Philosophy of science academic methodology reports_papers

PHILOSOPHY
OF SCIENCE
METHODOLOGY, THEORY
AND ACADEMIC APPROACH
WRITING A SCIENTIFIC REPORT
IN E‐CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

Caspar David Friedrich:
Der Wanderer über dem Nebelmeer
(Wanderer above the sea of fog, 1818)

VIDENSKABSTEORI > METODE > TEORI > RAPPORTEN > AKADEMISK TILGANG

PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Method, Theory Keywords: How to work with‐ and write an academic report with a relevant
and Approach use of the subject of philosophy of science (PoS) in e‐concept development.

Introduction Scope: Reflection on learning. The scientific work with: concepts, research
to the Concepts and the design of the solution in the given subject area and in the academia.

Note on Literature to be Used

International class: Danish class:
Lisa Bartolotti (2010): Carsten Rønn (2006):
An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science. Almen introduktion for
Polity, UK. professionsuddannelserne. Alinea, DK.
Author’s profile: www.lisabortolotti.com Se også: www.samfundsviden.dk under
Philosophy ressource: http://www.iep.utm.edu/ teorier og metoder finder du videnskabsteori


Method, Theory
and Approach The extended stratification model. Carsten Rønn 2006

A Good Theory
Is Practical
Meta theory
Meta level
Analysis of the epistemological
(knowledge, why do we know),
ontological (being, existense and reality),
ethic and scientific basis of the theory.

Level of theory
Analysis of the strength of the formal,
SCIENCE functional, pragmatic type of theory.
What are the emperical variables,
the hypothetic variables?

Data level
Analysis of the emperical level

Reality


Method, Theory
and Approach

A Good Theory By studying multiple theories you can understand different relations
Is Practical between ways of creating several perspectives on the same concept.

By looking at the meta theoretical aspects, the science of theory, you can
develop a critical approach to knowledge as a network between the
investigator and the investigated concepts.

Knowledge as a network means coherent knowledge: Models, theory and
research fit together and validates each other consistently.


Method, Theory
and Approach

A Good Theory A model of the construction
Is Practical of critical knowledge through
the dynamic relations between
empirical data and theory
Meta theory
(Rønn 2006)
Meta theories
ontology, epistemology, ethics
methodology

Space of reflexivity

THEORY EMPIRICAL DATA

KNOWLEDGE


Method, Theory
and Approach ABSTRACTION
For example concepts, theories
A Good Theory and models of reality and relations
Is Practical REDUCTION
OF COMPLEXITY
CONCRETE From the concrete
The reality we meet per se. to abstraction.

Validated knowledge is produced by a scientific approach.

When I analyze I keep in mind a certain coherent structure for my
thinking. That is a relation between analysis and produced synthesis.

When I make a synthesis, a structure of analytic work, I use the several
parts of my former analyses as grounds for further development.


Method, Theory
and Approach Feedback loop Feedback loop

Via: Thomas Markussen Ph.D: Designviden. Form, erfaring og erkendelse. Lecture (ppt).
Academic Hypothesis Test
Approach Falsification Falsification
(PoS) Verification Verification
Collecting data Interviews

Time: Idea Research Identify problem Design + test

Creative work: Sketching user experience Engage culture E‐Design
Experience design
Project management: Pre‐analysis + Research Design + usertests
Assess project paradigm Assess test methods
Risks Stakeholders Assess test paradigm (qualitative etc.)
Personas and user scenarios


Method, Theory
and Approach
Argumentation Report Structure

The Report INTRODUCTION
(1/5): This is the context of the report • Presentation of: the topic + assigment
as seen in relation to: Relevance
relevance (now) and education, Educational subject relation
the relevant challenges you have • Problem introduction
+ questions you need to ask • Problem statement
+ what you initially state as an relevant • Hypothesis (initial)
hypothesis and how you can make a • Demarcation
demarcation based on:
deadlines, the current educational
conditions and stakeholders

Explained • The structure of the report.
+ a good, graphic overview


Method, Theory
and Approach

The Report METHOD AND THEORY
(2/5): This is the scientific introduction • Presentation and legitimation of
of the report. the report in relation to:
In this section you present:
PoS‐tradition, background. 1. Scientific paradigm (PoS tradition).
Your use of theory for the concepts. 2.Concepts and theoretical framework.
Practical approach 3.Investigation method (independent
and why you choose, for example, qualitative variables for concepts) and chosen
research (3 can be linked to 1: traditions in this research paradigm.
area of science and 2: your theoretical design).
If you are using a segmentation tool
and other models that dominate your reseach
scope and method, then assess its scientific
paradigm and verify its use.


Method, Theory
and Approach

The Report INVESTIGATION AND DESIGN
(3/5): This is the documentation part • Test evaluation and documentation
of the report. of results (dependent variables)
• Analysis of data:
Theoretical analysis.
Reliability of sources and data.
The knowledge obtained through research may New knowledge.
alter parts of the hypothesis and lead to aprecise
identification of the objective and what to do. • Evaluation of hypothesis (falsification)
• Identification of the problem
In the section design of solution you present • Design of solution
other aspects such as: project paradigm, creative • Project management.
work, cultural analysis, SWOT, Marketing, • ??? Etc. elements.
Communication ideas, etc.


Method, Theory
and Approach

The Report METHOD EVALUATION
(4/5): This is the discussion‐ and method • Evaluation of the method
evaluation part of the report. and its impact on the results.
• Theory and method:
Strengths and weaknesses
• Other variables and events
that impacted the result.


Method, Theory
and Approach

The Report CONCLUSION
(5/5): This is the conclusive, contextual part • Evaluation of the hypothesis and the
of the report. Although it’s not a final problem fomulation: falsifications and
conclusion, as there are possibly many verifications.
other variables to account for. • Results of design. Conclusion.

PERSPECTIVATION
• Evaluation of the project and our effort.
• The use of our work.
• Knowledge, skills and competencies:
Before and after this project.
• Future actions.


Method, Theory
and Approach INTRODUCTION INVESTIGATION AND DESIGN
• Presentation of: the topic + assigment • Test evaluation and documentation
Relevance. of results (dependent variables)
Educational subject relation. • Analysis of data:
The Report • Problem introduction. Theoretical analysis.
• Problem statement. Reliability of sources and data.
(Summary): • Hypothesis (initial). New knowledge.
• Demarcation. • Evaluation of hypothesis (falsification).
• The structure of the report. • Identification of the problem.
• Design of solution.
METHOD AND THEORY • Project management.
• Presentation and legitimation of • ??? Etc. elements …
the report in relation to:
1. Scientific paradigm (PoS tradition). CONCLUSION
2. Concepts and theoretical framework. • Evaluation of the hypothesis and the problem
3. Investigation method (independent fomulation: falsifications and verifications.
variables for concepts) and chosen • Results of design. Conclusion.
research paradigm.
PERSPECTIVATION
• Evaluation of the project and our effort.
• The use of our work.
• Knowledge, skills and competencies: Before
and after this project.
• Future actions.

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