In history, medicinal plants were proven as a source of active compounds with therapeutic applications, and at present, they are an important collection for the discovery of novel drug leads. Caralluma is a genus used as traditional medicine. The present article thoroughly reviewed about the classification of Caralluma into subgenera, number of its species, its distribution in different parts of the world, and pharmacological activities exhibited by different species of Caralluma.
Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Effects of Leaf and Root Extracts o...inventionjournals
Crotalaria brevidens (slenderleaf) leaves and shoots are used as food and have medicinal properties when consumed by human beings. It also acts as an agent in promotion of suicidal germination of striga, a parasitic plant that is a major problem weed for maize and millet growers. In view of its medicinal importance, and there being increased tolerance of many microorganisms towards known antibiotics, there is a need to establish the anti microbial properties of extracts obtained from its roots, stem, leaf and other body parts against pathogenic microorganism. Even though this plant is reported to have immense medicinal value in treating stomach related ailments, malaria and many other tropical diseases, before this study little was known about the antimicrobial potentials of its roots, stem and leaves against three candidate microorganisms namely; Candida albicans, staphylococcus aureus and E. coli. This study was thus initiated to investigate (1) the antimicrobial effects of slenderleaf on Candida albicans, staphylococcus aureus and E. coli, and (2) establish the presence of phenols, steroids, glycosides, saponins, quinones, tannins, terpenoids and flavonoids in its crude leaf and root extracts. The plant roots and leaves used during these studies were collected, shade dried and blended to obtain a fine powder. Ethanol was used as the solvent to extract the pure components by dissolving 25g of leaves and 6g of roots separately in 150ml of ethanol in each case. After seven days, the extract was filtered and the filtrate put in a rotary evaporator to obtain a pure solid sample of the extract. A stock solution was made with 3g of the leaf extract that resulted by dissolving in 40ml distilled water making a concentration of 75mg/ml. the stock was diluted to 3.75mg/ml, 11.25mg/ml, 18.75mg/ml and 37.5mg/ml as 5%, 15%, 25% and 50% respectively. A control with distilled water (0%) was used. This was then replicated thrice to minimize variability and arranged in a completely randomized design. The screening of antimicrobial activity of crude extracts was done by measuring the zone of inhibition using agar diffusion method. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means separated and compared using least significance difference (LSD) at (p<0.05). There was a clear zone observed around the discs impregnated in the extract and transferred to the inoculated petri dishes. High inhibition was observed on Escherichia coli at a concentration of 37.5mg/ml. phytochemical screening showed presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, anthraquinones, phenols, terpenoids and cardiac glycosides as secondary metabolites. The crude extracts obtained in these studies clearly indicated antimicrobial properties against the three tested microorganisms, and therefore there is need to determine the main active components for studies that may lead to the discovery of new natural drugs.
screening of selected marine algae from the coastal tamil nadu, southArual Rangel
This document summarizes a study that screened three species of marine algae (Sargassum wightii, Chaetomorpha linum, and Padina gymnospora) collected from Tamil Nadu, India for antibacterial activity. Various solvent extracts (hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol) of the algae were tested against 10 human pathogenic bacteria using the disc diffusion method. The acetone extracts of all three algae showed the highest inhibitory activity against the bacterial species. In particular, the acetone extract of S. wightii exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity of the algae tested. The results suggest that marine algae, especially S. wightii, show potential as
A comprehensive review on Polyalthia longifoliaLucyPi1
Abstract
Herbal plants act as a significant source for discovering new compounds with potential therapeutic activities.
Polyalthia longifolia, which is commonly known as an Indian mast tree, has various pharmacological properties,
such as an anticancer, ulcer protective, hypoglycemic, hypotensive, a corrosion inhibitor, a bio-adsorbent, and few
more. Moreover, it is known as false ashoka owing to its close resemblance with Saraca indica (ashoka tree).
Various compounds have been reported from the extract of some parts of the plant, such as leaves, bark, root, and
seeds. These extracts possess an ability to treat a number of human ailments, such as fever, ulcer, skin diseases,
helminthiasis, and cardiac problems. Studies performed on the leave extract shows evidence that some compounds
cause cell death in various cancer cell lines. The plant also has some biological applications, such as antibacterial,
antiviral, and antimicrobial, which makes it clinically significant and useful. This review is an effort to explore and
gather plant information in an organized manner. It reveals detailed information about the propagation, synonyms,
vernaculars, varieties of plant, medicinal significance, ecology and distribution, botanical and ethnobotanical
description, phytochemical constituents, and pharmacological activity of the plant.
Evaluation of phytochemicals and fluroscent analysis of flower extract of Cou...pharmaindexing
This document evaluates the phytochemicals and fluorescent analysis of flower extracts from Couroupita guianensis. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, protein and steroids in the flower extracts. Fluorescent analysis under visible light showed characteristic color changes with different chemical reagents. The results suggest the identified phytochemicals may be biologically active compounds that could justify the traditional medicinal uses of the plant.
Cucurbits are edible crops, belonging to the family Cucurbitaceae. They are climbers with reserves in roots and are distributed mainly in tropical zones. They are mostly moist vines and are distributed in both the eastern and western hemispheres. The member of this family are excellent fruit crops having most of the essential nutrients, vitamins and minerals required for the good health of humans. All parts of the Cucurbitaceae plants (leaf, stem, root or tuber, fruit and seeds) are used in the traditional system of medicine. Wide research is going on to search a new active compound and to analyze their medicinal properties. The present review of Cucurbitaceae family deals with the very large amount of updated information of scientific research and report in the field of phytochemistry and pharmacology. In this study, we have documented some of the important plants viz., Mukia maderaspatana, Solena amplexicaulis, Citrullus colocynthis, Citrullus lanatus, Coccinia indica, Cucumis sativus, Cucurbita pepo, Lagenaria siceraria, Luffa acutangula, Trichosanthes cucumerina, Corallocarpus epigaeus, Luffa cylindrica, Momordica charantia, Trichosanthes dioica and Kedrostis foetidissima.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This study explored the antibacterial activity of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Sphaeranthus indicus leaves against common human pathogens. The aqueous extract showed the largest zone of inhibition against Streptococcus faecalis at 25mm and inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus at 22mm. Testing was done using the filter paper disc diffusion method with concentrations of the extracts ranging from 20-60ul. The results demonstrate that S. indicus leaves have potential antibacterial properties and could be used as alternatives to common antimicrobial agents for treating bacterial infections.
Commercial Cultivation and Processing of MAP in MeghalayaSanjay Talukdar
Understood requirements from forest departments, village forest committees and other stakeholders, gathered information, researched, planned & designed the proposal for Forest Department of Meghalaya.
Secondary research, planning & designing the project which included the implementation plan, budgeting, feasibility study analysis.
Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Effects of Leaf and Root Extracts o...inventionjournals
Crotalaria brevidens (slenderleaf) leaves and shoots are used as food and have medicinal properties when consumed by human beings. It also acts as an agent in promotion of suicidal germination of striga, a parasitic plant that is a major problem weed for maize and millet growers. In view of its medicinal importance, and there being increased tolerance of many microorganisms towards known antibiotics, there is a need to establish the anti microbial properties of extracts obtained from its roots, stem, leaf and other body parts against pathogenic microorganism. Even though this plant is reported to have immense medicinal value in treating stomach related ailments, malaria and many other tropical diseases, before this study little was known about the antimicrobial potentials of its roots, stem and leaves against three candidate microorganisms namely; Candida albicans, staphylococcus aureus and E. coli. This study was thus initiated to investigate (1) the antimicrobial effects of slenderleaf on Candida albicans, staphylococcus aureus and E. coli, and (2) establish the presence of phenols, steroids, glycosides, saponins, quinones, tannins, terpenoids and flavonoids in its crude leaf and root extracts. The plant roots and leaves used during these studies were collected, shade dried and blended to obtain a fine powder. Ethanol was used as the solvent to extract the pure components by dissolving 25g of leaves and 6g of roots separately in 150ml of ethanol in each case. After seven days, the extract was filtered and the filtrate put in a rotary evaporator to obtain a pure solid sample of the extract. A stock solution was made with 3g of the leaf extract that resulted by dissolving in 40ml distilled water making a concentration of 75mg/ml. the stock was diluted to 3.75mg/ml, 11.25mg/ml, 18.75mg/ml and 37.5mg/ml as 5%, 15%, 25% and 50% respectively. A control with distilled water (0%) was used. This was then replicated thrice to minimize variability and arranged in a completely randomized design. The screening of antimicrobial activity of crude extracts was done by measuring the zone of inhibition using agar diffusion method. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means separated and compared using least significance difference (LSD) at (p<0.05). There was a clear zone observed around the discs impregnated in the extract and transferred to the inoculated petri dishes. High inhibition was observed on Escherichia coli at a concentration of 37.5mg/ml. phytochemical screening showed presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, anthraquinones, phenols, terpenoids and cardiac glycosides as secondary metabolites. The crude extracts obtained in these studies clearly indicated antimicrobial properties against the three tested microorganisms, and therefore there is need to determine the main active components for studies that may lead to the discovery of new natural drugs.
screening of selected marine algae from the coastal tamil nadu, southArual Rangel
This document summarizes a study that screened three species of marine algae (Sargassum wightii, Chaetomorpha linum, and Padina gymnospora) collected from Tamil Nadu, India for antibacterial activity. Various solvent extracts (hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol) of the algae were tested against 10 human pathogenic bacteria using the disc diffusion method. The acetone extracts of all three algae showed the highest inhibitory activity against the bacterial species. In particular, the acetone extract of S. wightii exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity of the algae tested. The results suggest that marine algae, especially S. wightii, show potential as
A comprehensive review on Polyalthia longifoliaLucyPi1
Abstract
Herbal plants act as a significant source for discovering new compounds with potential therapeutic activities.
Polyalthia longifolia, which is commonly known as an Indian mast tree, has various pharmacological properties,
such as an anticancer, ulcer protective, hypoglycemic, hypotensive, a corrosion inhibitor, a bio-adsorbent, and few
more. Moreover, it is known as false ashoka owing to its close resemblance with Saraca indica (ashoka tree).
Various compounds have been reported from the extract of some parts of the plant, such as leaves, bark, root, and
seeds. These extracts possess an ability to treat a number of human ailments, such as fever, ulcer, skin diseases,
helminthiasis, and cardiac problems. Studies performed on the leave extract shows evidence that some compounds
cause cell death in various cancer cell lines. The plant also has some biological applications, such as antibacterial,
antiviral, and antimicrobial, which makes it clinically significant and useful. This review is an effort to explore and
gather plant information in an organized manner. It reveals detailed information about the propagation, synonyms,
vernaculars, varieties of plant, medicinal significance, ecology and distribution, botanical and ethnobotanical
description, phytochemical constituents, and pharmacological activity of the plant.
Evaluation of phytochemicals and fluroscent analysis of flower extract of Cou...pharmaindexing
This document evaluates the phytochemicals and fluorescent analysis of flower extracts from Couroupita guianensis. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, protein and steroids in the flower extracts. Fluorescent analysis under visible light showed characteristic color changes with different chemical reagents. The results suggest the identified phytochemicals may be biologically active compounds that could justify the traditional medicinal uses of the plant.
Cucurbits are edible crops, belonging to the family Cucurbitaceae. They are climbers with reserves in roots and are distributed mainly in tropical zones. They are mostly moist vines and are distributed in both the eastern and western hemispheres. The member of this family are excellent fruit crops having most of the essential nutrients, vitamins and minerals required for the good health of humans. All parts of the Cucurbitaceae plants (leaf, stem, root or tuber, fruit and seeds) are used in the traditional system of medicine. Wide research is going on to search a new active compound and to analyze their medicinal properties. The present review of Cucurbitaceae family deals with the very large amount of updated information of scientific research and report in the field of phytochemistry and pharmacology. In this study, we have documented some of the important plants viz., Mukia maderaspatana, Solena amplexicaulis, Citrullus colocynthis, Citrullus lanatus, Coccinia indica, Cucumis sativus, Cucurbita pepo, Lagenaria siceraria, Luffa acutangula, Trichosanthes cucumerina, Corallocarpus epigaeus, Luffa cylindrica, Momordica charantia, Trichosanthes dioica and Kedrostis foetidissima.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This study explored the antibacterial activity of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Sphaeranthus indicus leaves against common human pathogens. The aqueous extract showed the largest zone of inhibition against Streptococcus faecalis at 25mm and inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus at 22mm. Testing was done using the filter paper disc diffusion method with concentrations of the extracts ranging from 20-60ul. The results demonstrate that S. indicus leaves have potential antibacterial properties and could be used as alternatives to common antimicrobial agents for treating bacterial infections.
Commercial Cultivation and Processing of MAP in MeghalayaSanjay Talukdar
Understood requirements from forest departments, village forest committees and other stakeholders, gathered information, researched, planned & designed the proposal for Forest Department of Meghalaya.
Secondary research, planning & designing the project which included the implementation plan, budgeting, feasibility study analysis.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
In vitro phytochemical, antibacterial and antifungal activities of leaves, st...PCSIR
This study investigated the phytochemical and antimicrobial activities of extracts from the leaves, stems, and roots of Adiantum capillus veneris. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and other compounds. Water, methanol, and ethanol extracts showed significant antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant bacterial strains isolated from clinical samples, as well as antifungal activity against medically important fungi. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy identified compounds such as aldehydes, amides, alcohols, and carboxylic acids in the extracts. This research concluded that A. capillus veneris extracts have valuable phytochemicals and significant
Evaluation of in vitro antibacterial activity of Caralluma lasiantha for scie...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Caralluma lasiantha is used as a traditional medicine in India to heal body
heat and inflammations. In order to find out a scientific validation for the Indian
traditional knowledge, antibacterial activity of C. lasiantha extracts was studied
against inflammation causing bacteria (viz., Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli,
Streptococcus Sp., Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae)
along with other Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Solvents with different
polarity were used for extraction from dry roots and stems. Minimum inhibitory
concentrations (MIC) were also studied. Differential antibacterial activity was
exhibited by extracts and higher inhibition potential against Gram-positive bacteria
was explained. The observed antibacterial activities were correlated with the chemical
structures of phytochemicals present in C. lasiantha. Anti-inflammation activities
are related to C. lasiantha extracts through their antibacterial activities.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Preliminary phytochemical analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of leaf extract...Jing Zang
Epiprinus mallotiformis (Muell.) is a tree belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae grows in the evergreen forests of the Western Ghats. The present study was performed to investigate the preliminary phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts of E. mallotiformis the powdered leaf materials was subjected to soxhlet extraction successively by using low polar to high polar solvents. The antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts was performed by agar well diffusion method. The preliminary phytochemical analysis shows the presence of Flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, steroidsand tannins. Among the extracts methanol extract shows the significant activity when compare to all the solvent extracts. The maximum inhibition was found in Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhifungi shows greater inhibition was found in Microsporumgypseum, Trichophytonrubrum, Chrysosporiummerdarium. The leaves of E. mallotiformiscould be used in the treatment of bacterial and fungal infections; the presence of various phytochemicals might be the responsible for these activities of the extract. Further studies on isolation of constituents from the extract and their biological activities are under investigation.
A B S T R A C T
The main objective of the present study is to formulate and evaluate a poly herbal ointment with antiseptic activity.
Ointments were formulated using methanolic extracts of Eclipta alba, Ocimum sanctum, Azadiracta indica and Achyranthes
aspera which were evaluated for its physicochemical property, antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Ointments were
prepared using different concentrations of the extracts such as 2%, 4%, 6% w/w by fusion method using emulsifying
ointment as base. Formulations were then tested for its physicochemical properties which gave satisfactory results. The
prepared formulations were also stable at 4ºC, 25ºC and 37ºC. Further, Polyherbal formulations were evaluated for its antibacterial
activity against Betadine (5%w/w) as the standard. All the formulations showed Predominant activity against
selected species. Formulations were also evaluated for anti-oxidant activity through reducing power assay, nitric oxide and
hydrogen peroxide scavenging method. The results showed that the scavenging activity of the formulations increased with
increase in concentration and this is due to the presence of flavanoids and tannins. The presence of both antibacterial and
antioxidant activity reveals that the prepared ointment can also be used for wound healing. Hence an attempt was made to
formulate a Polyherbal ointment, and to evaluate for its physical parameter, in-vitro anti-oxidant activity and to compare its
antibacterial activity with a marketed formulation (5% w/w Betadine).Overall result of this study reveals that this is an
effective Polyherbal antiseptic ointment.
Keywords: Eclipta alba, Ocimum sanctum, Azadiracta indica, Achyranthes aspera Formulations, Spread ability,
Extrudability
THE ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF DIFFERENT SOLVENT EXTRACTS OF LEAVES AND BARK OF ...adeij1
In this work we have find out the antioxidants activity of the ethyl acetate, methanolic and aquaous extract of leaves and bark of Baccaurea ramiflora (Lour.). The antioxidant activity of the extracts was measured by in vitro chemical analyses involving the assays of (1) Au nanoparticle formation potential (2) 1,1-diphenyl2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (3) ferric ion reducing power and (4) ferrous ion chelating activity. A simpler method has been created based on Au nanoparticles formation to assess the antioxidant activity of any plant extract. It was for the assessment of the antioxidant activity of all the extract of leaves and bark of Baccaurea ramiflora (Lour.). In all the assays, methanolic extract of leaves of Baccaurea ramiflora (MEBRL) and methanolic extract of bark of Baccaurea ramiflora (MEBRB) showed significantly greater activity over other extracts. This work provides a scientific support for the high antioxidant activity of this plant and thus it may find potential applications in the treatment of the diseases caused by ROS.
Caralluma lasiantha: A review on it’s vital role in Indian Traditional MedicineRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
Caralluma is a genus used as traditional medicine. Caralluma lasiantha is medicinally important due
to existence of pregnane glycosides, which may possess various biological activities. This article thoroughly
reviewed about the usage of C. lasiantha in traditional medicinal system, phytochemicals present in it, profile
identification studies, anti-hyperglycemic effect, antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities
Antihaemolytic, anti-lipid peroxidative potential by purified protease inhibi...Uploadworld
Protease inhibitor was isolated and purified from the fruits of Solanum aculeatissimum Jacq. (SAPI) via four sequential step procedures i.e., salt precipitation to sepharose affinity chromatography.
Aqueous flower extract of Tridax procumbens on the haematology/serum lipid pr...Innspub Net
This study is aimed at investigating the acute effects of aqueous flower extracts of Tridax procumbens on some haematological and serum lipid parameters at a dose of 100mg/kg/d in Wistar albino rats. Following a 7-day oral administration of the aqueous extract, haematological and serum lipid parameters were evaluated in the 10 Wistar albino rats. The rats weighed 187.7±28.49g and were randomly assigned into two groups (Group A: control and group B: 100mg/kg/d of extract). The evaluation was performed on fully automated analyzers (ERBA diagnostics) immediately after blood sample collection. The 100mg/kg/d of the flower extract caused significant increases in the levels of PCV, HB, MCH, MCHC, MCV and Platelet concentration (41.8±1.64, 13.64±0.41, 30.95±2.57, 32.99±0.67, 92.7±9.51 and 141.2±17.49 respectively) when compared to the controls which received no extract at all. The extract also caused reduction in the serum levels of Total cholesterol, Triglycerides, LDL and VLDL (134.68±5.21, 153.5±5.53, 45.5±7.19, 30.7±1.11 respectively). However, the extract produced a significant elevation in the level of the HDL (58.48±4.11). These changes suggest that flower extract has positive effects on the erythron of wistar rats, hemostatic and lipid lowering/anti-atherogenic properties. In conclusion, the flower extract can be exploited as a potential haematinic agent, haemostatic agent (for wound healing activity) and for its anti-hyperlidaemic/anti-atherogenic properties and thus can be useful for development of therapeutic agents in the prevention or management of diseases associated with haematopoietic and lipid disorders (such as anaemia, thrombocytopenia; obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus).
In vitro free radical scavenging activity of different extracts of Adansonia ...IJEAB
The species Adanasonia digitata L. (Bombacaceae) is a multipurpose tree with enormous range of medicinal and economic importance. The objective of the current study was to investigate the free radical scavenging potential of A. digitata. The methanol extracts of different parts i.e., leaf, seed, bark, fruit wall and floral extracts of A. digitata were screened for antioxidant activity using DPPH assay. Results from this study showed that the maximum and minimum percentage of free radical scavenging activity was exhibited by methanol extracts of seed and fruit wall (27.69 & 20) as measured by using DPPH assay. These results showed the antioxidant potential of this medicinal plant to make use in the preparation of drugs with free radical scavenging activity.
Value Addition of Nine Medicinal Plants in Arunachal PradeshSanjay Talukdar
Understood requirements from forest departments and other stakeholders, gathered information, researched, planned & designed the JFMC Proposal for Value Addition of Nine Medicinal Plants for Forest Department of Arunachal Pradesh.
Secondary research, planning & designing the project which included the implementation plan, budgeting, feasibility study analysis.
Effect of meal from the leaves of Manihot esulenta and Tithonia diversifolia ...Innspub Net
The leaves of Manihot esculenta and Tithonia diversifolia are valuable protein and mineral supplement for local chickens. The evaluation of the effect of the incorporation of meals from the leaves of these plants in the diet of the local laying hen on growth and laying performances, and quality of eggs was investigated. Fourty five hens and nine cocks local breeds were weighed and randomly distributed to three dietary treatments: RWL, RML and RTL which contained no leaves (control/RWL), meals of M. esculenta (RML) and T. diversifolia (RTL) included in the same proportion (7%). Each treatment was replicated 3 times in a completely randomized design. The hens were subjected to natural mating, eggs laid were collected according to breeding groups hatched and analyzed. Feed intake was comparable (p>0.05) between treatment groups as from the 4th week till the end of the experiment. Average daily gain and Laying rate evolved in a sawtooth-like manner regardless of the treatment considered. Hens fed RML recorded lowest (week 3) (p<0.05) and highest (weeks 6, 7, 12) (p<0.05) Feed conversion ratio. Hens in the control recorded higher (p<0.05) egg weight, egg shape index, width and laying rate but lowest (p<0.05) egg length. Fertility, hatchability, embryo mortality and chemical composition of eggs were similar (p>0.05) in all treatments. This study suggest that dried leaves of M. esculenta and T. diversifolia can be used as protein sources in local chicken feed during laying.
The Medicinal Plant of Mimusops Elengi (Sapodaceae) in Antimicrobial ActivitiesIJERA Editor
This document summarizes a study on the antimicrobial activities of Mimusops elengi, a medicinal plant from Tamil Nadu, India. Extracts from different parts of the plant were tested against bacteria and fungi. The key findings were:
1) Extracts from the leaves, stem bark, and roots showed inhibitory effects against both bacteria and fungi. Ethyl acetate and methanol extracts generally exhibited higher antimicrobial activity.
2) Against bacteria, leaf and stem bark extracts effectively inhibited the growth of Bacillus subtilis, B. thuringiensis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Root extracts were most active against B. thuringiensis and Escherichia coli.
3)
Isolation and Identification of Bacteria from Peeled and Ready to Eat Pineapp...YogeshIJTSRD
Pineapple Ananas comosus is an indispensible fruit that is cherished by many people due to its huge health benefits. It is peeled and sold in many markets and road sides for easy accessibility. The presence of bacteria in the peeled and ready to eat fruits was checked in this study. Peeled, sliced and cellophane packaged pineapple fruits were purchased from Eke Awka Market in Anambra State Nigeria. Nutrient agar was used to carry out bacterial isolation using pour plate technique. Results showed that colony count of the pineapple fruits ranged from 3.5 9.5 2cfu ml of the rinsed water. The isolates were identified on the basis of their colony and morphological features as well as biochemical and sugar fermentation tests. Gene sequencing was used to confirm the species of some of the isolates. A total of six bacteria species were isolated and identified with frequencies as Streptococcus spp 13.9 , Pseudomonas aeruginosa 22.2 , Staphylococcus aureus 25.0 , Micrococcus luteus 11.1 , Escherichia coli 19.5 and Staphylococcus epidermidis 8.3 . Staphylococcus aureus has the highest frequency followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Staphylococcus epidermidis has the least frequency. Almost all the isolates are pathogenic in nature and their presence in the consumable fruits indicates possible health problems to the consumers. The presence of E. coli indicates direct or indirect fecal contamination. Proper handling of pineapple fruits, hygiene and proper storage will help reduce the risk of contamination by these organisms. Umeh S. O. | Okafor O. I. | Chidubem-Nwachinemere, N. O "Isolation and Identification of Bacteria from Peeled and Ready to Eat Pineapple (Ananas Comosus) Fruits Retailed at Eke Awka Market, Anambra State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45050.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/45050/isolation-and-identification-of-bacteria-from-peeled-and-ready-to-eat-pineapple-ananas-comosus-fruits-retailed-at-eke-awka-market-anambra-state-nigeria/umeh-s-o
Standardization and Formulations of Calotropis ProceraYogeshIJTSRD
Plants growing in arid regions have elicited increased attention, because the hostile environment, in which these plants survive, forces them to develop chemical protective systems through adaptation which is rarely found in vegetation of other ecosystems. Furthermore, many of the plants grow in areas, where the dependence on traditional, plant based medicines over industrially produced pharmaceuticals persists to this day. The two plants, Calotopris Procera giant milkweed, also named C. Persica and Calotropis gigantea crown ower , have been used widely in traditional medicine in North Africa, the Middle East, and South and South East Asia. This has led to extensive research on the chemical constituents of the plants. Both plants are known to be sources of cardenolides, and newer research has yielded a number of interesting cancer active constituents. In addition, extracts of both plants have remarkable nematocidal, molluscidal and insecticidal activities. In many regions, the wood of Calotropis plants has been used as a building material and as a source of fuel. In addition, certain parts of the plants have been used as feed for livestock. In other regions, Calotropis plants are seen as invasive species that threaten local plant life and that due to their toxicity also pose a threat to grazing eld animals. Jaffar Khan | Pankaj Chasta | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kaushal Kishore Chandrul "Standardization and Formulations of Calotropis Procera" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45145.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/45145/standardization-and-formulations-of-calotropis-procera/jaffar-khan
Pharmacological activities of Andrographis paniculata, Allium sativum and Adh...Open Access Research Paper
Andrographis paniculata, Allium sativum and Adhatoda vasica are the three important medicinal plants in which it is used for daily consumption by the user especially in the rural areas. Not only rural people are seeking for the medical benefits from the medicinal plants but also urban people because trying to eliminate the side effects of synthetic medicine on health. Research using these three plants should not stop here and must be extensively employed by the researchers and try to get more medical properties which is useful for the public. Andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata is the active component obtained from the aerial parts of this plant, having very bitter taste. It is a bicyclic diterpenoid lactone with multiple pharmacological activities. In 1997, garlic (Allium sativum) was the most widely used natural supplement in US house-holds. Garlic was shown to be used more than twice as much as any other natural supplement. Extract of Adhatoda vasica leaves has been used for the treatment of various diseases and disorders in Ayurved and Unani medicine. The plant has been used in the indigenous system of medicine in India for more than 2000 years. Compounds which are present in the plant/s which when consumed it promote the health of the consumers although some studies suggest that consumption may lead to toxic effect but in general it is safe to consume moderately. In many literature survey, researchers are trying the best to overcome the bacterial resistance by isolating compounds from the medicinal plants (one of the method) due to the resistance of bacterias towards synthetic chemicals. Overally this proved the importance of the medicinal plants.
The document discusses the antimicrobial properties of Acacia nilotica plant extracts. It summarizes that phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of various phytochemicals in A. nilotica like saponins, terpenoids, steroids, anthocyanins, coumarins and tannins. Extracts of A. nilotica showed potential antimicrobial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria as well as the fungus Aspergillus niger, suggesting its extracts possess antimicrobial properties and could lead to isolation of novel compounds with healthcare applications.
Comprehensive report on phytochemistry and pharmacological prominenceRam Sahu
This document provides a comprehensive review of the phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of Withania somnifera. It discusses that W. somnifera contains several classes of biologically active compounds called withanolides that have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-stress properties. The review summarizes studies showing that extracts from W. somnifera roots and leaves have anti-diabetic, anti-arthritic, anti-microbial, cognition-enhancing, and adaptogenic activities in animal and human studies. The major active constituents in W. somnifera that are responsible for its wide range of medicinal benefits are steroidal alkaloids and steroidal lactones called withanolides.
Biopotential Features and Pesticidal Study of Cascabela peruviana, Nerium ole...BRNSS Publication Hub
To study the report, the different solvents of methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and acetone for Cascabela peruviana (C. peruviana), Nerium oleander (N. oleander), and Mimusops elengi (M. elengi) were used the experimental analysis in pest control of most dangerous notorious Lepidopteran pests of Spodoptera litura (S. litura) and Helicoverpa armigera (H. armigera). The antifeedant activity of C. peruviana against S. litura 98.6%, H. armigera 94.6%, N. oleander against S. litura 94.2%, H. armigera 90.8% and M. elengi against S. litura 92.8%, H. armigera 86.4%. Lethal concentration 50 (LC50) and LC90 values of C. peruviana against S. litura, H. armigera the values are S. litura (LC50 = 88.3 and LC90 = 204.91) and H. armigera (LC50 = 103.19 and LC90 = 232.10), N. oleander against S. litura (LC50 = 102.10 and LC90 = 228.01) and H. armigera (LC50 = 121.10 and LC90 = 254.69) and M. elengi against S. litura (LC50 = 120.55 and LC90 = 250.43). The oviposition deterrent activity of C. peruviana against S. litura 90.8%, H. armigera 86.2%, N. oleander against S. litura 88.6%, H. armigera 82.8% and M. elengi against S. litura 78.2%, H. armigera 73.6%. When same species it is proof that methanol extract of C. peruviana, N. oleander, and M. elengi plant flower extracts was most effective insecticidal activity of armyworm S. litura and pod borer larvae of H. armigera. Performance of maximum antifeedant activity, lethal activity, and oviposition deterrent activity recorded in the methanol extract of C. peruviana than could be utilized in pest control program.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
In vitro phytochemical, antibacterial and antifungal activities of leaves, st...PCSIR
This study investigated the phytochemical and antimicrobial activities of extracts from the leaves, stems, and roots of Adiantum capillus veneris. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and other compounds. Water, methanol, and ethanol extracts showed significant antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant bacterial strains isolated from clinical samples, as well as antifungal activity against medically important fungi. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy identified compounds such as aldehydes, amides, alcohols, and carboxylic acids in the extracts. This research concluded that A. capillus veneris extracts have valuable phytochemicals and significant
Evaluation of in vitro antibacterial activity of Caralluma lasiantha for scie...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Caralluma lasiantha is used as a traditional medicine in India to heal body
heat and inflammations. In order to find out a scientific validation for the Indian
traditional knowledge, antibacterial activity of C. lasiantha extracts was studied
against inflammation causing bacteria (viz., Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli,
Streptococcus Sp., Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae)
along with other Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Solvents with different
polarity were used for extraction from dry roots and stems. Minimum inhibitory
concentrations (MIC) were also studied. Differential antibacterial activity was
exhibited by extracts and higher inhibition potential against Gram-positive bacteria
was explained. The observed antibacterial activities were correlated with the chemical
structures of phytochemicals present in C. lasiantha. Anti-inflammation activities
are related to C. lasiantha extracts through their antibacterial activities.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Preliminary phytochemical analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of leaf extract...Jing Zang
Epiprinus mallotiformis (Muell.) is a tree belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae grows in the evergreen forests of the Western Ghats. The present study was performed to investigate the preliminary phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts of E. mallotiformis the powdered leaf materials was subjected to soxhlet extraction successively by using low polar to high polar solvents. The antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts was performed by agar well diffusion method. The preliminary phytochemical analysis shows the presence of Flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, steroidsand tannins. Among the extracts methanol extract shows the significant activity when compare to all the solvent extracts. The maximum inhibition was found in Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhifungi shows greater inhibition was found in Microsporumgypseum, Trichophytonrubrum, Chrysosporiummerdarium. The leaves of E. mallotiformiscould be used in the treatment of bacterial and fungal infections; the presence of various phytochemicals might be the responsible for these activities of the extract. Further studies on isolation of constituents from the extract and their biological activities are under investigation.
A B S T R A C T
The main objective of the present study is to formulate and evaluate a poly herbal ointment with antiseptic activity.
Ointments were formulated using methanolic extracts of Eclipta alba, Ocimum sanctum, Azadiracta indica and Achyranthes
aspera which were evaluated for its physicochemical property, antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Ointments were
prepared using different concentrations of the extracts such as 2%, 4%, 6% w/w by fusion method using emulsifying
ointment as base. Formulations were then tested for its physicochemical properties which gave satisfactory results. The
prepared formulations were also stable at 4ºC, 25ºC and 37ºC. Further, Polyherbal formulations were evaluated for its antibacterial
activity against Betadine (5%w/w) as the standard. All the formulations showed Predominant activity against
selected species. Formulations were also evaluated for anti-oxidant activity through reducing power assay, nitric oxide and
hydrogen peroxide scavenging method. The results showed that the scavenging activity of the formulations increased with
increase in concentration and this is due to the presence of flavanoids and tannins. The presence of both antibacterial and
antioxidant activity reveals that the prepared ointment can also be used for wound healing. Hence an attempt was made to
formulate a Polyherbal ointment, and to evaluate for its physical parameter, in-vitro anti-oxidant activity and to compare its
antibacterial activity with a marketed formulation (5% w/w Betadine).Overall result of this study reveals that this is an
effective Polyherbal antiseptic ointment.
Keywords: Eclipta alba, Ocimum sanctum, Azadiracta indica, Achyranthes aspera Formulations, Spread ability,
Extrudability
THE ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF DIFFERENT SOLVENT EXTRACTS OF LEAVES AND BARK OF ...adeij1
In this work we have find out the antioxidants activity of the ethyl acetate, methanolic and aquaous extract of leaves and bark of Baccaurea ramiflora (Lour.). The antioxidant activity of the extracts was measured by in vitro chemical analyses involving the assays of (1) Au nanoparticle formation potential (2) 1,1-diphenyl2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (3) ferric ion reducing power and (4) ferrous ion chelating activity. A simpler method has been created based on Au nanoparticles formation to assess the antioxidant activity of any plant extract. It was for the assessment of the antioxidant activity of all the extract of leaves and bark of Baccaurea ramiflora (Lour.). In all the assays, methanolic extract of leaves of Baccaurea ramiflora (MEBRL) and methanolic extract of bark of Baccaurea ramiflora (MEBRB) showed significantly greater activity over other extracts. This work provides a scientific support for the high antioxidant activity of this plant and thus it may find potential applications in the treatment of the diseases caused by ROS.
Caralluma lasiantha: A review on it’s vital role in Indian Traditional MedicineRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
Caralluma is a genus used as traditional medicine. Caralluma lasiantha is medicinally important due
to existence of pregnane glycosides, which may possess various biological activities. This article thoroughly
reviewed about the usage of C. lasiantha in traditional medicinal system, phytochemicals present in it, profile
identification studies, anti-hyperglycemic effect, antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities
Antihaemolytic, anti-lipid peroxidative potential by purified protease inhibi...Uploadworld
Protease inhibitor was isolated and purified from the fruits of Solanum aculeatissimum Jacq. (SAPI) via four sequential step procedures i.e., salt precipitation to sepharose affinity chromatography.
Aqueous flower extract of Tridax procumbens on the haematology/serum lipid pr...Innspub Net
This study is aimed at investigating the acute effects of aqueous flower extracts of Tridax procumbens on some haematological and serum lipid parameters at a dose of 100mg/kg/d in Wistar albino rats. Following a 7-day oral administration of the aqueous extract, haematological and serum lipid parameters were evaluated in the 10 Wistar albino rats. The rats weighed 187.7±28.49g and were randomly assigned into two groups (Group A: control and group B: 100mg/kg/d of extract). The evaluation was performed on fully automated analyzers (ERBA diagnostics) immediately after blood sample collection. The 100mg/kg/d of the flower extract caused significant increases in the levels of PCV, HB, MCH, MCHC, MCV and Platelet concentration (41.8±1.64, 13.64±0.41, 30.95±2.57, 32.99±0.67, 92.7±9.51 and 141.2±17.49 respectively) when compared to the controls which received no extract at all. The extract also caused reduction in the serum levels of Total cholesterol, Triglycerides, LDL and VLDL (134.68±5.21, 153.5±5.53, 45.5±7.19, 30.7±1.11 respectively). However, the extract produced a significant elevation in the level of the HDL (58.48±4.11). These changes suggest that flower extract has positive effects on the erythron of wistar rats, hemostatic and lipid lowering/anti-atherogenic properties. In conclusion, the flower extract can be exploited as a potential haematinic agent, haemostatic agent (for wound healing activity) and for its anti-hyperlidaemic/anti-atherogenic properties and thus can be useful for development of therapeutic agents in the prevention or management of diseases associated with haematopoietic and lipid disorders (such as anaemia, thrombocytopenia; obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus).
In vitro free radical scavenging activity of different extracts of Adansonia ...IJEAB
The species Adanasonia digitata L. (Bombacaceae) is a multipurpose tree with enormous range of medicinal and economic importance. The objective of the current study was to investigate the free radical scavenging potential of A. digitata. The methanol extracts of different parts i.e., leaf, seed, bark, fruit wall and floral extracts of A. digitata were screened for antioxidant activity using DPPH assay. Results from this study showed that the maximum and minimum percentage of free radical scavenging activity was exhibited by methanol extracts of seed and fruit wall (27.69 & 20) as measured by using DPPH assay. These results showed the antioxidant potential of this medicinal plant to make use in the preparation of drugs with free radical scavenging activity.
Value Addition of Nine Medicinal Plants in Arunachal PradeshSanjay Talukdar
Understood requirements from forest departments and other stakeholders, gathered information, researched, planned & designed the JFMC Proposal for Value Addition of Nine Medicinal Plants for Forest Department of Arunachal Pradesh.
Secondary research, planning & designing the project which included the implementation plan, budgeting, feasibility study analysis.
Effect of meal from the leaves of Manihot esulenta and Tithonia diversifolia ...Innspub Net
The leaves of Manihot esculenta and Tithonia diversifolia are valuable protein and mineral supplement for local chickens. The evaluation of the effect of the incorporation of meals from the leaves of these plants in the diet of the local laying hen on growth and laying performances, and quality of eggs was investigated. Fourty five hens and nine cocks local breeds were weighed and randomly distributed to three dietary treatments: RWL, RML and RTL which contained no leaves (control/RWL), meals of M. esculenta (RML) and T. diversifolia (RTL) included in the same proportion (7%). Each treatment was replicated 3 times in a completely randomized design. The hens were subjected to natural mating, eggs laid were collected according to breeding groups hatched and analyzed. Feed intake was comparable (p>0.05) between treatment groups as from the 4th week till the end of the experiment. Average daily gain and Laying rate evolved in a sawtooth-like manner regardless of the treatment considered. Hens fed RML recorded lowest (week 3) (p<0.05) and highest (weeks 6, 7, 12) (p<0.05) Feed conversion ratio. Hens in the control recorded higher (p<0.05) egg weight, egg shape index, width and laying rate but lowest (p<0.05) egg length. Fertility, hatchability, embryo mortality and chemical composition of eggs were similar (p>0.05) in all treatments. This study suggest that dried leaves of M. esculenta and T. diversifolia can be used as protein sources in local chicken feed during laying.
The Medicinal Plant of Mimusops Elengi (Sapodaceae) in Antimicrobial ActivitiesIJERA Editor
This document summarizes a study on the antimicrobial activities of Mimusops elengi, a medicinal plant from Tamil Nadu, India. Extracts from different parts of the plant were tested against bacteria and fungi. The key findings were:
1) Extracts from the leaves, stem bark, and roots showed inhibitory effects against both bacteria and fungi. Ethyl acetate and methanol extracts generally exhibited higher antimicrobial activity.
2) Against bacteria, leaf and stem bark extracts effectively inhibited the growth of Bacillus subtilis, B. thuringiensis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Root extracts were most active against B. thuringiensis and Escherichia coli.
3)
Isolation and Identification of Bacteria from Peeled and Ready to Eat Pineapp...YogeshIJTSRD
Pineapple Ananas comosus is an indispensible fruit that is cherished by many people due to its huge health benefits. It is peeled and sold in many markets and road sides for easy accessibility. The presence of bacteria in the peeled and ready to eat fruits was checked in this study. Peeled, sliced and cellophane packaged pineapple fruits were purchased from Eke Awka Market in Anambra State Nigeria. Nutrient agar was used to carry out bacterial isolation using pour plate technique. Results showed that colony count of the pineapple fruits ranged from 3.5 9.5 2cfu ml of the rinsed water. The isolates were identified on the basis of their colony and morphological features as well as biochemical and sugar fermentation tests. Gene sequencing was used to confirm the species of some of the isolates. A total of six bacteria species were isolated and identified with frequencies as Streptococcus spp 13.9 , Pseudomonas aeruginosa 22.2 , Staphylococcus aureus 25.0 , Micrococcus luteus 11.1 , Escherichia coli 19.5 and Staphylococcus epidermidis 8.3 . Staphylococcus aureus has the highest frequency followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Staphylococcus epidermidis has the least frequency. Almost all the isolates are pathogenic in nature and their presence in the consumable fruits indicates possible health problems to the consumers. The presence of E. coli indicates direct or indirect fecal contamination. Proper handling of pineapple fruits, hygiene and proper storage will help reduce the risk of contamination by these organisms. Umeh S. O. | Okafor O. I. | Chidubem-Nwachinemere, N. O "Isolation and Identification of Bacteria from Peeled and Ready to Eat Pineapple (Ananas Comosus) Fruits Retailed at Eke Awka Market, Anambra State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45050.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/45050/isolation-and-identification-of-bacteria-from-peeled-and-ready-to-eat-pineapple-ananas-comosus-fruits-retailed-at-eke-awka-market-anambra-state-nigeria/umeh-s-o
Standardization and Formulations of Calotropis ProceraYogeshIJTSRD
Plants growing in arid regions have elicited increased attention, because the hostile environment, in which these plants survive, forces them to develop chemical protective systems through adaptation which is rarely found in vegetation of other ecosystems. Furthermore, many of the plants grow in areas, where the dependence on traditional, plant based medicines over industrially produced pharmaceuticals persists to this day. The two plants, Calotopris Procera giant milkweed, also named C. Persica and Calotropis gigantea crown ower , have been used widely in traditional medicine in North Africa, the Middle East, and South and South East Asia. This has led to extensive research on the chemical constituents of the plants. Both plants are known to be sources of cardenolides, and newer research has yielded a number of interesting cancer active constituents. In addition, extracts of both plants have remarkable nematocidal, molluscidal and insecticidal activities. In many regions, the wood of Calotropis plants has been used as a building material and as a source of fuel. In addition, certain parts of the plants have been used as feed for livestock. In other regions, Calotropis plants are seen as invasive species that threaten local plant life and that due to their toxicity also pose a threat to grazing eld animals. Jaffar Khan | Pankaj Chasta | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kaushal Kishore Chandrul "Standardization and Formulations of Calotropis Procera" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45145.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/45145/standardization-and-formulations-of-calotropis-procera/jaffar-khan
Pharmacological activities of Andrographis paniculata, Allium sativum and Adh...Open Access Research Paper
Andrographis paniculata, Allium sativum and Adhatoda vasica are the three important medicinal plants in which it is used for daily consumption by the user especially in the rural areas. Not only rural people are seeking for the medical benefits from the medicinal plants but also urban people because trying to eliminate the side effects of synthetic medicine on health. Research using these three plants should not stop here and must be extensively employed by the researchers and try to get more medical properties which is useful for the public. Andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata is the active component obtained from the aerial parts of this plant, having very bitter taste. It is a bicyclic diterpenoid lactone with multiple pharmacological activities. In 1997, garlic (Allium sativum) was the most widely used natural supplement in US house-holds. Garlic was shown to be used more than twice as much as any other natural supplement. Extract of Adhatoda vasica leaves has been used for the treatment of various diseases and disorders in Ayurved and Unani medicine. The plant has been used in the indigenous system of medicine in India for more than 2000 years. Compounds which are present in the plant/s which when consumed it promote the health of the consumers although some studies suggest that consumption may lead to toxic effect but in general it is safe to consume moderately. In many literature survey, researchers are trying the best to overcome the bacterial resistance by isolating compounds from the medicinal plants (one of the method) due to the resistance of bacterias towards synthetic chemicals. Overally this proved the importance of the medicinal plants.
The document discusses the antimicrobial properties of Acacia nilotica plant extracts. It summarizes that phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of various phytochemicals in A. nilotica like saponins, terpenoids, steroids, anthocyanins, coumarins and tannins. Extracts of A. nilotica showed potential antimicrobial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria as well as the fungus Aspergillus niger, suggesting its extracts possess antimicrobial properties and could lead to isolation of novel compounds with healthcare applications.
Comprehensive report on phytochemistry and pharmacological prominenceRam Sahu
This document provides a comprehensive review of the phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of Withania somnifera. It discusses that W. somnifera contains several classes of biologically active compounds called withanolides that have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-stress properties. The review summarizes studies showing that extracts from W. somnifera roots and leaves have anti-diabetic, anti-arthritic, anti-microbial, cognition-enhancing, and adaptogenic activities in animal and human studies. The major active constituents in W. somnifera that are responsible for its wide range of medicinal benefits are steroidal alkaloids and steroidal lactones called withanolides.
Biopotential Features and Pesticidal Study of Cascabela peruviana, Nerium ole...BRNSS Publication Hub
To study the report, the different solvents of methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and acetone for Cascabela peruviana (C. peruviana), Nerium oleander (N. oleander), and Mimusops elengi (M. elengi) were used the experimental analysis in pest control of most dangerous notorious Lepidopteran pests of Spodoptera litura (S. litura) and Helicoverpa armigera (H. armigera). The antifeedant activity of C. peruviana against S. litura 98.6%, H. armigera 94.6%, N. oleander against S. litura 94.2%, H. armigera 90.8% and M. elengi against S. litura 92.8%, H. armigera 86.4%. Lethal concentration 50 (LC50) and LC90 values of C. peruviana against S. litura, H. armigera the values are S. litura (LC50 = 88.3 and LC90 = 204.91) and H. armigera (LC50 = 103.19 and LC90 = 232.10), N. oleander against S. litura (LC50 = 102.10 and LC90 = 228.01) and H. armigera (LC50 = 121.10 and LC90 = 254.69) and M. elengi against S. litura (LC50 = 120.55 and LC90 = 250.43). The oviposition deterrent activity of C. peruviana against S. litura 90.8%, H. armigera 86.2%, N. oleander against S. litura 88.6%, H. armigera 82.8% and M. elengi against S. litura 78.2%, H. armigera 73.6%. When same species it is proof that methanol extract of C. peruviana, N. oleander, and M. elengi plant flower extracts was most effective insecticidal activity of armyworm S. litura and pod borer larvae of H. armigera. Performance of maximum antifeedant activity, lethal activity, and oviposition deterrent activity recorded in the methanol extract of C. peruviana than could be utilized in pest control program.
This document discusses a study on the phytochemical constituents and physicochemical properties of Moringa oleifera plants around Bule Hora, Ethiopia. Researchers qualitatively tested Moringa oleifera extracts for various phytochemicals and quantitatively analyzed selected physicochemical properties. Phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, and steroid-glycosides were found in high amounts in the plant extracts, while anthraquinones, proteins, and fixed oils/fats were not detected. The study also measured moisture content, total ash value, saponification value, refractive index, acid value, and solubility of ethanol and methanol extracts. The results suggest Moringa oleifera contains active phytoc
Anti-Tubercular Activity Of Indian Medicinal Plants -A ReviewEmily Smith
This review article summarizes the anti-tubercular activity of several Indian medicinal plants based on previous literature. It describes the botanical information, chemical constituents, and pharmacological evidence for the anti-tubercular effects of Piper nigrum, Glycyrrhiza glabra, and Lawsonia inermis based on in vitro and in vivo studies. The review finds that these plants have compounds like piperine, glycyrrhizin, and lawsone that demonstrate inhibitory effects against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, suggesting potential as alternative treatment options for tuberculosis.
This document discusses several medicinal plants and their uses in traditional Indian medicine. It begins by providing background on India's rich history of using medicinal plants dating back to ancient texts from 1000 BC. It then describes 8 specific plants - Commiphora wightii, Bombax ceiba, Kalanchoe pinnata, Cissus quadrangularis, Convolvulus prostratus, Euphorbia hirta, Indigofera tinctoria, Plumbago zeylanica, and Barleria prionitis. For each plant, it provides the plant description, parts used, and traditional medicinal uses to treat various ailments. The overall document aims to highlight important medicinal plants
This document provides details about a study on the pharmacognostic properties and comparative anthelmintic activity of Calotropis gigantea. It includes an introduction discussing the historical significance of medicinal plants. The objectives and methodology of the project are to investigate the morphological, microscopic and preliminary phytochemical properties of C. gigantea leaves and compare its anthelmintic activity to a standard drug. The literature review covers previous research on the phytochemistry, uses and biological activities of C. gigantea and other medicinal plants.
Anti mdrsa activity of rhizophora apiculata and avicennia marina – an in vitr...pharmaindexing
This study evaluated the anti-bacterial activity of extracts from the leaves of two mangrove plants, Rhizophora apiculata and Avicennia marina, against 100 multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MDRSA) clinical isolates. Aqueous, ethanol, and methanol extracts were tested using agar well diffusion. The ethanol and methanol extracts showed high levels of anti-MDRSA activity against all isolates. The aqueous extracts showed low or minimal anti-MDRSA activity. The results suggest that ethanol and methanol are better solvents than water for extracting anti-bacterial compounds from the mangrove plant leaves against MDRSA.
Vegetable drugs used by traditional and indigenous communities to treat intes...Jefferson Lemos
Ethinobotanical studies are extremely important for the expansion and preservation of popular medicinal knowledge and the botanical species used for this purpose. In Brazil, the use of plants to treat parasitic diseases is very common in poor communities lacking basic sanitation. The objective of this work was to research botanical species used to treat worms, to identify the botanical families and plant structures most used by traditional and indigenous brazilian communities. For this, we conducted a literature review on the theme in brazilian scientific articles databases. Our results showed a greater representation of the Euphorbiaceae, Leguminosae and Anacardiaceae families, as well as that the barks and leaves are the most used structures. The results found serve as support for other studies in pharmacobotany and ethnopharmacology.
The study evaluated the antimicrobial activities of crude methanol extracts and partitioned fractions of four Bangladeshi medicinal plants - Abrus precatorius, Magnolia pterocarpa, Dracaena spicata, and Ravenala madagascariensis. Fractions from M. pterocarpa and D. spicata exhibited zones of inhibition up to 23mm and 18mm, respectively, against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The carbon tetrachloride fraction of A. precatorius showed the largest zone of inhibition of 15mm against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. R. madagascariensis demonstrated generally weak antimicrobial activity with zones up to 9mm. The results suggest that fractions
International Journal of Medicinal Plants and Natural Products Robin Wong
International Journal of Medicinal Plants and Natural Products (IJMPNP)
Watercress, as a Functional Food, with Protective Effects on Human Health
Against Oxidative Stress: A Review...
Rauvolfia serpentina l. benth. ex kurz. --phytochemical, pharmacological and ...Younis I Munshi
This document reviews the medicinal plant Rauvolfia serpentina. It discusses the plant's phytochemical constituents including various alkaloids like reserpine, ajmaline, and ajmalicine. The plant has traditionally been used in Ayurvedic medicine to treat hypertension, insomnia, and other disorders. Modern research has found it to have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and other pharmacological properties. The review examines the plant's therapeutic applications and need for further research on its potential as a natural remedy.
The document discusses drug discovery and development. It begins with definitions of key terms like drug, drug discovery process, and drug development process. It then describes the main stages of new drug development, including drug discovery, preclinical development, and clinical development. Specific examples of discovered drugs are provided, such as artemisinin from Artemisia annua used to treat malaria, and andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata which has anti-inflammatory properties. The biosynthesis process of andrographolide is also summarized. In conclusion, the document provides an overview of the drug discovery and development process from target identification to clinical trials.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Study on 10 Medicinal Plants in Sundarban Region, West Bengal, IndiaBRNSS Publication Hub
Modern approaches of ethnobotanical studies on various medicinal plants in Sundarban region are to
create awareness among the locality along with all over India. The aim of the studies of medicinal plants
will focus the cause and the help of treatment diseases. The investigation deals about 10 medicinal plants
which are used by local people throughout the Sundarban region. Ethnomedicinal plants information were
taken by the interview of ojha and local old villagers throughout the study period. In various villages of
this region, it is found that ethnobotanical medicinal plants are used to treat common problems (such as
injuries, stomachache, abdominal disorder, and skin problem). By the field visits and knowledge gather
from the villagers, the study is done to motivate further research on medicinal plants which may lead to
discovery of novel drugs in the fields of research and development study.
Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants Used By Malaiyali In Pachaimalai Hil...IJERA Editor
The selected study area in Pachaimalai Hills situated in Eastern Ghats of Tamil Nadu, India. The study was
aimed to document the traditional folklore knowledge of the local people about the use of different plants or
their products. A large number of people belonging to various Hindu Malaiyali groups or races were interviewed
during field trips and asked questions regarding the traditional use of medicinal plants. The data collected
reveals that about 61 plant species belonging to 38 families find use in day to day life including medicinal,
aromatic and cultural. The present study also details the herbal cures for different disorders, based on the
information obtained from local herbalists or traditional healers. Then collected the medicinal plants are
Enumeration of botanical name, Family, vernacular, common name and plant medicinal used. The common
diseases treated by the herbal practitioner were asthma, digestive problems, paralyzes, skin diseases, diabetes,
jaundice, fever, rheumatism, piles, stomachache and eye disease.
Hydroponic production of the medicinal plants Arnica (Arnica montana L) and T...AI Publications
For the treatment of chronic-degenerative diseases, the use of medicinal plants is an attractive alternative compared to traditional pharmaceutical drugs, the supply of this type of plants occurs in most cases by collection in the wild. Hence, the information available on hydroponic production for these plant inputs is scarce and little is known about their development under optimal and ideal conditions, different from their wild condition. The objective of the research was to evaluate the growth of Arnica (Arnica montana L) and Toronjil (Agastache mexicana) produced hydroponically under greenhouse conditions, for which two crops were managed, one with treatment and the other without it as a control, the first with hydroponics (inorganic substrate with nutrient solution) and the second, with organic substrate without adding nutrients. The experimental design was completely randomized with five repetition cycles per treatment. It was statistically proven that hydroponic production positively affected plant growth. In both cases, Arnica and Lemon Balm increased their growth and mass compared to the control by 36.5% and 38.4% respectively, the variables of dry and fresh weight followed a similar trend, being favored by the hydroponic culture with respect to the control; On the other hand, the yield of dry extract from a 20.0% tincture for both species were very similar in percentage terms, being slightly higher for plants produced hydroponically.
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali ...researchplantsciences
In the present work an attempt has been made to carry out screening for the preliminary antibacterial activity of different plants used by Sugali tribes of Yerramalis forest. Fifteen plants were selected for preliminary screening for their antibacterial potentiality, The antibacterial activity was done against four bacterial strains, viz., Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli,.The preliminary screening experiment revealed that methanol extracts were more potent than the aqueous extracts. The most susceptible bacteria were K. pneumoniae and the most resistant bacteria were E. coli. Bauhinia racemosa L. exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity.
Article Citation:
Khaleel Basha S, Sudarsanam G, Hari Babu Rao D, Niaz Parveen.
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali tribe of Yerramalais forest of Andhra Pradesh, India.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 027-031.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0003.pdf
Anti microbial activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of roots and leaves...SriramNagarajan19
Murraya koenigii, family Rutaceae, commonly known as Curry leaf plant is a highly valued plant for its medicinal value and characteristic aroma.The plant shows varied pharmacological activities like antimicrobial, antifungal,hypoglycemic,antiobese,antipyretic,hepatoprotective etc., The plant is a rich source of carbazole alkaloids containing mahanimbine as a major alkaloidal constituent in its major proportion which was proved by mayer’s alkaloidal test. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of roots and leaves of the plant were screened for antimicrobial activity for Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli.The antimicrobial activity was tested by diffusion assay method in which cup plate method was chosen. The study shows that aqueous and ethanolic root and leaf extracts possess remarkable antimicrobial activity when compared with standard cephalosporin. Thus,Murraya Koenigii shows tremendous antimicrobial activity with root and leaf extracts.
Similar to Pharmacological Review of Caralluma r.br: A Potential Herbal Genus (20)
Electrochemical study of anatase TiO2 in aqueous sodium-ion electrolytesRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
In this paper, a basic electro-analytical study on the behavior of anatase TiO2 in aqueous NaOH has been presented using cyclic voltammetry technique (CV). The study has explored the possibility of using TiO2 as anode material for ARSBs in presence of 5 M NaOH aqueous electrolyte. CV profiles show that anatase TiO2 exhibits reversible sodium ion insertion/de-insertion reactions. CV studies of TiO2 anode in aqueous sodium electrolytes at different scan rate shows that the Na+ ion insertion reaction at the electrode is diffusion controlled with a resistive behavior. Proton insertion from aqueous sodium electrolytes into TiO2 cannot be ruled out. To confirm the ion inserted and de-inserted, CV studies are done at different concentration of NaOH and it is found that at lower concentrations of NaOH, proton insertion process competes with Na+ ion insertion process and as the concentration increases, the Na+ ion insertion process becomes the predominant electrode reaction making it suitable anode materials for aqueous sodium batteries in 5 M NaOH.
Validated HPLC Method for Assay and Content Uniformity Testing of Roflumilast...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Roflumilast is a selective enzyme inhibitor of phosphodiesterase-4. This drug is recommended for treatment of patients suffering from
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determine the roflumilast in blend and tablets. The mobile phase consists of 10 mM sodium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate buffer
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Substrate Inhibition in Ruthenium(III) Catalyzed Oxidation of Propane-1,3-dio...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
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Ruthenium(III) Catalyzed Oxidation of Sugar Alcohols by Dichloroisocyanuric A...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
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Shift of Reaction Pathway by Added Chloride Ions in the Oxidation of Aromatic...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Role of added chloride ions on the shift of reaction pathway of oxidation of aromatic ketones (acetophenone,
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manifested from zero and first orders with respect to the oxidant in absence and presence of added chloride
ions, respectively. Positive and negative effects of acid and dielectric constant on the reaction rate were
observed. The observations deduce plausible mechanisms involving (i) rate-determining formation of enol
from the conjugate acid of the ketone (SH+) in the absence of added chloride ions and (ii) rapid formation of
molecular chlorine species from HOCl (hydrolytic species of DCICA) in the presence of added chloride ions,
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order of Arrhenius parameters substantiate the proposed plausible mechanisms based on order of reactants
both in presence and absence of added chloride ions.
Kinetics of Ruthenium(III) Catalyzed and Uncatalyzed Oxidation of Monoethanol...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
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concentration and decreased with an increase in the perchloric acid concentration. This indicates that free
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suitable mechanism consistent with the observations has been proposed and a rate law has been derived to
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A novel reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous det...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
In the present study 12 impurities of bisoprolol fumarate (BISO) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) were
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BISO and HCTZ have different solubilities and polarities, the most critical parameters in resolving the
components from each other are pH, temperature, and solvents. The method is precise (RSD < 1.0%),
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to 150%. The HPLC method is then migrated to ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) to
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The emergence of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) against first-line drugs and extensively drug resistant TB (XDRTB)
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Kinetic, isotherm and thermodynamics investigation on adsorption of divalent ...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
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aqueous solutions. Acid treated adsorbents were characterized by SEM, EDX and FTIR. Different factors effecting
adsorption capacity were analyzed and the effi ciency order was BSP>SSP>CFP. Based on the extent of compatibility
to Freundlich/Langmuir/D-R/Temkin adsorption isotherm and different models (pseudo-fi rst and second order,
Boyd, Weber’s and Elovich), chemisorption primarily involved in the case of CFP and SSP, whereas, simultaneous
occurrence of chemisorption and physisorption was proposed in the case of BSP. Based on the observations, it was
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diffusion and then establishment of equilibrium. These adsorbents have promising role towards removal of Cu(II)
from industrial wastewater to contribute environmental protection.
Kinetic, thermodynamic and equilibrium studies on removal of hexavalent chrom...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
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15 gL−1 and 5 gL−1 of CFP and SSP, respectively, at 60 oC with 20mgL−1 initial Cr(VI) concentration in solution. In both
cases of adsorbents, kinetic data of adsorption fitted well in pseudo-second-order in terms of correlation coefficient
(R2). This helps in proposing the process of adsorption as chemical coordination, which is correlated with the thermodynamic
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objective of the current study was to develop a short reverse phase chromatographic
method for the simultaneous quantification of PLX and its impurities, in an injection
formulation, to reduce the time required for these quality tests. Furthermore, the
present work describes the role of nonalkyl branched nonquaternary ion pair reagent
in improving the peak shape and reducing column equilibration time. The separation
of PLX and its related substances is pH dependent (optimum pH = 2.50) and was
achieved on an octadecylsilyl (C18) column. The method was validated for its intended
purpose in accordance with the current regulatory guidelines for validation. The
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Phytochemical Investigation of Caralluma lasiantha: Isolation of Stigmasterol...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
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Supercritical fluid (CO2) chromatography for quantitative determination of se...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
In the present study, two cancer therapeutic drugs (docetaxel and bortezomib) were separated from their
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The chromatographic separations were achieved on two short columns BEH-2EP (100mm 3mm, 1.7 mm)
and CHIRALPAK AD-3 (100 mm 4.6 mm, 3 mm) for docetaxel and bortezomib, respectively. The present
work describes the role of organic modifiers in the separation of polar compounds by supercritical fluid
chromatography. The two new methods were fully validated in accordance with the current ICH
(International Council for Harmonization of technical requirements for pharmaceuticals for human use)
guidelines. The stability indicating power of the methods was demonstrated from the stress studies
conducted on the injection formulations of the two compounds. The methods are precise with % RSD of
0.4, linear with the correlation coefficient of r2 $ 0.999 and accurate in the range of 50–150% of the
target assay concentration. The two methods can be equally employed for the assay determination of
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Quality-by-design-based development and validation of a stability-indicating ...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
A systematic design-of-experiments was performed by applying quality-by-design concepts to determine
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quadratic were used for statistical evaluation of experimental data using a Design-Expert software. The
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screening of suitable chromatographic conditions. During this process, various plots such as perturbation,
contour, 3D, and design space were studied. The method was developed through UPLC BEH C18
2.1 � 100 mm, 1.7-μ column, mobile phase comprised of buffer (5 mM K2HPO4 containing 0.1%
triethylamine, pH 6.8), and acetonitrile (40:60 v/v), the flow rate of 0.5 mL min 1 and UV detection at
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coefficient of 0.9999 and 1.000 for assay and dissolution, respectively. The recovery values were found in
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A convenient new and efficient commercial synthetic route for dasatinib (Spry...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
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Utilization of agro-waste for removal of toxic hexavalent chromium: surface i...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Abundantly available agricultural waste materials
(banana bunch, sorghum stem and casuarinas fruit) are
processed with negligible cost and are found to be highly
suitable as biosorbents for chromium(VI) removal from
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Hill–de Boer C Fowler–Guggenheim % Frumkin[Kiselev.
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two-parameter isotherm models (Harkins–Jura, Halsey,
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isotherm models (Redlich–Peterson and Sips) which are
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sorghum stem powder[casuarinas fruit powder in
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Novel Hybrid Molecules of Isoxazole Chalcone Derivatives: Synthesis and Study...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
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respectively.
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Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory projectSIVAVINAYAKPK
chemistry investigatory project
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Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.Gokuldas Hospital
Your smile is beautiful.
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“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Mo...Université de Montréal
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Montreal Expanding the medical model to embrace the humanities. Link: https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/-psychiatry-and-the-humanities-an-innovative-course-at-the-university-of-montreal
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Pharmacological Review of Caralluma r.br: A Potential Herbal Genus
1. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics • Oct-Dec 2018 (Suppl) • 12 (4) | S1146
Pharmacological Review of Caralluma
r.br: A Potential Herbal Genus
Sireesha Malladi1
, Venkata Nadh Ratnakaram2
, K. Suresh Babu3
,
M. Sreenivasulu1
1
Department of Science and Humanities, Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology and Research,
Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India, 2
Department of Chemistry, GITAM University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India,
3
Department of Chemistry, Mallareddy Engineering College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Abstract
In history, medicinal plants were proven as a source of active compounds with therapeutic applications, and at
present, they are an important collection for the discovery of novel drug leads. Caralluma is a genus used as
traditional medicine. The present article thoroughly reviewed about the classification of Caralluma into subgenera,
number of its species, its distribution in different parts of the world, and pharmacological activities exhibited by
different species of Caralluma.
Key words: Biological activities, caralluma, medicinal herb, phytochemicals
Address for correspondence:
Dr. Venkata Nadh Ratnakaram, Department of Chemistry,
GITAM University, Bengaluru Campus, Nagadenahalli,
Doddaballapur Taluk, Bengaluru – 561 203, Karnataka,
India. Phone: +91-9902632733.
E-mail: doctornadh@yahoo.co.in
Received: 08-06-2018
Revised: 07-12-2018
Accepted: 18-12-2018
INTRODUCTION
M
edicinal herbs are a versatile source
for therapeutic applications and play
a vital role in maintaining the proper
health as well as in managing various disease
conditions of both animals and humans all
over the world. India is one of the prominent
places for plant-based medicines in the world.
It is estimated that about 25,000 plant based
medical formulations are effectively used in
folk medicine. They are also known to be very
famous to rural communities of India. India
is a huge depository for the medicinal plants
that were became very popular in traditional
medical treatments.[1]
Several plant species are
used by the various systems of medicines such
as Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani to treat a range
of diseases.[2]
As allopathic medicines possess
toxic nature and side effects, the use of plant-
based medicine is becoming popular. This lead
to a sudden enhancement in the production of
herbal drugs.[3]
Plant-derived compounds are recently gaining
much interest due to their wide range of
applications.[4]
Medicinal plants become
a prominent resource of folk medicines,
food supplements, modern medicines, new
drug leads, nutraceuticals, pharmaceutical
intermediates, and chemical units for synthetic
drugs.[5]
A number of remarkable outcomes
were found through the usage of natural products to treat
diseases, most particularly polypharmacological applications
and synergistic effects of plant extracts.[6]
Botanists,
ethnopharmacologists, microbiologists, and natural product
chemists are investigating for new phytochemicals which
could be used in the treatment of different infectious
diseases[7]
specifically in the radiance of the emerging drug-
resistant microorganisms, and there is a need to develop more
and more efficient antimicrobial agents. The present article
describes about Caralluma genus and pharmacological
activities of its different species.
ASCLEPIADACEAE
Asclepiadaceae was considered formerly as a plant
family, but now it is constituted as a subfamily with name
Asclepiadoideae under Apocyanaceae family.[8]
The name
“Asclepiadoideae” is originated from the word “Asclepias”
which means milkweeds.[9]
Worldwide, Asclepiadoideae
subfamily includes 348 genera with 2900 plant species. In
REVIEWARTICLE
2. Malladi, et al.: Medicinal values of Caralluma species
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics • Oct-Dec 2018 (Suppl) • 12 (4) | S1147
India, Asclepiadoideae can be represented, especially, by
43 genera which includes 243 species. Of 43 genera, 5 are
endemic.[10]
CARALLUMA GENUS
Caralluma genus belongs to Asclepiadoideae and is widely
distributed inAsia (countries such asAfghanistan, India, Iran,
Pakistan, and Sri Lanka), Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Canary
Islands, and Southeast Europe.[11,12]
The word “Caralluma”
is originated from the Arabian word “qarh al-luhum” and
it means wound in the flesh or abscess.[13]
Caralluma is
considered as the synonym of Boucerosia, but both are
differing in floral arrangement.[13]
Caralluma plant species are
morphologically erect, creeping as well scrambling succulent
herbs with tetragonal branches.[11]
Certain Indian succulent
plants species containing very elongated flowering were
grouped under one genus, and it was named as Caralluma by
R. Brown.[14]
In 1834, Wight and Arnott[15]
divided the genus
Caralluma into two new genera Hutchinia and Boucerosia.
Boucerosia was characterized by the plant species with
flowers in terminal umbels and widely distributed in Arabian,
Indian, and Mediterranean areas of the world. Hutchinia
was characterized by creeping underground succulent plant
species and a few erect plant species containing flowers as
terminal umbels. All the genera were compiled under genus
Caralluma by Brown in 1892.[16]
More controversy was
created due to the addition of a number of similar succulents
in the same genus. Later, in 1895, Schumann[17]
divided the
genus into three subgenera such as Boucerosia, Lacruma,
and Eucaralluma (Caralluma). In 1990, the Caralluma
genus was again divided by Gilbert into four subgenera such
as Boucerosia, Caralluma, Desmidorchis, and Urmalcala.
Plowes[18]
divided the Caralluma genus into 17 genera,
and of them, only four genera (such as Apteranthus,
Boucerosia, Caralluma, and Caudanthera) are distributed
in India. The species of the genus Caralluma are included
under three subgenera such as Boucerosia, Desmidorchis,
and Urmalcala.[19]
In India, Caralluma exists in the form
of 12 species with seven varieties, in which 11 species are
mostly found in South India.[10]
Many taxonomists tried to
solve the difficulties in classifying different Indian taxa of
Caralluma but unable to clear the ambiguity.
Caralluma is one of the prominent genera and it grows well
in dry regions such as India, Africa, and the Middle East.[20]
In folkloric medicine, as well as in Unani and Ayurvedic
systems of medicine, the plants of Caralluma are being used
for the treatment of diabetic patients and rheumatism.[21]
Tribals consider some of them as food during famines[22]
and
also as a part of traditional medicinal system.[23]
In India and
Pakistan, Caralluma species have been used as emergency
foods for the past few centuries.[24]
A spectrum of biological
activities of Caralluma species can be expected due to the
existence of pregnane glycosides,[25]
stigmasterol, and other
phytochemicals in them.[26]
At present, Caralluma is gaining
much importance from researchers because it possesses an
array of immunostimulating activities due to the presence of
various phytochemicals.[27]
Caralluma acutangula
The results of Al-Faifi et al.[28]
revealed that alcoholic
extracts of C. acutangula exhibited excellent anticancer
activity on hepatocellular carcinoma cell and MCF7 (breast
cancer cell) when compared to standard drugs (Doxorubicin
and 5-Fluorouracil).
Caralluma adscendens
Uddandapu et al.[29]
studied about phytochemical and
antibacterial studies as well as physicochemical parameters
of C. adscendens along with 15 other medicinal plants.
Antimicrobial property of the methanolic extract of
C. adscendens was tested against four pathogenic bacteria
such as Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella
pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus and minimum
inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were also determined.
C. adscendens has shown comparatively good antimicrobial
activity against K. pneumonia and S. aureus. C. adscendens
was found to exhibit antibacterial and antifungal, where the
aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the plant were studied
against five bacterial strains (E. coli, P. vulgaris, Pseudomonas
aeroginosa, S. aureus, and Salmonella typhi).[30]
Polar solvent
extracts (ethanolic and aqueous) were found to be more
effective against E. coli and S. typhi, out of the tested bacteria.
On the other hand, no antifungal activity was observed with
both polar and non-polar extracts against the tested fungi,
namely Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, and Mucor.
Antioxidant activity or radical scavenging activities of
C. adscendens var. fimbriata extracts were studied against a
variety of synthetic and natural free radicals (trolox equivalent
antioxidant capacity, ferric reducing antioxidant power, total
antioxidant activity, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, OH˙, and
NO).[31]
The total phenolics and flavonoids were correlated
with antioxidant activity. Methanol and water extracts were
proved to contain strong antioxidant capability compared to
other extracts due to the presence of high flavonoids and total
phenol content in them. Based on their studies, these extracts
were suggested as an alternative to synthetic antioxidants in
nutraceuticals and food preparations.Antioxidant activity and
hypolipidemic activity of various extracts of C. adscendens
Roxb were studied by Tatiya et al.[32]
Butanolic extract of
C. adscendens Roxb had effectively decreased the blood
glucose levels in addition to the minimization of low-density
lipoprotein, cholesterol, total cholesterol/high-density
lipoprotein (HDL) and triglycerides and also improved the
HDL in diabetic rats which were used for test.
Hypolipidemic activity of the aqueous extract of
C. adscendens var. fimbriata in hyperlipidemic rats (induced
3. Malladi, et al.: Medicinal values of Caralluma species
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics • Oct-Dec 2018 (Suppl) • 12 (4) | S1148
by triton as well as methimazole) was studied by using various
animal models.[33]
In vitro anthelmintic activity of different
extracts of C. adscendens var. fimbriata against Pheretima
posthuma (Annelida) and Ascaridia galli (nematode) was
carried out by Noorulhuda et al.,[34]
and their studies proved
the presence of significant activity for the aqueous extract
of C. adscendens var. fimbriata in comparison with other
extracts. Significant antimutagenicity of ethanolic extract
of C. adscendens against the tested strains was reported
by Gowri and Chinnaswamy.[35]
Ames Salmonella histidine
reversion method was used to determine the antimutagenic
activity of C. adscendens (Roxb) in species of Salmonella
typhimurium (TA98, TA100, and TA153). A review on
C. adscendens Roxb phytopharmacology was carried out
by Tambe et al.[36]
Wound healing capacity of three different
extracts (using petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and methanol)
of C. adscendens (Roxb) was reported in rats by Tambe
et al.[37]
These studies were carried out using excision,
incision as well as dead space wound models. In these
studies, significant wound healing potential was observed
for methanolic extracts of C. adscendens with a high rate of
wound contraction.
Caralluma arabica
C. arabica was investigated for its antioxidant activity in
H2
O2
-induced rat liver containing oxidative stress. The
freeze-dried extracts were subjected to total antioxidant
capacity (TAC) as well as glutathione (GSH) assays under
the presence of H2
O2
(0.1%). Treatment with H2
O2
causes
in vitro oxidative stress, and it was evident from depletion
of GSH and decrease of TAC levels, but prior treatment with
plant extracts increased H2
O2
-induced GSH depletion as well
as TAC levels. Based on these results, it was concluded that
C. arabica may be used to minimize oxidative stress and its
corresponding problems in the human health.[38]
Antioxidant
activity, anticancer as well as anti-inflammatory potential of
C. arabica (for ethanol, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol,
and aqueous extracts) were studied by Khasawneh et al.[39]
In
these studies, ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts have shown
the highest antioxidant activity due to their high phenolic
content. Good anti-inflammatory activity as well as good
cytotoxic activity (against MCF7 breast cancer cell line) was
exhibited by ethyl acetate extract.
Caralluma attenuata
Mounika et al.[40]
studied the anthelmintic and antitubercular
activities of aqueous methanolic extract of C. attenuata
after preliminary phytochemical screening. Considerable
antitubercular activity and anthelmintic potentiality were
observed at 50 μg/mL and 300 μg/mL concentrations,
respectively. Kumar et al.[41]
investigated on antioxidant
effect and antidiabetogenic activities of ethanolic extract
of C. attenuata in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
C. attenuata was suggested as an antidiabetic agent because
its extracts were able to reduce the blood glucose levels.
In addition, an increase in food intake, body weight, and
glucose tolerance limits was also observed. Hypoglycemic
activity of C. attenuata in alloxan-induced white albino
diabetic rats was studied by Kalaivani and Hristy.[42]
Their
results have shown that there is a marked decrease in blood
sugar levels after treating with ethanol extract of C. attenuata
and also it has shown notable changes in the concentrations
of different biomolecules such as hemoglobin, insulin,
glycosylated hemoglobin, protein, hexokinase, urea,
pyruvate kinase, fructose 1,6 biphosphatase, and glucose-6-
phosphatase levels. Based on their studies, it was proposed
that C. attenuata extracts induce hypoglycemic activity in
diabetic rats due to suppression of gluconeogenesis as well as
stimulation of glucose oxidation through pentose phosphate
pathway. Antihyperglycemic activity of chloroform, ethanol,
and butanol extracts of C. attenuata on glucose-supplied
diabetic rats and alloxan-induced diabetic rats was studied
by Venkatesh et al.[43]
Butanol extracts were found to exhibit
significant antihyperglycemic activity.
Caralluma cicatricose
Hepatoprotective activity of methanol extracts of
C. cicatricose was assessed in CCl4
-induced liver-damaged
rabbits. C. cicatricose improved serum protein levels and
exhibited a dose-dependent reduction with respect to blood
glucose level, hepatic enzymes levels, and blood urea
nitrogen. From reports of histopathological studies on the liver
of rabbits, it is evidenced that there is a reduction in injury
induced by CCl4
. Based on their results, it was suggested
that C. cicatricose can be used as a natural hepatoprotective
agent.[44]
Caralluma dalzielii
Ethanolic extract of C. dalzielii was studied for ameliorative
effect in fructose-induced diabetic Wistar rats by taking five
groups of rats. The test was carried out using glibenclamide
as a positive control and distilled water as negative control.
C. dalzielii extracts notably reduced the total cholesterol in
Wistar rats.[45]
Phytochemical constituents and acute toxicity
of the alcohol extract of C. dalzielii were studied.[46]
Anti-
inflammatory and analgesic activities were studied in mice
and rats (chemical and thermal-induced pain models and
carrageenan-inducedacuteinflammation)usingtheseextracts.
Based on the results, it was concluded that these extracts can
be used in the removal of pain and inflammation.[46]
Caralluma edulis
Nutritional assessment and antioxidant activity of C. edulis
were investigated along with other plants by Shad et al.,[47]
and among the tested six plant species, comparatively
C. edulis was found to contain maximum antioxidant activity.
Ethanolic extracts of C. edulis were proved to possess a potent
4. Malladi, et al.: Medicinal values of Caralluma species
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics • Oct-Dec 2018 (Suppl) • 12 (4) | S1149
antidiabetic activity by the studies in diabetic rats induced
by streptozotocin.[48]
The extract has shown an increased
effect in cellular antioxidant defense mechanism to sustain
oxidative damage.
Caralluma europaea
Seventy-four volatile compounds (58 compounds are non-
aromatic and 16 compounds are aromatic) were isolated from
the essential oils which were extracted from stems and fruits of
C. europaea using hydrodistillation. These compounds were
found to possess antimicrobial potential against pathogenic
microbes.[49]
Headspace gas chromatography method
was used to determine the volatile components present in
flowers of C. europaea. Of the identified 41 compounds,
the major compounds are monoterpenoids (linalool - 18.4%,
α-terpinene - 19.1%, and terpinolene - 23.3%) and carbonylic
compounds (hexanoic acid - 1.7%, heptanal - 2.0%, and
octanoic acid - 2.4%) along with minor compounds such as
indole and dimethyl sulfide.[50]
Caralluma fimbriata
A study on quantitative and qualitative analysis of
phytochemical as well as nutritional analysis of the aqueous
extract of C. fimbriata was carried out by Padwal et al.[51]
C. fimbriata extract was proved to be very useful to prevent
and manage the oxidative stress in kidneys, based on the
evaluation of renoprotective effect of its aqueous alcohol
extracts on Wistar rats.[52]
Ethanolic extracts of C. fimbriata
were found to possess a significant antimutagenicity as these
extractsinhibitedthereversioncreatedbydirectmutagenssuch
as hydroxylamine, ethidium bromide, and sodium azide.[53]
S. typhimurium was used in these studies for determination
of antimutagenicity. Aqueous extracts of C. fimbriata were
found to be active against pathogenic bacteria (Bacillus
subtilis, E. coli, and S. aureus) and concluded that it can
be used to treat diseases such as diarrhea, throat, ear and
intestinal tract infections, skin diseases, and fever.[54]
Priya et al.[55]
proved the in vitro anticancer potential of
the methanolic extract of C. fimbriata against A549 lung
cancer cell line, and dose fixation was suggested to be above
100 μg/mL. A relationship between inhibition on growth of
cancer cell lines and dose/duration was established. A study
on antidiabetic and hepatoprotective effect was carried out
for methanolic extract of C. fimbriata in streptozotocin-
induced diabetic rats. The treated rats were recovered from
diabetic condition, hepatotoxicity, and renal toxicity. Hence,
the methanol extract of C. fimbriata can be effectively used
in the treatment of diabetes and its related complications.[56]
Effect of dry extract of C. fimbriata on appetite and lipid
profile was studied in Wistar rats nurtured with cafeteria/
hypercaloric diet. It was concluded that C. fimbriata can be
used in treating obesity as their dry extracts have effectively
reduced the gain in body weight and also alterations in
lipid profile in rats fed with cafeteria diet.[57]
Methanolic
extract of C. fimbriata was found to inhibit the hyperplastic
obesity.[58]
Antiobesogenic and antiatherosclerotic activities
of the alcoholic extract of C. fimbriata were studied using
diet-induced obesity rat models. An increase in serum
leptin levels was observed, and lipid profile alterations
with respect to weight gain were inhibited. C. fimbriata
was proved to be significant in suppressing appetite as well
as a potent antiobesogenic agent on rats fed with cafeteria
diet.[59]
A review on phytochemistry, traditional uses, and
pharmacological properties of C. fimbriata was carried out
by Devi and Dhamotharan[60]
and Naingade et al.[61]
Of the
three extracts (using solvents petroleum ether, chloroform,
and aqueous methanol) of C. fimbriata, high analgesic
activity was exhibited by aqueous methanol extracts when
tested against albino mice.[62]
Caralluma indica/Boucerosia indica
B. indica extracts were subjected to qualitative phytochemical
testing and antimicrobial screening. Polar solvent (methanol
and aqueous) extracts were found to be more effective
against the tested pathogenic bacteria compared to acetone/
petroleum ether extracts.[63]
Caralluma lasiantha/Boucerosia lasiantha
C. lasiantha (syn. B. lasiantha) belongs to the subfamily
Asclepiadoideae and its local name is Kundeti Kommulu
(in Telugu)/Sirumankeerai (in Tamil).[64]
Recent publications
report about its biological activities such as antibacterial,[65]
hyperglycemic,[66]
cytotoxic,[67,68]
antioxidant,[69]
and
immunostimulating.[70]
Its vital role in the Indian Traditional
Medicine was reviewed by Malladi et al.[71]
Caralluma nilagiriana
Chloroform,methanolic,andaqueousextractsofC. nilagiriana
were found to contain higher antimicrobial potential against
K. pneumoniae compared to other microbes (E. coli, S. aureus,
P. aeroginosa, and S. typhi) and even more than the standard
tetracycline. Similarly, the methanolic extract has shown
greater activity against P. aeroginosa compared to standard.[72]
Caralluma penicillata
In vitro evaluation of antileishmanial, antiplasmodial,
and antitrypanosomal activity of the methanolic extract
of C. penicillata along with other 24 medicinal plants
was carried out by Mothana et al.[73]
From the results, it
was evident that C. penicillata has shown a significant
antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum and
moderate antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma
brucei. Ethanolic extract of C. penicillata was evaluated
for anti-inflammatory activity as well as gastritis protection
5. Malladi, et al.: Medicinal values of Caralluma species
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics • Oct-Dec 2018 (Suppl) • 12 (4) | S1150
Name of the plant Biological activity References
Caralluma adscendens Antibacterial [96]
Antifungal [96]
Hypolipidemic [33]
Antimutagenic [35]
Analagesic [97]
Antioxidant and hypolipidemic [32]
Antibacterial and antifungal [35]
Wound healing potential [37]
Immunostimulating [70]
Anti-inflammatory [98]
Hyperglycemic [99]
Caralluma adscendens var. attenuata Antioxidant [69]
Antiadipogenesis [100]
Antiproliferative properties [67]
Immunostimulating [70]
Caralluma adscendens var. fimbriata Antioxidant capacity [31]
Antiadipogenesis [100]
Antiproliferative properties [67]
Anthelmintic [34]
Caralluma adscendens var. Gracilis Antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic [101]
Caralluma arabica Antioxidant [38]
Antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibitory [39]
Antigastric ulcer and cytoprotective [102]
Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory [20]
Antihyperglycemic [103]
Caralluma attenuata Anthelminthic and antitubercular [40]
Antidiabetic [104]
Cytotoxic [68]
Antidiabetogenic and antioxidant [41]
Hypoglycemic [42]
Hyperglycemic [105]
Antihyperglycemic [43]
Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive [21]
Caralluma cicatricose Hepatoprotective [44]
Caralluma dalzielii Ameliorative effect [45]
Analgesic and anti-inflammatory [46]
Antidiabetic [106]
Caralluma diffusa Cytotoxic [68]
Caralluma edulis Antioxidant [47]
Antidiabetic [48]
Antioxidant [107]
Caralluma fimbriata Antimutagenic [53]
Renoprotective [52]
Antimicrobial [54]
Table 1: Pharmacological activities exhibited by different species of Caralluma genus
(Contd...)
6. Malladi, et al.: Medicinal values of Caralluma species
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics • Oct-Dec 2018 (Suppl) • 12 (4) | S1151
Name of the plant Biological activity References
Atoprotective and antidiabetic [56]
Anticancer [55]
Antiobesity [57]
Antinociceptive [62]
Antiobesogenic and antiatherosclerotic [58]
Effect on food intake, appetite, and anthropometry [108]
Caralluma flava (Desmidorchis flava) Antiproliferation [109]
Antioxidant [110]
Caralluma russelliana Antitrypanosomal [87]
Caralluma stalagmifera Antioxidant [69]
Antiadipogenesis [100]
Antiproliferative properties [67]
Immunostimulating [70]
Anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic [111]
Caralluma stalagmifera var. longipetala Antiadipogenesis [100]
Antioxidant [69]
Antiproliferative properties [67]
Immunostimulating [70]
Caralluma tuberculata Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic [80]
Neuroprotective [112]
Antihypertensive [82]
Antioxidant [81,113]
Antifungal, antioxidant, cytotoxic, phytotoxic [86]
Phytotoxic and antioxidant [84]
Sedative, muscle relaxant, and antinociceptive [85]
Antifungal, antibacterial, and phytotoxic [114]
Antiproliferative [115]
Antiplasmodial and antitrypanosomal [87]
Anti-inflammatory [116]
Caralluma umbellata Nephroprotective and antioxidant [88]
Antibacterial [89]
Cytotoxic [68]
Antiadipogenesis [100]
Antioxidant [69]
Antiproliferative properties [67]
Nephroprotective [90]
Antioxidant [91]
Hepatoprotective [92]
Anti-inflammatory [93]
Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory [94]
Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive [117]
Caralluma lasiantha Antihyperglycemic [66]
Antioxidant [69]
Table 1: (Continued)
(Contd...)
7. Malladi, et al.: Medicinal values of Caralluma species
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics • Oct-Dec 2018 (Suppl) • 12 (4) | S1152
Name of the plant Biological activity References
Antiadipogenesis [100]
Antiproliferative [67]
Cytotoxic [68]
Immunostimulating [70]
Boucerosia diffusa Antiangiogenic [79]
Boucerosia indica Antimicrobial [63]
Caralluma nilagiriana Antibacterial [72]
Boucerosia truncato-coronata Antioxidant [78]
Antiangiogenic [79]
Caralluma pauciflora Cytotoxic,antimicrobial, and antioxidant [101]
Caralluma penicillata Anti-inflammatory and gastritis protection [74]
Antiplasmodial, antitrypanosomal, and antileishmanial [73]
Caralluma sinaica Anticancer and antifolate activities [76]
Antidiabetic [77]
Caralluma longidens Antimicrobial [95]
Caralluma quadrangula Antimicrobial [75]
Antidiabetic [118]
Caralluma negevensis Anticancer [13]
Caralluma acutangula Anticancer [28]
property against indomethacin in guinea pigs. The extract was
also tested for acute anti-inflammatory activity, and single
dose of extract was equally active as that of indomethacin
but shorter in time duration. Repeated doses of the ethanolic
extract of C. penicillata were reported as less significant
against chronic inflammation than indomethacin with respect
to ulcerogenic effect. At the same time, combination of
extract and indomethacin minimized the gastritis property of
indomethacin depending on ulcer index.[74]
Caralluma quadrangular
ExtractsofC.quadrangularhaveshownantimicrobialactivity
against four strains (P. aeruginosa, E. coli, Micrococcus
luteus, and C. albicans) but not against B. subtilis. Higher
activity was reported with acetone and ethanolic extracts
compared to the extracts using distilled water, ethyl alcohol,
Tris-HCl, and Zamzam water.[75]
Caralluma sinaica
Methanolic extracts of C. sinaica exhibited strong antifolate
and anticancer activities compared to the extracts of other
five plants studied by the authors. In vitro antitumor
activities were carried against human breast, CNS, and lung
cancer cell lines for all the six plants, whereas antifolate
studies were carried out using commercial dihydrofolate
reductase.[76]
Ethanolic extracts of C. sinaica have decreased
the blood glucose levels more significantly compared to
standard (glibenclamide) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic
rabbits.[77]
Boucerosia truncato coronata/Caralluma
truncato-coronata
Comparable antioxidant potential was observed for the
ethanolic extracts of B. truncate coronata plants cultured
both in vivo and in vitro.[78]
Extracts of B. truncate coronata
and Boucerosia diffusa were tested for antiangiogenic
activity using in vivo chick chorioallantoic membrane assay.
Ethanolic and chloroform extracts of B. diffusa have shown
high antiangiogenic activity, whereas methanolic extract
of B. truncato coronata exhibited good antiangiogenic
activity.[79]
Caralluma tuberculata
Hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effects of C. tuberculata
was studied with respect to the safety of the kidney and liver
of diabetic rats. No harmful effect was observed.[80]
Based
on significant effect on normalization of blood glucose
and good antioxidant potential in streptozotocin-induced
diabetic rats, C. tuberculata was recommended for
diabetic patients to suppress oxidative stress-instigated
complications.[81]
Antihypertensive effect of aqueous
methanolic extract of C. tuberculata was studied in both
normotensive and hypertensive Sprague Dawley rats.
Table 1: (Continued)
8. Malladi, et al.: Medicinal values of Caralluma species
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics • Oct-Dec 2018 (Suppl) • 12 (4) | S1153
A marked decrease in systolic blood pressure, mean blood
pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate was
observed at all doses compared to control in normotensive
models. Significant antihypertensive effect was shown in
hypertensive models. A high decrease in blood pressure
was observed in hypertensive models than in normotensive
models. Based on the results, it was concluded that aqueous
methanolic extract of C. tuberculata can be used as an
effective antihypertensive agent.[82]
Bibi et al.[83]
authored a review article on C. tuberculata.
Different extracts (using solvents such as n-hexane, ethyl
acetate, chloroform, and methanol) of C. tuberculata were
studied for phytochemical composition and, antioxidant as
well as phytotoxic potential. Methanolic extract was proved
to exhibit high phytotoxic activity, whereas CHCl3
extract
has exhibited good antioxidant potential.[84]
C. tuberculata
extracts were used to study sedative, muscle relaxant, and
antinociceptive activities. Chloroform and ethyl acetate
fractions have exhibited significant sedative and muscle
relaxationeffectscomparedton-hexanefraction.[85]
Significant
activities (free radicals scavenging, phytotoxic, antifungal,
and cytotoxic) were reported for the methanolic extracts of
C. tuberculata.[86]
Good antiplasmodial and antitrypanosomal
activities were exhibited by petroleum ether fraction of MeOH
extract of C. tuberculata, whereas moderate cytotoxicity was
shown by chloroform fraction of MeOH extract.[87]
Caralluma umbellata
Bharathi et al.[88]
reported significant nephroprotective
and antioxidant activities for the methanolic extracts of
C. umbellata.C.umbellataextractsfromnon-polarendtopolar
end (using different solvents such as hexane, benzene, diethyl
ether, chloroform, acetone, and methanol) were evaluated
for their antibacterial activity. Based on the antibacterial
activity of C. umbellata Haw against E. coli, B. subtilis, and
Bacillus cereus, the scientific basis for its use in the traditional
treatment of stomach disorder was explained.[89]
Total phenol content as well as in vitro antioxidant activity
of aqueous alcoholic extract of C. umbellata was studied
by Kumar and Sandhya[90]
and concluded that the presence
of phenolic content is the main reason for good antioxidant
activity of C. umbellata. In vitro antioxidant activities of
aqueous and methanolic extracts of C. umbellata were
also studied by Kalyani and Anuradha.[91]
Prevention of
lipid peroxidation and good scavenging activity of extracts
were reported. Hepatoprotective effect of C. umbellata on
acetaminophen-induced hepatic damage rats was estimated
and found to contain significant activity.[92]
Good anti-
inflammatory effect was reported for Carumbelloside-II
and III (from C. umbellata) and good anti-inflammatory
activity was also reported for Carumbelloside-II. The
traditional use of C. umbellata in healing of pain and
inflammation was substantiated based on these results.[93,94]
Caralluma longidens
Methanolic extract of C. longidens was evaluated for
antimicrobial activity against clinical pathogens, and MICs
were also determined. Of all the microbes, K. pneumoniae,
S. typhi, S. aureus, C. albicans, and Candida krusei were more
sensitive towards these extracts compared to others such as
Corynebacterium ulcerans, Proteus rettgeri, Pseudomonas
fluorescens, and A. niger.[95]
In continuation to the above pharmacological activity
collection, efforts of various researchers on their study
pertaining to different species of Caralluma are compiled in
Table 1.
PHYTOCHEMICAL AND
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES
Enthusiastic researchers in this field can extend their
investigation in relating the pharmacological activities
exhibited by Caralluma species to their corresponding
phytochemicals such as flavone glycoside, luteoline-4’
-O-
neohesperiodoside,[21]
pregnane glycosides,[101,118]
acylated
pregnane glycosides,[119]
acylated steroidal glycosides,[115]
and pregnane steroid.[120,121]
Advancement of new routes[122-125]
and novel approaches[126-133]
of synthesis are helping the synthesis of molecules of
therapeutic importance. However, researchers are striving
further due to resistance gained by strains toward these drugs.
Plant-based products are gaining momentum in the market
in view of the lack of any side products.[134]
Hence, based on
the screening of phytochemicals, they can be used directly
or new molecules can be produced using them as precursors.
CONCLUSION
Caralluma genus is a potential source for phytochemicals
with medicinal usage. Thorough literature collection shows
that few species are explored for pharmacological activities so
far. However, many other species (such as Caralluma flava,
Caralluma negevensis, Caralluma pauciflora, Caralluma
retrospiciens, Caralluma russeliana, and Caralluma
wissmannii) have to be further explored.
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Source of Support: Nil. Conflict of Interest: None declared.