learning organization, and technology-driven changes like e-commerce.
Contribution of FW Taylor and Henry Fayol + System Approach of Management for...Kumar Nirmal Prasad
The document discusses systems management theory and its key aspects. It views an organization as an open system composed of interrelated subsystems like production, support, and management. It also discusses the contributions of F.W. Taylor, considered a founder of classical management theory. Taylor suggested scientific management, emphasizing the development of efficient methods, scientific selection and training of workers, and cooperation between managers and workers. His principles, like analyzing jobs to determine the most efficient way of performing tasks, contributed significantly to modern management practice.
“The art of getting things done through people.”
- Mary Parker Follet
“Management is the process of planning, organising, leading and controlling the efforts of organisation members and of other organisational resources to achieve slated organisational goals.”
- James A.F. Stoner
This document explains Henri Fayol's 14 principles of management which were developed in the early 1900s to help manage large organizations. The 14 principles address topics such as the division of labor, unity of command, authority and responsibility, remuneration, and esprit de corps. While developed over a century ago, many of these principles remain relevant to modern management practices.
1) Henry Fayol was a French mining engineer and management theorist who is considered the father of modern management.
2) He identified six primary functions of management - technical, commercial, financial, security, accounting, and managerial - and divided organizational activities among them.
3) Fayol also outlined fourteen principles of management, including division of work, authority, discipline, unity of command, and remuneration.
4) His work provided one of the first comprehensive theories of management and influenced the development of management education and practice.
The document discusses organizational theory and organizational climate. It defines organization as people working together towards common goals. Three theories of organization are described: classical, neo-classical, and modern. Classical theory views the organization as a machine, while neo-classical and modern theories consider human and social factors. Organizational climate refers to the internal environment experienced by members. Factors like leadership, structure, and communication influence the climate. An effective climate has open communication, participative decision-making, concern for employees, and manages change well.
This document discusses key concepts and principles of management. It defines management as the creation of an internal environment where individuals can efficiently work together towards group goals. Management may also be defined as applying principles to control people and resources in an enterprise. Some important reasons for understanding management concepts are to increase efficiency, develop management as a science, enable research, and achieve social objectives. The document also distinguishes administration, management, and organization and outlines various principles of management like policy making, balance, incentives, and leadership.
The document discusses various classical and modern management theories including:
1. Pre-classical, classical, and modern theories such as scientific management, behavioral, and systems approaches.
2. Key contributors and their contributions such as Robert Owen, Charles Babbage, and Henry Fayol.
3. Elements of different theories including Fayol's 14 principles of management and Taylor's scientific management tools.
4. Merits and demerits of each approach are discussed.
This document provides an overview of administrative management theories developed in the early 20th century. It discusses the contributions of Henri Fayol, Luther Gulick, Lyndall Urwick, and James Mooney who established the foundations of administrative management. It also summarizes Max Weber's theory of bureaucratic management, outlining the key characteristics including division of labor, hierarchy, rules, professionalism, impersonality, and careerism. Overall, the document introduces several classical management thinkers and their principles for effective public administration.
This document discusses the evolution of management theories including scientific management, administrative management, systems approach, and contingency approach. It provides details on scientific management pioneers like Taylor and the Gilbreths and their contributions like time and motion studies. It also summarizes Taylor's 14 principles of management and administrative theory. Finally, it describes key concepts of the systems approach in viewing an organization as an open system that interacts with its external environment.
F.W. Taylor is known as the father of scientific management. He developed this approach based on his observations working at Midvale Steel Works, where he saw workers were not working as efficiently as possible. Scientific management aims to systematically analyze jobs to determine the most efficient ways of working. It emphasizes separating planning from execution of tasks, specialized functional roles like foremen planning work, standardization of tools and processes, and using financial incentives like piece-rate pay to encourage productivity. While it aimed to improve efficiency, scientific management was also criticized for not considering human factors and allowing little worker input.
Frederick Taylor developed scientific management which focused on tasks and maximizing worker output through time and motion studies, careful worker selection and training, and incentive-based pay. His approach treated managers as knowledgeable and workers as ignorant and motivated solely by wages. Henri Fayol emphasized management functions like planning, organizing, and control. He viewed workers as motivated by more than money and advocated for equitable treatment. Max Weber analyzed organizational structure and described bureaucracy as utilizing rational authority through standardized rules and procedures to efficiently achieve goals.
The document summarizes the historical development of management perspectives from classical, scientific, administrative, and bureaucratic approaches to behavioral, quantitative, systems, contingency, and integrative frameworks. It discusses key contributors like Taylor, Fayol, Mayo, Maslow, and McGregor and their influences on management thought. Contemporary perspectives emphasize recognizing internal/external influences, contingency-based responses, and an integrative approach to enhance efficiency and understanding of individual/group behavior.
The document discusses managing in a dynamic environment and lists several books on management. It outlines learning objectives about defining organizations, managers, management, and managerial competencies. It provides stories about successful business leaders like Dhirubhai Ambani and M.S. Dhoni. It defines management, organizations, and why management is essential. It discusses goals of managers and organizations and characteristics of excellent companies. Finally, it examines the concepts of effectiveness, efficiency, and whether managing is an art or science.
This document outlines the objectives, expected outcomes, modules, and evaluation criteria for a course on Management Process & Organizational Behavior. The objectives are to provide an understanding of management tasks and functions, familiarize students with individual and group behavioral patterns in organizations, and enhance students' ability to predict and control human behavior. The course covers fundamentals of management, planning, organizing, controlling, and organizational behavior at individual, group and organizational levels. Students will learn management principles, decision making, structure, and dynamics of interaction between individuals and organizations. Evaluation includes exams, quizzes, assignments, and attendance requirements.
Part of Management Process. How the management process evolved from the early years.
Many experts contributed for this evolution. I compiled the list and little bit history along with the theory developed by each contributor for this process.
Prof. Dr. Aung Tun Thet: The Art and Science of ManagementThu Nandi Nwe
"Sharing is Caring"
Greatly appreciated to our professor for giving opportunitys to our young milleniels to learn all these insightful knowledge and experiences.
Credit to: Prof. Dr. Aung Tun Thet.
Introduction, Meaning, Nature, Characteristics of Management, Scope and Functional areas of management, Management as a science or art or profession, management & administration, Henry Fayol’s Principles of Management.
This document discusses concepts related to industrial management including administration, management, organization, and authority. It defines administration as decision making, policy making, and adjustments. Management is concerned with carrying out operations to accomplish aims. Organization determines duties and maintains authority relationships. Authority is the power to give orders and make decisions, while responsibility is the obligation to complete work.
Fayol's principle of management and scientific techniques of taylor- Classica...Sweetp999
This document summarizes classical management theories proposed by Henry Fayol and Frederick Taylor. It discusses Fayol's principles of management including division of work, authority and responsibility, and unity of command. It also outlines Taylor's scientific management techniques such as functional foremanship, standardization of work, and differential piece wage system. The document provides an overview of the foundational theories in classical management.
The document discusses various aspects of management including definitions of management by different scholars, the universal nature of management, its importance for efficient utilization of scarce resources, and management being a process involving planning, organizing, staffing, leading and controlling. It also discusses the evolution of management theories like classical, neo-classical, and modern theories as well as the different levels of management in organizations.
The document discusses the evolution of management thinking over time. It describes several major perspectives in chronological order: classical perspective focused on efficiency; humanistic perspective emphasized understanding human behavior and needs; management science perspective applied quantitative techniques; and more recent trends include systems theory, contingency view, and total quality management. It also discusses forces influencing organizations, the learning organization, and technology-driven changes like e-commerce.
Contribution of FW Taylor and Henry Fayol + System Approach of Management for...Kumar Nirmal Prasad
The document discusses systems management theory and its key aspects. It views an organization as an open system composed of interrelated subsystems like production, support, and management. It also discusses the contributions of F.W. Taylor, considered a founder of classical management theory. Taylor suggested scientific management, emphasizing the development of efficient methods, scientific selection and training of workers, and cooperation between managers and workers. His principles, like analyzing jobs to determine the most efficient way of performing tasks, contributed significantly to modern management practice.
“The art of getting things done through people.”
- Mary Parker Follet
“Management is the process of planning, organising, leading and controlling the efforts of organisation members and of other organisational resources to achieve slated organisational goals.”
- James A.F. Stoner
This document explains Henri Fayol's 14 principles of management which were developed in the early 1900s to help manage large organizations. The 14 principles address topics such as the division of labor, unity of command, authority and responsibility, remuneration, and esprit de corps. While developed over a century ago, many of these principles remain relevant to modern management practices.
1) Henry Fayol was a French mining engineer and management theorist who is considered the father of modern management.
2) He identified six primary functions of management - technical, commercial, financial, security, accounting, and managerial - and divided organizational activities among them.
3) Fayol also outlined fourteen principles of management, including division of work, authority, discipline, unity of command, and remuneration.
4) His work provided one of the first comprehensive theories of management and influenced the development of management education and practice.
The document discusses organizational theory and organizational climate. It defines organization as people working together towards common goals. Three theories of organization are described: classical, neo-classical, and modern. Classical theory views the organization as a machine, while neo-classical and modern theories consider human and social factors. Organizational climate refers to the internal environment experienced by members. Factors like leadership, structure, and communication influence the climate. An effective climate has open communication, participative decision-making, concern for employees, and manages change well.
This document discusses key concepts and principles of management. It defines management as the creation of an internal environment where individuals can efficiently work together towards group goals. Management may also be defined as applying principles to control people and resources in an enterprise. Some important reasons for understanding management concepts are to increase efficiency, develop management as a science, enable research, and achieve social objectives. The document also distinguishes administration, management, and organization and outlines various principles of management like policy making, balance, incentives, and leadership.
The document discusses various classical and modern management theories including:
1. Pre-classical, classical, and modern theories such as scientific management, behavioral, and systems approaches.
2. Key contributors and their contributions such as Robert Owen, Charles Babbage, and Henry Fayol.
3. Elements of different theories including Fayol's 14 principles of management and Taylor's scientific management tools.
4. Merits and demerits of each approach are discussed.
This document provides an overview of administrative management theories developed in the early 20th century. It discusses the contributions of Henri Fayol, Luther Gulick, Lyndall Urwick, and James Mooney who established the foundations of administrative management. It also summarizes Max Weber's theory of bureaucratic management, outlining the key characteristics including division of labor, hierarchy, rules, professionalism, impersonality, and careerism. Overall, the document introduces several classical management thinkers and their principles for effective public administration.
This document discusses the evolution of management theories including scientific management, administrative management, systems approach, and contingency approach. It provides details on scientific management pioneers like Taylor and the Gilbreths and their contributions like time and motion studies. It also summarizes Taylor's 14 principles of management and administrative theory. Finally, it describes key concepts of the systems approach in viewing an organization as an open system that interacts with its external environment.
F.W. Taylor is known as the father of scientific management. He developed this approach based on his observations working at Midvale Steel Works, where he saw workers were not working as efficiently as possible. Scientific management aims to systematically analyze jobs to determine the most efficient ways of working. It emphasizes separating planning from execution of tasks, specialized functional roles like foremen planning work, standardization of tools and processes, and using financial incentives like piece-rate pay to encourage productivity. While it aimed to improve efficiency, scientific management was also criticized for not considering human factors and allowing little worker input.
Frederick Taylor developed scientific management which focused on tasks and maximizing worker output through time and motion studies, careful worker selection and training, and incentive-based pay. His approach treated managers as knowledgeable and workers as ignorant and motivated solely by wages. Henri Fayol emphasized management functions like planning, organizing, and control. He viewed workers as motivated by more than money and advocated for equitable treatment. Max Weber analyzed organizational structure and described bureaucracy as utilizing rational authority through standardized rules and procedures to efficiently achieve goals.
The document summarizes the historical development of management perspectives from classical, scientific, administrative, and bureaucratic approaches to behavioral, quantitative, systems, contingency, and integrative frameworks. It discusses key contributors like Taylor, Fayol, Mayo, Maslow, and McGregor and their influences on management thought. Contemporary perspectives emphasize recognizing internal/external influences, contingency-based responses, and an integrative approach to enhance efficiency and understanding of individual/group behavior.
The document discusses managing in a dynamic environment and lists several books on management. It outlines learning objectives about defining organizations, managers, management, and managerial competencies. It provides stories about successful business leaders like Dhirubhai Ambani and M.S. Dhoni. It defines management, organizations, and why management is essential. It discusses goals of managers and organizations and characteristics of excellent companies. Finally, it examines the concepts of effectiveness, efficiency, and whether managing is an art or science.
This document outlines the objectives, expected outcomes, modules, and evaluation criteria for a course on Management Process & Organizational Behavior. The objectives are to provide an understanding of management tasks and functions, familiarize students with individual and group behavioral patterns in organizations, and enhance students' ability to predict and control human behavior. The course covers fundamentals of management, planning, organizing, controlling, and organizational behavior at individual, group and organizational levels. Students will learn management principles, decision making, structure, and dynamics of interaction between individuals and organizations. Evaluation includes exams, quizzes, assignments, and attendance requirements.
Part of Management Process. How the management process evolved from the early years.
Many experts contributed for this evolution. I compiled the list and little bit history along with the theory developed by each contributor for this process.
Prof. Dr. Aung Tun Thet: The Art and Science of ManagementThu Nandi Nwe
"Sharing is Caring"
Greatly appreciated to our professor for giving opportunitys to our young milleniels to learn all these insightful knowledge and experiences.
Credit to: Prof. Dr. Aung Tun Thet.
Introduction, Meaning, Nature, Characteristics of Management, Scope and Functional areas of management, Management as a science or art or profession, management & administration, Henry Fayol’s Principles of Management.
This document discusses concepts related to industrial management including administration, management, organization, and authority. It defines administration as decision making, policy making, and adjustments. Management is concerned with carrying out operations to accomplish aims. Organization determines duties and maintains authority relationships. Authority is the power to give orders and make decisions, while responsibility is the obligation to complete work.
The document discusses various management perspectives that developed from 500 BC to the 1960s, including Sun Tzu's emphasis on strategy over violence, Machiavelli's view that the ends justify the means, Adam Smith's recognition of the division of labor, scientific management's focus on efficiency, and the human relations approach's consideration of employee motivation and relationships.
Classical theory is a branch of management theory that evolved between the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It includes scientific management, administrative management, and bureaucratic management. Scientific management focused on finding the best way to perform tasks through systematic study and scientific methods. It was pioneered by Frederick Taylor and emphasized task performance, supervision, and monetary motivation. Administrative management developed general management principles and was pioneered by Henri Fayol. Bureaucratic management focused on establishing firm rules, policies, procedures, and a clear hierarchy within organizations, as envisioned by Max Weber. The behavioral perspective followed and acknowledged the importance of human behavior in management, exemplified through the works of Elton Mayo, Douglas McGregor, and others.
1. Classical management theories include scientific management, bureaucracy, and administrative management. Scientific management focused on efficiency through time and motion studies while bureaucracy emphasized standardized rules and procedures.
2. Neo-classical theories took a human relations approach exemplified by the Hawthorne studies, which found that social and psychological factors influenced productivity more than physical conditions alone.
3. Systems theory views organizations as open systems that must adapt to their external environment. The McKinsey 7S framework also analyzed internal factors like strategy, structure, and staff that influence organizational effectiveness.
This slide presentation will help students understand how management evolved and the significant approaches to make organizations more productive, effective, and efficient.
1. This document discusses the development of human resource management from a traditional viewpoint where labor was seen as a commodity to modern perspectives where people are studied and theories have been developed to understand human behavior at work.
2. It outlines key theorists like Taylor, Mayo, McGregor, Herzberg and Maslow who contributed to shifting perspectives on management and the importance of understanding human factors.
3. The functions of human resource management are described including planning, organizing, directing, coordinating and controlling personnel. Operative functions like recruitment, selection, training and development are also covered.
4. The importance of job analysis, descriptions, specifications and evaluation are discussed as the foundation for effective human resource management practices.
This document outlines the responsibilities of business and industry to various stakeholders. It states that business should protect shareholder interests, use resources effectively, produce quality products at reasonable prices, provide customer satisfaction, avoid dishonest practices, help society during calamities, create jobs, protect the environment, and dispose of waste properly. It also notes responsibilities to the nation like paying taxes on time and following government rules, and to consumers by providing quality products, service, and not exploiting customers.
This document provides an introduction to fundamental management concepts. It defines key terms like organization, management, and manager. It describes the main functions of management as planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. It discusses different management levels and skills needed at each level. The history of management theories is reviewed, including scientific management, administrative management, and bureaucratic management. Classical and behavioral perspectives on management are compared. Contingency theory and the systems approach to management are also introduced.
The document summarizes classical management theories including scientific management, administrative management, and bureaucratic management. Scientific management focused on improving efficiency through tasks analysis, time-motion studies, and differential wages. Administrative management principles emphasized division of work, authority and responsibility, and discipline. Bureaucratic management was based on firm rules, hierarchies, and impersonal treatment of workers. Later, the human relations movement arose in response to classical theories, emphasizing that human factors are important for productivity and management style.
This document provides an introduction to management concepts. It defines management as getting work done through others to achieve objectives. The 4 M's of management are identified as manpower, money, materials, and machinery. Management skills include technical, human, and conceptual abilities. The four functions of management are planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. There is a discussion of the history of management theories starting from scientific management to more modern approaches. Key contributors and their contributions are outlined, showing the evolution of management thought over time.
The document discusses training need analysis for new and current employees. For new employees, task analysis is used to determine the specific skills required for the job. Job descriptions and specifications are also consulted. For current employees, a gap analysis is conducted to identify performance issues and growth opportunities. A variety of methods are used for needs assessment, including group, job/task, and individual analysis through techniques like performance appraisals, interviews, and questionnaires. Training needs can arise from a lack of ability, skills, information, knowledge, or changes in the economic, political, social, or technological environment.
This document provides an overview of management principles and organizational behavior theories. It defines management and discusses it as both an art and a science. The document outlines the functions of management including planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. It also discusses different management roles, skills needed by managers, and how the manager's job is changing with a focus on customers and innovation. Various approaches to management like scientific, human relations, and contingency approaches are introduced. The document also summarizes organizational behavior theories like Theory X and Theory Y that describe how employees may behave in organizations.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in management. It discusses the nature and definition of management, elements of management like planning and organizing, management theorists like Taylor and Fayol, and management functions. Some main points covered include:
- Management involves achieving organizational objectives through effective resource use.
- Planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling are core management functions.
- Taylor's scientific management principles aimed to optimize workflows while Fayol's principles focused on unity, authority and efficiency.
- The Hawthorne studies highlighted the social factors influencing worker productivity.
This document provides an overview of principles of management. It discusses key concepts such as organizations, goals, and the role of management. It also examines the four functions of management: planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. Additionally, it covers topics like management levels, managerial skills and responsibilities, and historical perspectives on the evolution of management thought, including scientific management and administrative management.
BUSINESS ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT - B.Com I SEM- UNIT-3Balasri Kamarapu
INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT:
Management - Meaning - Characteristics - Functions of Management - Levels of Management – Skills of Management- Scientific Management - Meaning - Definition - Objectives - Criticism – Fayol‘s 14 Principles of Management .
This document provides definitions and explanations of key management concepts. It begins by defining management as "the art of getting things done through people" and as "a process consisting of planning, organizing, actuating and controlling." It then discusses the nature and characteristics of management, functional areas of management including production, marketing, finance, and personnel, and levels of management from top to middle to front-line managers. The document also covers management theories including scientific management, administrative management, bureaucracy, and modern approaches such as quantitative, systems, and contingency theories. Finally, it addresses concepts related to the management functions of planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling.
1Part One - Human Resource Management.pptTaddeseGashaw
This document provides an overview of an introductory human resource management course being offered in September 2021. The course objectives are to discuss HRM philosophies, approaches to recruitment and selection, staffing strategies, employee management, and ensuring a positive work environment. The course will cover topics like job analysis, planning, recruitment, training, performance reviews, compensation, and emerging trends. Teaching methods will include lectures, case studies, collaborative and independent learning. The course is divided into parts covering the nature of HRM, organizing the HR function, and strategic HRM.
This document provides an overview of management concepts and principles put forth by Henry Fayol and F.W. Taylor. It defines management, discusses Fayol's five primary functions and fourteen principles of management. It also outlines Taylor's scientific management principles, including developing science for each job part, scientific selection and training of workers, cooperation between management and workers, division of responsibility, and achieving maximum prosperity for employers and employees. The document serves to introduce foundational theories in the development of management as a discipline.
Frederick Taylor is considered the father of scientific management. He sought to improve industrial efficiency through analyzing jobs, setting standards for tasks, and separating planning from implementation. Some of his contributions include time and motion studies, functional foremanship, rate setting, and advocating harmony between managers and workers. However, critics argue his methods dehumanized workers and reduced complexity of jobs. While some techniques like time studies are still used today, managers now focus more on both efficiency and employee satisfaction.
Similar to Philosphical Aspect of Management.pptx (20)
Employment PracticesRegulation and Multinational CorporationsRoopaTemkar
Employment PracticesRegulation and Multinational Corporations
Strategic decision making within MNCs constrained or determined by the implementation of laws and codes of practice and by pressure from political actors. Managers in MNCs have to make choices that are shaped by gvmt. intervention and the local economy.
12 steps to transform your organization into the agile org you deservePierre E. NEIS
During an organizational transformation, the shift is from the previous state to an improved one. In the realm of agility, I emphasize the significance of identifying polarities. This approach helps establish a clear understanding of your objectives. I have outlined 12 incremental actions to delineate your organizational strategy.
Org Design is a core skill to be mastered by management for any successful org change.
Org Topologies™ in its essence is a two-dimensional space with 16 distinctive boxes - atomic organizational archetypes. That space helps you to plot your current operating model by positioning individuals, departments, and teams on the map. This will give a profound understanding of the performance of your value-creating organizational ecosystem.
Originally presented at XP2024 Bolzano
While agile has entered the post-mainstream age, possibly losing its mojo along the way, the rise of remote working is dealing a more severe blow than its industrialization.
In this talk we'll have a look to the cumulative effect of the constraints of a remote working environment and of the common countermeasures.
Integrity in leadership builds trust by ensuring consistency between words an...Ram V Chary
Integrity in leadership builds trust by ensuring consistency between words and actions, making leaders reliable and credible. It also ensures ethical decision-making, which fosters a positive organizational culture and promotes long-term success. #RamVChary
Specific ServPoints should be tailored for restaurants in all food service segments. Your ServPoints should be the centerpiece of brand delivery training (guest service) and align with your brand position and marketing initiatives, especially in high-labor-cost conditions.
408-784-7371
Foodservice Consulting + Design
Enriching engagement with ethical review processesstrikingabalance
New ethics review processes at the University of Bath. Presented at the 8th World Conference on Research Integrity by Filipa Vance, Head of Research Governance and Compliance at the University of Bath. June 2024, Athens
Public Speaking Tips to Help You Be A Strong Leader.pdfPinta Partners
In the realm of effective leadership, a multitude of skills come into play, but one stands out as both crucial and challenging: public speaking.
Public speaking transcends mere eloquence; it serves as the medium through which leaders articulate their vision, inspire action, and foster engagement. For leaders, refining public speaking skills is essential, elevating their ability to influence, persuade, and lead with resolute conviction. Here are some key tips to consider: https://joellandau.com/the-public-speaking-tips-to-help-you-be-a-stronger-leader/
A presentation on mastering key management concepts across projects, products, programs, and portfolios. Whether you're an aspiring manager or looking to enhance your skills, this session will provide you with the knowledge and tools to succeed in various management roles. Learn about the distinct lifecycles, methodologies, and essential skillsets needed to thrive in today's dynamic business environment.
1. Unit 2. Philosophical
Aspect of Management
*THE CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY
* BEHAVIORAL MANAGEMENT PHILOSOPHY
*SYSTEM AND CONTINGENCY PHILOSOPHY
*EMERGING ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN NEPALESE BUSINESS
2. Early Development of Management
Study of Management as a discipline after industrial revolution i.e in 18th century.
With the passage of time and emergence of large and global organization
management developed adopting various multidisciplinary discipline and different
management theories.
Before the classical theories, notable contributors on the field of management are:
Robert Owen( 1771- 1858): Recognized human element in industry and added
workforce environment influence performance.
Professor Charles Babbage (1792- 1871): Management of an enterprise should be based
on accurate data.
Henry Robinson towne (1844-1924) : Management requires combinations of
professionals skills for successful management process.
Captain Henry Metcalfe (1847- 1927) : Developed system of controls.
3. A. Classical Philosophy
Stated that workers only have physical and economic needs.
Advocate specialization of labor, centralized leadership and
decision making, and profit maximization.
Some of the influential classical philosophies of management
are:
1. Scientific Management Theory
2. Administrative Management Theory
3. Bureaucratic Theory
4. 1. Scientific Management Theory
Fredrick Winslow Taylor (1865- 1915) is known as the father of scientific
management.
According to Taylor, scientific management is an art of knowing exactly
what you want your men to do and seeing that they do it in a best and
cheapest way.
Scientific management is that kind of management, which conducts a
business or affairs by standards established by facts, or truths gained
through systematic observation, experiment or reasoning.
Process of systematically improving the efficiency of task through a
systematic analysis.
5. Principles of Scientific Management
1. Development of science for each part of an individual’s job –
Replacement of rule of thumb.
-Work assigned to any employees should be observed, analyzed with
respect to each and every element, part and time involved in it.
-Decision on the management should be based on facts and by the
application of scientific decisions,
2. Scientific selection, training, and development of workers
-Workers should be selected scientifically with a designed procedure.
-Physical, mental and other requirements for each and every job should
be specified.
-Workers Should be trained to fit the job and provided opportunities for
the development of working capabilities.
6. Principles Contd..
3. Co-operation between management and workers – Harmony not discord
- No individualism
- Interest of employers and employees should be harmonized.
4. Division of work and responsibility
- Managers & workers responsibility should be separated.
- Planning and execution should be separate process.
5. Mental Revolution
-Management should create suitable workers condition and solve problem scientifically.
-Workers should be provided handsome remuneration to boost up their morale in order
to gain disciplined , loyal and sincere discharging of task.
7. Advantages of scientific management
Mass Production : Promotes efficiency techniques
Job Design: Specialization and standardization of works
Employee Management: Promotes Proper selection, training and
compensation to workers
Training and Development of workers
Scientific Methods: introduced rational and scientific methods to
solve the management problems.
8. Limitations of Scientific Management
Mechanistic
Neglect Human factor
Best Way: Believed one best way of doing all business.
Monotonous Work : Promotes higher production via undue
pressure to workers.
Individual Focus does not favor group work.
9. 2. Administrative Management Theory
Henry Fayol (1840-1925) developed the theory of
administrative management.
Attempts to find a rational way to design an organizational
as a whole.
Calls for formalized administrative structure, a clear
division of labor, and delegation of power and authority to
administrators.
10. Principles of Administrative Management
Theory
Division of Labor – work : Right work to Right person
Authority and responsibility – Superiority & responsibility
Unity of command – One superior and one command
Unity of direction – one plan and one action
Equity ( Justice) – Fairness and impartial treat to the employees
Order –Social order (Authorities) and material order ( Safety and
efficiency)
Discipline – obedience and proper conduct
11. Principles of Administration management
contd..
Initiative – Encouraging initiation from employee
Fair Remuneration –Fair, sufficiently and rewarding remuneration
Stability of Tenure of personnel –Sufficient work time to learn and excel
Scalar chain –Clear line of authority linking all levels of management
Subordination of individual interest to general interest
Centralization and Decentralization
Esprit de corps
12. Contribution/Advantage
Functions of management – Identified Managerial
Functions
Universal Principles
Managerial Skills- physical, mental, moral, educational,
technical and experiential
Profession – Regarded management as a profession
13. Limitations of Administrative
Management Theory
Principles applicability issues – More like mechanistic in
nature
Limited Application – Application issue in complex and
dynamic nature if business.
Negligence of Human Aspect
14. 3. Bureaucratic Management Theory
Max Weber (1864-1920) developed the bureaucratic theory of
management.
Contains two essential elements:
* Structuring an organization into hierarchy and
* Having clearly defined rules and procedures to run the
organization.
15. Characteristics of Bureaucratic
Organization
Division of work : Achieve specialization through proper assignment of specialization.
Administrative Hierarchy : Rights and duties at each level are developed and defined.
Impersonal Relationship : No impact should be created by personal and human relationship or
feeling. Organization functions should be based on rules and regulation.
Official Rules: Organizational decisions should be made on the basis of rules, policies and
procedures.
Official Record: Scientific management of records and information.
Work System : Well defined procedures for conducting organizational activities.
16. Characteristics contd..
Technical Competency: employees Skills and talent competency are
emphasized and based for the selection and promotion.
Job Security
Fixed Remuneration : Remuneration should be predetermined and maintained.
17. Principles of Bureaucratic Management
Theory
Formal Hierarchical Structure
- Each levels controls the level below and is controlled by level
above.
-Power and authority , Responsibilities and duties are clearly defined
for each position within the hierarchy.
Division of labor (Functional specialization)
-Division of work into different parts or processes which are
performed by one or group of workers according to their ability and
interest.
-Employees are chosen and placed based on their interest and skills.
18. Principles contd..
Formal/Impartial selection process
-All employees are treated equally.
-Employees are hired and promoted on the basis of qualification.
Expertise, performance and experience.
-There exist formal rules regulations for employee selection.
Career orientation (Focus on technical quality)
- Bureaucratic organization is career oriented.
-If an employees follows the rules and regulations and performs well
he/she has opportunity for long term career growth.
19. Principles Contd..
Formal Rules and Regulation
-Bureaucratic management is based rules and regulation.
-It uses rules to exert control.
-Therefore Lower level executes the decisions made by the higher levels.
-Rules also protect employees against unfair behavior of management .
Impersonality (Impersonal relationship)
-Bureaucratic management treats all employees equally and similar to
customers it do not allow individual differences to influence them.
-Prevents favoritism and nepotism.
20. Principles contd..
Formal Record Management
-Management takes decisions based on the past information and
records.
-Different rules and policies are formulated as required by situation,
they act as a reference for future activities.
21. Contribution of Bureaucratic
Management
Rational Decisions
-Bureaucratic Management operate under rules and regulations, all decisions are made
on objective basis.
Maximum efficiency
-Focuses on division of work.
- Facilitates specialization through proper assignment of responsibility and
accountability.
Proper Control
-Rights and duties at each level are clearly defined.
Removal of ambiguity(inexactness)
-Organizational activities under bureaucratic management are strictly carried on the
basis of rules and procedures.
-Unity of command and unity of direction are clear thus removes ambiguity.
22. Contribution contd…
Specialized Services
- Division of labor facilitate specified responsibility of employees,
departments and units, this allows organization to provide
specialized service to customers.
Clear career path
- Employee promotion and development are well defined thus there
is clear career path for the employees.
Reference
-Bureaucratic management maintain scientific records and
information related to the past and present trends.
23. Limitation of Bureaucratic Management
Ignorance of Human Aspect
-Rules and regulation are over emphasized, the human aspects such as relationship,
culture, and values are not given priority.
Lack of strategic vision
-Bureaucratic management design employees to focus more on present activities.
- Underestimated development of long term plan and strategic via employees.
Minimum Performance
-Employees perform their duties based on existing rules and procedures, they are far
from using their ideas and creativity.
Discourage in the acceptance of responsibility
- Due to fear od punishment or loosing jobs, the employees amah be reluctant to take
responsibilities.
24. Limitation contd..
Delay in communication and decision making
-Bureaucratic management has existence of lengthy formalities and
rules thus create delay in communication and decision making.
Lack of personal initiation
- Employees focus more on rules and regulation rather than taking
personal initiation for improved performance.
Not suitable for business organization
-Requires high degree of flexibility to deal with environmental
dynamism.
25. B. Behavioral Philosophy
Human Relation and behavioral theories are the extended and improved form of the
traditional theories.
The labor unions, sociologist, and psychologists criticized the scientific management or
ground of being less human.
According to the theory competent management respect the differences in culture,
concepts, opinions, and needs of human.
This theory give high priority to human relation behaviors.
Human relation behaviors may be studied under two parts
- Human relation theories that gave importance to people in the organization.
-Behavioral theories that emphasizes interpersonal relationship and employee
behaviors.
26. A. Human Relation Movement-
Hawthorne Studies.
Puts human being as its center aspect for management.
Professor Elton Mayo and his associates began the experiment to prove the importance of
people than the machines for productivity.
The experiment was conducted in the Hawthorne plants of the western electricals in the spring
of 1927 in Chicago, USA.
The study was conducted in four phases:
-Illumination Experiments
-Relay assembly test room experiment
-Mass Interviewing program
-Bank wiring observation room experiment.
27. 1. Illumination Experiment
To find out how varying levels of illumination (amount of light at
the workplace, a physical factor) affected the productivity.
It consisted series of studied of test groups in which the levels of
illumination varied but the conditions were held constant.
It was found that the test productivity of test groups was affected
marginally through illumination.
28. 2. Relay assembly test room experiments
This experiment were deigned to determine the effect of change in job conditions on group
productivity.
In this experiment;
A small homogeneous working group of give girls was selected.
Several new elements were introduced in the working environment such as shorter working
hours, proper rest periods, improved physical conditions, friendly supervision, and free social
interaction among the group of members.
During the experiment productivity and morale increased. The researcher concluded that
workers output increased by the need of recognition, security and sense of belongingness.
29. 3. Mass Interviewing Program
The researcher initiated a three year long interviewing program
with more than 21000 employees to find out the reasons for an
increase in production.
The questions on the interview were related to supervision,
insurance plans, promotion, and salaries.
The result of the interviewing program recognized the importance
of informal groups for the first time.
It was discovered that workers behavior was influenced by group
behavior.
30. 4. Bank wiring observation room
In this experiment; a group of 14 male workers was formed into a small work
group.
The workers were involved in attaching wire with switches for certain
equipment used in telephone exchanges in the bank wiring room.
The workers were placed under observation for six months.
The workers pay was dependent on the performance of the group as whole.
It was thought that the efficient workers would put pressure on the less
efficient workers to complete the work;
Contrary to this, it was found that the group established its own standard of
output, and social pressure was used to achieve the standard of output.
31. Contributions of Hawthorne studies
Highlighted importance of social and psychological factors for workers productivity
and job satisfaction.
It has found that the informal relation among workers influence the workers behavior
and performance more than formal relation in the organization.
Employee will perform better if they are allowed to participate in the decision making
affecting their interest.
When employees are treated with respect and dignity, their performance will improve.
Financial incentive alone cannot increase the performance, social and psychological
needs must satisfied along.
Good communication between superiors and subordinates improves relations and the
productivity.
32. Limitation
Applicability issues since experiment was conducted on controlled
environment and may not be applicable in real organizational
situations.
Productivity also depends upon technological and other factors;
thus this theory emphasize human aspect as important factor.
Place much emphasizes on group decision making, in many
situation organization are compelled to make individual decisions.
33. B. Emergence of Organizational Behavior/
Behavioral Science Approach
Behavioral science approach advocates the importance of people’s
behavior for effectiveness of management.
Behavioral approach develops concepts of motivation, leadership,
communication, teamwork and reward.
This perspective shifted the attention of management from
mechanical view towards employee to the psychological, attitudes
and behaviors of individual (Humanistic view).
It provides important insights into the importance of motivation,
group dynamism, and interpersonal relationship in organizations.
34. a. Maslow’s Needs Hierarchy Theory
According to Maslow, Needs exists in hierarchy.
Only when lower order needs are satisfied can higher order needs
be activated and serve as sources of motivation.
Maslow’s theory is based on the human needs comprising a five
tier model depicted as hierarchical levels within a pyramid.
This theory believed that once a given level of needs is satisfied, it
no longer serves to motivate a person. Then, the next higher level of
need emerges.
36. Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Contd..
Biological/Physiological Needs
- Includes needs that are vital for survival.
- Physiological needs like air, water, food, clothing, Shelter and sex.
Security/Safety needs
-Includes physical, environmental, and emotional safety and protection such as
job security, financial security, protection from animals and natural calamities,
family security and health security.
Social Belongingness
-Needs of feeling loved and accepted.
-Includes the need for love, affection, care, belongingness and friendship.
-At this level, the need for emotional relationship drives human behavior.
37. Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Contd..
Esteem/Ego Needs
-Higher order and egoistic needs.
-Related to prestige and status of the person.
-According to Maslow, they are two types
*Self Esteem : It is intrinsic and includes self confidence, achievement,
competence, self respect, independence, and freedom which are self realized.
*Esteem of others: It is extrinsic and includes status, recognition ,attention and
appreciation which are achieved through others.
Self Actualization Needs
- Full use and exploitation of talents, capabilities, and potentials.
-Self actualizing people are self aware, concerned with the personal growth, less
concerned with the opinions of others, and interested in fulfilling their potential.
38. Contribution of Maslow’s Theory
Clear Explanation: Theory explains why a person behaves
differently in different situation.
Comprehensive : Provides comprehensive view of human needs.
Clear Prescription : It allows a managers to analyze the unsatified
needs of employee for motivation purpose.
39. Limitation of Maslow’s Theory
Non testable and must be viewed as as theoretical statement or
base.
Clinically Derived theory and its units of analysis is individual. The
model is based on relatively small sample of subject.
The need classification is somewhat artificial. Needs cannot be
classified into 5 steps hierarchy.
The need priority model may not apply at all times in all places.
40. b. Herzberg’s Two factor Theory
Also called the dual factor theory of motivation or hygiene theory of
motivation.
Herzberg conducted a widely, reported motivational study on about 200
accountants and engineers employed by firms in and around Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania USA.
He used the critical incident method of obtaining data for analysis.
The professional Respondents were asked two questions:
- When did you feel particularly good about your job – What turned you on ?
- When did you feel exceptionally bad about your job – what turned you off?
41. Herzberg’s Two Factor Contd..
Tabulating these good and bad feelings, Herzberg concluded that
- Job satisfiers are related to job content.
-Job dissatisfiers are associated to job context.
Herzberg labeled job satisfiers as motivators and called the
dissatisfiers as hygiene factors.
Taken together they became knows as Herzberg’s two factor theory
of motivation.
42. 1. Hygiene/Maintenance Factors
Related to the conditions (environment) under which a job is
performed.
This factor have power to make people make dissatisfied and are
prerequisites for satisfaction at work, but their presence alone will
never make people satisfied at work.
Examples are: Safety, salary, security, working environment,
working conditions etc.
43. 2. Motivating Factors
Motivating factors in the Herzberg’s theory have the power to
make moderately satisfied people highly satisfied, but have no
impact on satisfaction if hygiene factor are not already in place.
Examples factors: Achievement, recognition, advancement,
empowerment, responsibility and intrinsically interesting work.
44. Contribution of Herzberg’s Two Factor
Theory
This theory provides tools of satisfy as well as motivate the
employees.
This theory states that financial benefits are not only the
motivating factors.
It advocates the concept of job enrichment in motivation.
45. Limitations of Herzberg’s Two factor
theory
This theory provides an explanation of job satisfaction . Hence it is not really a
theory of motivation.
Person may dislike the part of his/her job, yet still think the job is acceptable,
ignores the situational circumstances.
46. McGregor’s Theory X and Y
In 1960, Douglas McGregor, an American social psychologist, developed
theory X( Negative) and theory Y(Positive) suggesting two aspects of
human behavior at work.
Theory X
-Traditional Theory of management philosophy that states people want to
avoid works as much as possible, meaning that they do not wish to take
responsibility.
-People are motivated through financial incentives and people must be
continuously controlled, thus system of rewards and punishment works
best for them.
47. General Assumptions of Theory X
People tend to resist change and also avoid responsibilities.
The authoritarian leadership style is the most appropriate leadership
style.
The work motivation comes through financial incentives.
People should be monitored and controlled closely to make them work
effectively. Therefore system of rewards and punishment works best for
them.
People prefer to be led by others rather than lead others.
People are generally poor decision makers.
48. Theory Y
Theory Y assumes that people are inherently happy to work.
They are motivated to pursue objectives.
There is no need of rewards and punishment system.
People are prepared to take responsibility for everything they do
and want to use their creativity in solving probelems.
49. Assumptions of Theory Y
People like to work as natural as play or rest.
People are committed to the objectives and exercise self control and direction
to achieve them. They are fully conscious of their job.
People do not inherently have qualities like avoidance of responsibilities, lack
of ambition and emphasis on security. They are all consequences of experience.
The rewards should address satisfaction o f ego and actualization needs, not
just financial needs.
People always tend to be creative to solve organizational problems.
All employees in an organization are given equal chance to develop their skills.
50. Contribution
Guides management to develop motivational techniques.
Helps management to carry managerial activities from human point
of view.
Provides practical assumption about human behavior.
This theory is easy to understand and apply
51. Limitations
People cannot be only put into two extremes of theory X and Y.
Job itself may not be the key to motivation for the employees.
Human behavior is relative and variable.
52. Contribution of Behavioral Theory
Identification and recognition of the role of human elements in
organization.
Recognition of leadership as important component of effective
management.
Emphasis on the role of non financial rewards for employee
motivation.
Provide base for organizational behavior which is very important for
management success.
53. Limitations Behavioral Science Theory
Lays over emphasis on behavioral aspect. Neglects the economic
dimension of job satisfaction.
Not much useful since it is very difficult to identify, analyze and
predict human behavior.
Does not consider the situational Variables.
Not applicable universally to all organization.
54. C. System Philosophy
System
System is a set of interrelated and interdependent parts working
together as a network.
System should not be viewed as a individual part rather it should be
understood as whole.
System Theory
- System Theory assumes that an organization should be viewed as
an open system.
-Organization constantly interacts with the environment and
involved in transformation of input into output.
55. System View of an Organization
External Environment
Input Stage
Raw Materials
Money & Capital
Human Resources
“Org Obtain inputs
from environment”
Conversion Stage
Process
Machinery
Computers
Human Skills
“Org transforms inputs
and adds value to them”
Output Stage
Goods
Services
“Organization Releases
outputs to its
environment”
Sale of outputs allow org to
obtain new supplies of inputs
56. Components of System Theory
Components of
System Theory
Inputs
Processing
Outputs
The Environment
Feedback
57. Elements of System Theory
Goal Oriented : Established for the attainment of certain goal.
Subsystem: Business is the subsystem of the wider social system.
Synergy : System builds synergy. i.e outcomes of a system is greater than outcomes of
an individual.
System Boundary: Open or closed system
Flow: Flows in the inputs-processing-outputs direction.
Feedback: System gets feedback from the environment. It helps to improve and
redefine the system.
Open or closed system: Interaction or no interaction with the outside/external
components.
58. Contribution of System Theory
System Theory provides a conceptual framework for viewing an
organization.
It enhances the interrelationship and coordination among the
various parts or subsystem of the organization.
It gives equal importance to both internal and external context of
an organization.
It provides a good basis for planning, executing and controlling.
59. Limitations
The system theory does not offer specific tools and technique for
practicing managers.
Criticized as being too abstract and vague.
Fails to specify the nature of interaction and interdependence
between and organization and its environment.
60. Contingency Theory /Situational or
practical approach to management.
Contingency Theory assumes no best way to solve management problems in
organization. Believes management is situational in nature.
It assumes that management principles are not universal in nature as there is
no best style of management.
Management has “If” & “Then” approach where “if” is independent variable
and “then” is dependent management variable or the technique to be adopted
to deal with the situation.
For e.g If the workers have strong physiological needs, then financial motivators
should be adopted..
61. Contingency Theory contd..
Focuses on multivariate nature of organizations and helps organization to
operate under different situations.
It provides a framework for solving problems, according to the environmental
conditions.
It advocates organizational adaptability to both internal and external
environment and fit between these two.
62. Contingency view of an organization
Characteristics
of the
environment
Determine the
design of an
organization’s
structure and
control system
Organizations in stable
environments choose a
mechanistic structure-
Centralized authority, vertical
communication flows, control
theough strict rules and
procedures.
Organizations in changing
environments choose an organic
structure- decentralized authority,
horizontal communicaton flows,
cross departmental cooperation.
63. Major contingency factors
Organization Size: Activities to be performed by the management
are determined by the size of the organization.
Nature of task and technology: An organization uses technology to
convert the input into output and if technology has been used
regularly it requires stable structure, control system, and leadership.
Environmental Uncertainty: Structure suitable for stable
environment may not be suitable for unstable environment.
64. Contribution/Advantages of contingency
theory
It integrates different school of thought and applies them as per
the needs of the situation.
It brings pragmatic solutions to every problem .
It depends on multivariate analysis. Hence, it takes all the possible
variables or factors that affects the situation re into consideration.
It does not follow a pre designed organizational structure. The
organizational structure is developed based on situation or
environment.
65. Limitations
Does not follow the principle of universality of principles which are
often applied to management.
It is argued that contingency approach was already asserted by
Fayol. He also advocated flexibility in management.
It may be costly and time taking to analyze the situation.
It is not possible for managers to determine all the factors relevant
to the decision making situation. Moreover, it is difficult to establish
a perfect relationship among these factors.
66. Emerging Issues and challenges in
Nepalese Business
Increased Private investment in core business
Business with heavy investment and high level of managerial capability.
Electricity, communication etc,
Growing Urban Population
Specialization, industrialization, and consequent economic development.
Growth rate : 3.21% -World Bank 2015
42% total population in urban area.
Rising informed and educate customers
Changing role of the government: facilitator from regulator
Rising economic agenda
Use of modern technology
67. Contd…
Integration to the world economy: WTO, SAARC, BIMSTEC
Shifting socio cultural values
Shift towards service industry
Workforce diversity