This document provides an introduction to pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. It discusses the four main processes of pharmacokinetics - absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion - and describes factors that influence each one. Absorption mechanisms like passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion and active transport are explained. The document also covers pharmacodynamics, including the basic types of drug action and the main mechanisms of drug action like receptors, enzymes, ion channels and transporters.
Drug Distribution & Factors Affecting DistributionVijay Kevlani
To have the full content of slide, kindly download it and convert it to ppt form.
Drug distribution is the process by which a drug reversibly leaves the bloodstream and enters the interstitium (extracellular fluid) and/or the cells of the tissues.
The slides describe concept of distribution, Volume of distribution, factors affecting volume of distribution and the barriers to distribution. Blood brain barrier and placental barrier.
General pharmacology Diploma in pharmacy second year YogeshShelake
The General pharmacology ,Toxicology & Pharmacotherapeutics
To Undastanding the general pharmacology & Definitions of PHARMACODYNAMECIS ,PHARMACOKINITICS (Absorbation,Distribution,Metabolism,Excreation )Pharmacology ,Toxicology ,Pharmacotherapeutic ,
Advantages of Routs of Administration & Their Disadvantages
Factors affecting of absorpation ,excreation of drug,factor modifing deug action
chap no 1 INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY 1.pptxMahnoorFatima92
I am Mahnoor Fatima ,I am nursing personnel and currently working as an instructor in Pakistan ,Most of the time when i search of qualitative or HEC based course ,i get disappointed so then i tried myself to make my own nursing concerned HEC based content presentation. I hope it would be help full to all nursing undergraduates, Thank You!!
as nursing encompasses autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families, groups and communities, sick or well and in all settings. It includes the promotion of health, the prevention of illness, and the care of ill, disabled and dying people. So, it's important to have a vast knowledge about different disciplines. While I discuss about the Pharmacology which is the scientific study of the effects of drugs and chemicals on living organisms where a drug can be broadly defined as any chemical substance, natural or synthetic, which affects a biological system. Pharmacology in nursing is important to know because nurses have to deal the patient in IU,WARDS by the administration of accurate doses.
Drug Distribution & Factors Affecting DistributionVijay Kevlani
To have the full content of slide, kindly download it and convert it to ppt form.
Drug distribution is the process by which a drug reversibly leaves the bloodstream and enters the interstitium (extracellular fluid) and/or the cells of the tissues.
The slides describe concept of distribution, Volume of distribution, factors affecting volume of distribution and the barriers to distribution. Blood brain barrier and placental barrier.
General pharmacology Diploma in pharmacy second year YogeshShelake
The General pharmacology ,Toxicology & Pharmacotherapeutics
To Undastanding the general pharmacology & Definitions of PHARMACODYNAMECIS ,PHARMACOKINITICS (Absorbation,Distribution,Metabolism,Excreation )Pharmacology ,Toxicology ,Pharmacotherapeutic ,
Advantages of Routs of Administration & Their Disadvantages
Factors affecting of absorpation ,excreation of drug,factor modifing deug action
chap no 1 INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY 1.pptxMahnoorFatima92
I am Mahnoor Fatima ,I am nursing personnel and currently working as an instructor in Pakistan ,Most of the time when i search of qualitative or HEC based course ,i get disappointed so then i tried myself to make my own nursing concerned HEC based content presentation. I hope it would be help full to all nursing undergraduates, Thank You!!
as nursing encompasses autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families, groups and communities, sick or well and in all settings. It includes the promotion of health, the prevention of illness, and the care of ill, disabled and dying people. So, it's important to have a vast knowledge about different disciplines. While I discuss about the Pharmacology which is the scientific study of the effects of drugs and chemicals on living organisms where a drug can be broadly defined as any chemical substance, natural or synthetic, which affects a biological system. Pharmacology in nursing is important to know because nurses have to deal the patient in IU,WARDS by the administration of accurate doses.
The Topic PHARMACOKINETICS & METABOLISM gives you detail information about (1st pass metabolism of drug, organs & enzymes involed in drug metabolism, All Phases of Drug) & All you need to know about BIO-TRANSFORMATION.
Pharmacokinetics is the study of the movement of drug molecules in the body. It includes absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs. Pharmacokinetics is the study of what happens to drugs once they enter the body (the movement of the drugs into, within, and out of the body). For a drug to produce its specific response, it should be present in adequate concentrations at the site of action. This depends on various factors apart from the dose.
Four pharmacokinetic properties determine the onset, intensity, and the duration of drug action (Figure 1.6.1):
• Absorption: First, absorption from the site of administration permits entry of the drug (either directly or indirectly) into plasma.
• Distribution: Second, the drug may then reversibly leave the bloodstream and distribute it into the interstitial and intracellular fluids.
• Metabolism: Third, the drug may be biotransformed by metabolism by the liver or other tissues.
• Elimination: Finally, the drug and its metabolites are eliminated from the body in urine, bile, or feces.
In short, pharmacokinetics means what the body does to the drug.
This is an introduction to Pharmacology, which is very helpful for nursing students. This presentation tells about classification, sources, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of drugs.
The endocrine system is composed of organs positioned throughout the body in widely separated locations. Endocrinology is the study of the structure and functioning of the endocrine system.
The Topic PHARMACOKINETICS & METABOLISM gives you detail information about (1st pass metabolism of drug, organs & enzymes involed in drug metabolism, All Phases of Drug) & All you need to know about BIO-TRANSFORMATION.
Pharmacokinetics is the study of the movement of drug molecules in the body. It includes absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs. Pharmacokinetics is the study of what happens to drugs once they enter the body (the movement of the drugs into, within, and out of the body). For a drug to produce its specific response, it should be present in adequate concentrations at the site of action. This depends on various factors apart from the dose.
Four pharmacokinetic properties determine the onset, intensity, and the duration of drug action (Figure 1.6.1):
• Absorption: First, absorption from the site of administration permits entry of the drug (either directly or indirectly) into plasma.
• Distribution: Second, the drug may then reversibly leave the bloodstream and distribute it into the interstitial and intracellular fluids.
• Metabolism: Third, the drug may be biotransformed by metabolism by the liver or other tissues.
• Elimination: Finally, the drug and its metabolites are eliminated from the body in urine, bile, or feces.
In short, pharmacokinetics means what the body does to the drug.
This is an introduction to Pharmacology, which is very helpful for nursing students. This presentation tells about classification, sources, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of drugs.
The endocrine system is composed of organs positioned throughout the body in widely separated locations. Endocrinology is the study of the structure and functioning of the endocrine system.
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamic- General Pharmacology Ravinandan A PRavinandan A P
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamic- General Pharmacology Ravinandan A P - 2. Delivered a guest lecturer on “Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics” in Continuing Medical Education (CME) program, organized by Taluk Doctor’s Association Chalkere Taluk, Chitradurga District, Karnataka on 28th Sep 2010.
Pharmacokinetics (PK) is the study of how the body interacts with administered substances for the entire duration of exposure (medications for the sake of this article). This is closely related to but distinctly different from pharmacodynamics, which examines the drug’s effect on the body more closely. The four main parameters generally examined by this field include absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). Wielding an understanding of these processes allows practitioners the flexibility to prescribe and administer medications that will provide the greatest benefit at the lowest risk and allow them to make adjustments as necessary, given the varied physiology and lifestyles of patients.
When a provider prescribes medication, it is with the ultimate goal of a therapeutic outcome while minimizing adverse reactions. A thorough understanding of pharmacokinetics is essential in building treatment plans involving medications. Pharmacokinetics, as a field, attempts to summarize the movement of drugs throughout the body and the actions of the body on the drug. By using the above terms, theories, and equations, practitioners can better estimate the locations and concentrations of a drug in different areas of the body.
The appropriate concentration needed to obtain the desired effect and the amount needed for a higher chance of adverse reactions is determined through laboratory testing. Using the equations given above, a clinician can easily estimate safe medication dosing over a period of time and how long it will take for a medication to leave a patient’s system. These are, however, statistically-based estimations, influenced by differences in the drug dosage form and patient pathophysiology. This is why a deep understanding of these concepts is essential in medical practice so that improvisation is possible when the clinical situation requires it.
Introduction of Veterinary pharmacologyQaline Giigii
this course of Introduction of veterinary pharacology was presented by Dr. Osman Abdulahi Farah
Osman Shiine
at Gollis University faculty of Veterinary Medicine
2014
Introduction of Veterinary pharmacology Somaliland Dr.Osman Abdulahi FarahQaline Giigii
This course was prepared by Dr.Osman Abdulahi Farah
Cismaan shiine Lecturer of Gollis University Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine 2014
The main content of this course including introduction of Veterinary Pharmacology, division of pharmacology and list of terms of terminology about veterinay pharmacology
This presentation provides a basic understanding of Rational use of medicines, it's significance, hazards of irrational drug used, factors contributing to irrational drug use, etc.
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Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
2. PHARMACOKINETICS
PK refers to what body does to drug(s) when
administered, i.e. effect of the body on the drug
In other words, it is the kinetics (movement) of
drugs in the body
Consists of four (4) processes
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
2
3. ABSORPTION
Defined as the movement of drug from the site
of administration to the bloodstream
Sites of drug absorption include stomach, small
and large intestines, alveolar surface, skin
The rate and extent of absorption depend on
Environment where the drug is absorbed
Chemical characteristics of the drug, and
Route of administration (which influences
bioavailability)
3
4. Mechanisms of Drug Absorption
Simple (Passive) diffusion
From high concentration to low concentration
(along concentration gradient)
Energy and carrier not needed
The driving force is the concentration gradient
Majority of drugs are absorbed by this mechanism
4
5. Facilitated diffusion
From high conc. to low concentration (along
concentration gradient)
No energy is needed
Carrier proteins are required
They facilitate the passage or large molecules
These carrier proteins undergo conformational changes,
allowing the passage of drugs into the cell
Transport may be inhibited by compounds that compete
for the same carrier proteins
5
6. Active transport
From low concentration to high concentration
(against concentration gradient)
Need specific carrier proteins
Need energy
Endocytosis and Exocytosis
These transport drugs with exceptionally large size
across the cell membrane
Endocytosis: engulfment of drugs by the cell
membrane and transport into the cell by pinching
off the drug-filled vesicle
Exocytosis: is the reverse of endocytosis
6
7. Factors Affecting Absorption
Patient-related factors
Routes of administration
Total surface area available for absorption
Increase surface area → increase absorption
Blood flow to the absorption site
Increase blood flow → increase absorption
Contact time at the absorption site
Increase contact time → increase absorption
Presence of other drugs
Ca2+ (from milk) → decrease absorption of tetracycline
7
8. Factors Affecting Absorption…
Drug-related factors
Disintegration and dissolution time
Lipid solubility
High lipid soluble drugs → high absorption
Ionization
Unionized drugs → high absorption
Valency
Ferrous iron (Fe2+) absorbed more than ferric iron (Fe3+)
Dosage forms
Solution > suspension > tablet
pH of the medium and pKa of the drug
8
9. DISTRIBUTION
Is the transfer of drugs from the bloodstream
into the tissues
The distribution of drugs depends on:
Blood flow
Capillary permeability
Binding of drugs to plasma proteins
Lipophilicity
9
10. 10
The conversion of drug from nonpolar (lipid-
soluble) compounds to polar (lipid insoluble) so
that they can be easily excreted
The primary site for drug metabolism is liver;
others are kidney, intestine, lungs and plasma
Objectives
Activation of pro-drugs.
Inactivation and elimination of drugs
METABOLISM
(Biotransformation)
11. Classification
Nonsynthetic/Phase I reactions
Converts lipophilic drugs into more polar molecules
by introducing or unmasking a polar functional
group such as –OH or –NH2
Involves
Oxidation
Reduction
Hydrolysis
Metabolites could be less active, more active or even
toxic
11
12. Synthetic/Conjugation/Phase II reactions
This phase consists of conjugation reactions
If the metabolite from phase I metabolism is
sufficiently polar, it can be excreted by the kidneys
However, many phase I metabolites are still too
lipophilic to be excreted
A subsequent conjugation reaction with an
endogenous substrate, such as glucuronic acid,
sulphuric acid, acetic acid, or an amino acid, results
in polar, usually more water-soluble compounds that
are often therapeutically inactive.
Conjugation reactions have high energy requirement
12
13. 13
NOTE:
All these reactions are to convert the drug from
lipid soluble (nonpolar, unionized ) to more water
soluble (polar, ionized).
15. 15
Drug Excretion
• Process by which drugs and/or metabolites are
irreversibly transferred to the external environ
• Most drugs are excreted in urine either as
unchanged drugs and/or drug metabolites
• Primarily in the kidneys but also takes place in
lungs, biliary system, GIT & skin
16. Types of Excretion
Renal Excretion
Via the kidney
Primary route of drug excretion
Non-renal Excretion
Other routes outside kidney
Biliary excretion
Pulmonary excretion
Salivary excretion
Mammary excretion
Dermal excretion
16
18. 18
Pharmacodynamics is the study of drug effects.
It starts with describing what the drugs do, and
goes on to explain how they do it.
Thus, it attempts to elucidate the complete
action-effect sequence and the dose-effect
relationship.
It provides fundamental insights into
biochemical and physiological regulation.
Modification of the action of one drug by
another drug is also an aspect of
pharmacodynamics.
19. 19
PRINCIPLES OF DRUG ACTION
Drugs (except those gene based) do not impart
new functions to any system, organ or cell; they
only alter the pace of on going activity
However, this alone can have profound
medicinal as well as toxicological impact.
20. 20
The basic types of drug action can be broadly
classed as:
Stimulation: It refers to selective enhancement
of the level of activity of specialized cells, e.g.
adrenaline stimulates heart.
Depression: It means selective diminution of
activity of specialized cells, e.g. omeprazole
depresses gastric acid secretion.
21. 21
Replacement: This refers to the use of natural
metabolites, hormones or their congeners in
deficiency states, e.g. insulin in diabetes mellitus,
iron in anaemia.
Cytotoxic action: Selective cytotoxic action on
invading parasites or cancer cells, attenuating
them without significantly affecting the host
cells is utilized for cure/palliation of infections
and neoplasms.
22. 22
Majority of drugs produce their effects by
interacting with a discrete target biomolecule,
which usually is a protein.
Such mechanism confers selectivity of action to
the drug.
Functional proteins that are targets of drug
action can be grouped into four major
categories, viz. receptors, enzymes, ion channels
and transporters.
MECHANISM OF DRUG ACTION
23. RECEPTORS
Macromolecules that serve to recognize the
signal molecule/drug and initiate the response to
it, but itself has no other function.
May be cell surface or nuclear receptors
Usually protein in nature, specific and have
affinity
Receptors serve two essential functions, viz,
recognition of the specific ligand molecule and
transduction of the signal into a response.
23
24. 24
The following terms are used in describing drug-
receptor interaction:
Agonist: An agent which activates a receptor to
produce an effect similar to that of the
physiological signal molecule.
Partial agonist: An agent which activates a
receptor to produce submaximal effect but
antagonizes the action of a full agonist.
Drug – Receptor Interactions
25. 25
Inverse agonist: An agent which activates a
receptor to produce an effect in the opposite
direction to that of the agonist.
Antagonist: An agent which prevents the action
of an agonist on a receptor or the subsequent
response, but does not have any effect of its
own.
27. 27
ENZYMES
Common drug target, next to receptors
Enzymes are involve in biosynthesis
Some drugs bind to enzymes and inhibit their
activities.
Loss of product due to the inhibition mediates
the effects of the drug
Few drugs also activate enzymes
Nitroglycerin (Guanylyl cyclase)
Pralidoxime (cholinesterase)
29. ION CHANNELS
Proteins which act as ion selective channels
participate in transmembrane signalling and
regulate intracellular ionic composition
Thus, certain drugs modulate opening and
closing of the channels
This makes them a common target of drug
action
29
30. 30
Channel Drug
Ca channel blocker Verapamil
Amlodipine
Diltiazem
Na channel blocker Lidocaine
Amiodarone
K Channel activator Minoxidil
Cl channel activator Alprazolam
31. TRANSPORTERS
Several substrates are translocated across
membranes by binding to specific transporters
(carriers) which either facilitate diffusion in the
direction of the concentration gradient or pump
the metabolite/ion against the concentration
gradient
Many drugs produce their action by directly
interacting with the solute carrier (SLC) class of
transporter proteins to inhibit the on going
physiological transport of the metabolite/ion.
31
33. Unconventional Mechanisms
Being nutrients e.g. vitamins and minerals
Being antigens e.g. vaccines
Being Enzymes e.g. streptokinase for
thrombolysis
Reacting chemically with small molecules e.g.
antacids
Disruption of structural proteins e.g. vinca
alkaloids for cancer, colchicine for gout.
33
Flake A small fragment of something broken off from the whole
Histamine neurotransmitter released by the human immune system during allergic reactions, it cusses dilatation of capillaries and contraction of smooth muscles.
Leukotrienes chemical produced by the body that accompanies inflammation and causes symptom of asthma
Hypertrophy Abnormal enlargement of a body part or organ
Releasing or activated by acetylcholine or a related compound
Cholinergic Releasing or activated by acetylcholine or a related compound
Corticosteroids A steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex or synthesized; administered as drugs they reduce swelling and decrease the body's immune response
Corticosteroids A steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex or synthesized; administered as drugs they reduce swelling and decrease the body's immune response
Corticosteroids A steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex or synthesized; administered as drugs they reduce swelling and decrease the body's immune response