The document provides guidance on writing technical reports, outlining 10 key laws for technical report writing. It discusses important sections of a technical report such as the introduction, methodology, results, discussion, conclusions, and references. It emphasizes that the reader is the most important consideration and that reports must be well-organized, accurate, and concise. Technical reports should follow standard structures and include necessary sections like the executive summary, introduction, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusions.
This screencast was produced for the Inf6350 Information Resources and Information Literacy class in October 2013. This is a class in the Masters programme at Sheffield University's Information School. It describes what abstracts are and why they are useful, identifies different types of abstract, and describes a process for abstracting.
This screencast was produced for the Inf6350 Information Resources and Information Literacy class in October 2013. This is a class in the Masters programme at Sheffield University's Information School. It describes what abstracts are and why they are useful, identifies different types of abstract, and describes a process for abstracting.
This includes:
1. Definition of abstract
2. Uses of importance of abstracts
3. Reasons for writing abstracts
4. Parts or sections of an abstract
5. Types of abstracts
6. Tips on how to write abstracts
7. Qualities of a good abstract
The intention of this resource is to provide you with enough information to produce a high quality reports and literature reviews.
You may need to produce several small reports during the course of your undergraduate study as part of group coursework assignments. This guide along with other provide support.
This tool is provided to assist you in making a poster for the poster session during the European Association of Urological Nurses (EAUN) Annual Meeting.
How To Write Your Research DissertationChris Jobling
This presentation describes the standard structure of your research dissertation and suggests a methodology for its successful production using modern word processing tools.
IN THIS Presentation will see:
1- WHAT IS AN ABSTRACT
2- FOR WHAT PURPOSES
3- DIFFERENT TYPES OF ABSTRACT
4- WHAT TO INCLUDE
5- WHAT NOT TO INCLUDE
6- SOME EXAMPLES
A book description is a short summary of a book's story or content that is designed to “hook” a reader and lead to a sale. Typically, the book's description conveys important information about its topic or focus (in nonfiction) or the plot and tone (for a novel or any other piece of fiction).
This includes:
1. Definition of abstract
2. Uses of importance of abstracts
3. Reasons for writing abstracts
4. Parts or sections of an abstract
5. Types of abstracts
6. Tips on how to write abstracts
7. Qualities of a good abstract
The intention of this resource is to provide you with enough information to produce a high quality reports and literature reviews.
You may need to produce several small reports during the course of your undergraduate study as part of group coursework assignments. This guide along with other provide support.
This tool is provided to assist you in making a poster for the poster session during the European Association of Urological Nurses (EAUN) Annual Meeting.
How To Write Your Research DissertationChris Jobling
This presentation describes the standard structure of your research dissertation and suggests a methodology for its successful production using modern word processing tools.
IN THIS Presentation will see:
1- WHAT IS AN ABSTRACT
2- FOR WHAT PURPOSES
3- DIFFERENT TYPES OF ABSTRACT
4- WHAT TO INCLUDE
5- WHAT NOT TO INCLUDE
6- SOME EXAMPLES
A book description is a short summary of a book's story or content that is designed to “hook” a reader and lead to a sale. Typically, the book's description conveys important information about its topic or focus (in nonfiction) or the plot and tone (for a novel or any other piece of fiction).
Understand the purposes of a report
Plan a report
Understand the structure of a report
Collect information for your report
Organise your information
Use an appropriate style of writing
Present data effectively
Understand how to lay out your
information in an appropriate way
As a university student, you may be required to write a variety of reports for assessment purposes
A research report is one type that is often used in the sciences, engineering and psychology
Here your aim is to write clearly and concisely about your research topic so that the reader can easily understand the purpose and results of your research
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
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The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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2. Hint
Try always to find a reference or benchmark
for what are you doing or writing.
3. Technical Report Writing
• LAW 1
The reader is the most important person.
• LAW 2
Keep the report as short as possible.
• LAW 3
Organise for the convenience of the report
user.
4. Technical Report Writing
• LAW 4
All references should be correct in all details.
• LAW 5
The writing should be accurate, concise
• LAW 6
The right diagram with the right labels should
be in the right place for the reader.
5. Technical Report Writing
• LAW 7
Summaries give the whole picture in
miniature.
• LAW 8
Reports should be checked for technical
errors, typing errors and inconsistency.
• LAW 9
The report should look as good as it is.
7. General structure of scientific
manuscript
• Your report needs a good Format and structure – it
should include most of the following categories:
• Heading Page
• Content List
• Executive Summary
• Background / Introduction
• Results / Discussion
• Conclusions and Appendices
8. Heading Page
• Leave the Report heading page ‘til last!
• The report Header needs a lot of thought & first
impressions count when looking at a report
• Think about the Layout of the front page:
• Size and Style of font
•
• Colour of font (the bigger the font enables you
to use a lighter colour)
• Use of images and logos
• Use the Report Templates via Microsoft Word™
10. Contents Page
• This is obviously another page you will leave
until you have compiled the main body of the
report
• A contents list is only necessary for a
lengthy report
• Give each section of your report a title and
cross refer this to a page number
• Page numbers can be automatically entered
by setting the appropriate section of the
Microsoft Word™ Header or Footer
11. The contents list
• For most people, the contents list is a summary of the
chapter and section headings, together with a page
index, and is normally written when the document is
already complete.
• However, the contents list is the one place in the
document where overall structure can be examined, so
why not get the structure right at the start?
• Early organisation of the contents list is certainly not a
trivial problem and may take up to a few days to draft.
• The level of detail should go down to (probably)
subsubsections, where the final level contains one key
idea and takes up, at most, two to three paragraphs of
text.
13. Abstract
• Write this LAST!
• It summarizes the whole report in one, concise
paragraph of about 100-200 words.
• It might be useful to think in terms of writing
one sentence to summarize each of the
traditional report divisions: objective, method,
discussion, conclusions.
• Emphasize the objective (which states the
problem) and the analysis of the results
(including recommendations)
14.
15. Sample : An abstract
• This report compares nuclear plants, fossil fuels, and
solar generators, in order to determine which energy
source will best meet the nation's needs. (why the work
was done)
• The criteria for comparison were the economic, social,
and environmental effects of each alternative. (what was
done)
• The study concludes that nuclear energy is the best of
these options, because North America is not self-
sufficient in fossil fuels, and solar power is currently too
unreliable for industrial use. (what was found)
• Although nuclear plants are potentially very dangerous,
nuclear energy is still the best short-term solution. (why
this is important)
16. Several names for summaries exist
Summary
Abstract
Technical
Abstract
Executive
Summary
Descriptive
Abstract
Informative
Abstract
18. Logical structure
• By logical structure is meant the natural
unfolding of a story as the reader progresses
through the document.
• This is achieved by going from the general
to the specific, with the background material
preceding the technical expose, which
should lead logically to the conclusions.
19. Chapter order
• With a technical document, it is often beneficial
to write the technical chapters first i.e., the core
material, leaving the introduction, discussion and
conclusions until the end.
• This is especially important when some results
are still not available and the time has come to
begin writing your document.
• Even in cases where all results are available,
leaving the introduction until the end allows a
better perspective to be had on the document as
a whole.
20. Introduction
the introduction of a technical report
identifies the subject, the purpose (or
objective), and the plan of development of
the report.
The subject is the "what", the purpose is the
"why", and the plan is the "how.“
Together these acquaint the reader with the
problem you are setting out to solve
21. • Use the introduction to provide the reader with
any background information which the reader
will need before you can launch into the body of
your paper.
• You may have to define the terms used in stating
the subject and provide background such as
theory or history of the subject (Literature review).
• Avoid the tendency to use the introduction
merely to fill space with sweeping statements
that are unrelated to the specific purpose of your
report .
22.
23. Results
• This section should detail the results of the exercise
– the facts. These can be presented in text or
tabulation format, depending on the content
• If the results are quite short they can be presented
within the body of the report
– Remember that charts, diagrams or graphs can be exported
from Excel or PowerPoint and embedded into the body of
the report
• If, however , the results are lengthy consider if they
would be better placed as an Appendix
24. Discussion
• This section is the most important part of your report. The section
where you evaluate and interpret your results
• Should answer these questions:
• – Was the hypothesis supported or not?
• – Did your study have results that were consistent or not
• consistent with previous research?
• – What has your study contributed to the field of
• research?
• – What are your conclusions about your results (what
• does it all mean)?
• – What are the implications of your findings for future
• research, for applied situations?
• – Were there any limitations to your study?
• – If so, how might they have affected the results?
• • Includes a paragraph summarising the findings (last
• part of the discussion)
25.
26. Recommendations
• This section allows you to make
recommendations based on the findings of
your report
• The recommendations could be for:
•
– Change
– Improvement
– New Ideas
• The recommendations should be based on
the findings / results detailed in the report
27. Conclusions
• The ‘How’ factor!
• How the implementation of your ideas and
recommendations would improve
– Service
– Productivity
– Performance
• Your assessment of the outcomes
• Your evaluation of the benefits
• It’s your chance to really ‘sell’ your ideas
and recommendations to the reader!
28. In a strong ending, you analyze results
and give a future perspective
Analyze results from
overall perspective
Conclusions
Analysis of Results
Several options:
Make recommendations
Discuss future work
Repeat limitations
Future Perspective
29. • Conclusions must conclude! They must
give some overall insight into the value of
your work in general and inform the reader
of what the major impact is, together with
any caveats which the reader should be
aware of.
• Don’t fill the conclusions section with a
summary of what's in the technical
chapters.
30. • This concludes nothing! The summary (if
present) should be at the start of the
document as an abstract.
• It may be helpful to flag items on a list,
which are appropriate for the conclusions
section, while writing the technical
chapters.
• The key to your conclusions is then
provided by the list.
31. References
• Make sure that your referencing method is one of the popular ones
(such as the Harvard or MLA styles). There's absolutely no point in
inventing another system of your own. Ensure you know how to
correctly reference:
• A journal paper:
• Ex: Hirschorn, R.M. and Miller, G., Control of nonlinear systems
with friction, IEEE Trans. on Control System Technology, Vol.7,
No.5, Sept. 1999, pp.194-200.
• A conference paper:
• Ex: Whitfield, A. and Wallace, F.J. Study of incidence loss models in
radial and mixed-flow turbomachinery, Proc. Cong. Heat Fluid
Flow in Steam and Gas Turbine Plant, Univ. Warwick, Coventry,
UK, April 1973, pp 122-32.
32. References
• A PhD/MEng thesis, final-year project or research report :
• Ex: Murray, F. Time Series Forecasting Methodologies for
Electricity Supply Systems, PhD Thesis, Dublin City University,
1997.
• A book :
• Ex: Kreyszig, E. Advanced Engineering Mathematics (7th Ed.),,
Wiley, 1993.
• An Internet source (via the URL):
• Ex: Ringwood, J. and Galvin, G. Artificial Neural Networks - An
Introduction, Available from: http://www.eeng.dcu.ie/~annet/
[Accessed 15th Nov. 1999].
33. Full report sections:
Executive Summary (1) Abstract (2)
Introduction (3)
Background (4)
Methodology (5)
Analysis of Results (6)
Conclusions (7)
Recommendations (8)
References or
Bibliography (9)
Appendices (10)
Figures and Tables (11)
34. Report sections order options
• (1) and (2): not always needed.
• (3): although not always a section entitled
• “Introduction” is needed (e.g., in short reports),
• an introductory section (e.g., a couple of
paragraphs) is always required .
• (4): required when the history of the problem
(Or methodology) is long. Otherwise, include as
part of the introduction.
35. • (5) and (6): Must be separate sections when
they
• are relatively long. Otherwise describe (5) before
• (6) in the same section.
• (7): Must follow from the main body (must be
supported by).
• (8): If short, put at the end of conclusions.
• (9): Use one or the other.