Types of closures include threaded screw caps, lug caps, crown caps, roll-on closures, snap caps, and friction fit caps. Quality control of closures considers material compatibility, seal integrity, and sterility. Tests evaluate physical and mechanical properties, extractables and leachables, bioburden, endotoxins, and resistance to sterilization processes. Maintaining closure quality ensures safe and effective packaging of pharmaceuticals and consumer products.
Quality control on secondary packaging materialsAnupriyaNR
Presentation on quality control tests for the secondary packaging materials. Includes the materials used for secondary packaging, ideal properties of the secondary packaging material and various test procedures used for the quality control of the packaging materials.
Quality control on secondary packaging materialsAnupriyaNR
Presentation on quality control tests for the secondary packaging materials. Includes the materials used for secondary packaging, ideal properties of the secondary packaging material and various test procedures used for the quality control of the packaging materials.
Glass as a packaging material in pharmaceutical packagingShweta Shelke
This presentation gives a brief idea about the types of glasses used in pharmaceutical industry and its intended use. Different tests used for assuring its quality for intended use.
University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences is a flag bearer of excellence in Pharmaceutical education and research in the country. Here is another initiative to make study material available to everyone worldwide. Based on the new PCI guidelines and syllabus here we have a presentation dealing with the types of containers and closure systems which are up to par with all the parameters defined by pharmacopoeias for parenterals.
Thank you for reading.
Hope it was of help to you.
UIPS,PU team
Glass as a packaging material in pharmaceutical packagingShweta Shelke
This presentation gives a brief idea about the types of glasses used in pharmaceutical industry and its intended use. Different tests used for assuring its quality for intended use.
University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences is a flag bearer of excellence in Pharmaceutical education and research in the country. Here is another initiative to make study material available to everyone worldwide. Based on the new PCI guidelines and syllabus here we have a presentation dealing with the types of containers and closure systems which are up to par with all the parameters defined by pharmacopoeias for parenterals.
Thank you for reading.
Hope it was of help to you.
UIPS,PU team
Packaging is an integral part of pharmaceutical product.The most common polyethylene types used in packaging are high density polyethylene (HDPE), low density polyethylene (LDPE), and linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE). They are different in density, chain branching, crystallinity and consequently, in mechanical, optical and barrier properties.
The content includes, types of closure and closure liners used in pharmaceutical industry. A brief description regarding various types of closure and liners are given.
pharmaceutical shrink packaging (foil, plastic pouches, bottle seals, tape seals, breakable seals, sealed tubes)
pharmacy
technology
packaging
covers
plastics
Shrink packaging
Shrink packaging indicates the process in which sheets of transparent plastic film are wrapped around a product to form a solid, weather-resistant packaging layer.
Shrink packaging customarily refers to plastic films which have been pre-heated, stretched and cooled prior to use. This causes their initially randomly scattered molecules to align themselves in rigid structures, creating flat sheets of plastic film.
Shrink-wrap
When the shrink packaging films are applied to the product and re-heated, the molecules revert to their previous non-aligned state. This causes the plastic film to shrink and wrap itself tightly around the form and shape of the product (therefore the name ‘shrink-wrap’).
Stretch-wrap
When shrink packaging is simply stretched and wrapped around the product without being re-heated, it is known as ‘stretch-wrap’.
Benefits of shrink-packaging
Shrink packaging offers a versatile, cost-effective packaging solution for several reasons.
First, the materials used (plastic derivatives) are strong yet flexible, and provide effective protection, as well as making the product tamper-proof.
Second, shrink packaging is transparent, making it suitable for retail and wholesale display, and ideal for general marketing purposes due to its clear surface.
Third, shrink packaging is a relatively inexpensive option and ideal for low-cost packaging solutions.
Packaging is the art of science & technology of enclosing or protecting products for distribution , storage, sale & use.
Packaging is the process by which the pharmaceuticals are suitably placed so that they should retain their therapeutic effectiveness from the time of their packaging till they are consumed.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
3. PRESENTED BY
Nazia
Shafaq
Amna
Afifa
Munazza
Zain
4. CLOSURE
Closures are devices and techniques used to close or
seal a bottle, jug, jar, tube, can, etc
Closures can be a cap, cover, lid, plug, etc
5.
The closure is normally the most vulnerable and
critical component of a container
An effective closure must prevent the contents from
escaping and allow no substance to enter the
container
6. FUNCTION OF A CLOSURE
Provide a totally hermetic seal
Provide an effective seal which is acceptable to the
products
Provide an effective microbiological seal
7. CHARACTERISTICS OF
CLOSURE
It should be resistant and compatible with the
product
If closure is of re closable type, it should be readily
operable and should be re-sealed effectively
It should be capable of high speed application
It should be decorative and of a shape that blends
with the main containers
8. TYPES OF CLOSURES
Closures are available in five basic designs
1. Screw-on, threaded, or lug
2. Crimp-on (crowns)
3. Press-on (snap)
4. Roll-on
5. Friction.
9. Many variations of these basic types exist,
including
Tamperproof
Child resistant
Dispenser applicators
10. THREADED SCREW CAP
The screw cap provides physical and chemical
protection to content being sealed.
The screw cap is commonly made of metal or
plastics.
The metal is usually tinplate or aluminum, and in
plastics, both thermoplastic and thermosetting
materials are used.
11.
12. LUG CAP
The lug cap is similar to the threaded screw cap and
operates on the same principle
It is simply an interrupted thread on the glass finish,
instead of a continuous thread
Unlike the threaded closure, it requires only a
quarter turn
The cap is widely used in the food industry
13.
14. CROWN CAPS
This style of cap is commonly used as a
crimped closure for beverage bottles and has
remained essentially unchanged for more than
50 years
15. ROLL-ON CLOSURES
The aluminum roll-on cap can be sealed securely,
opened easily, and resealed effectively
It finds wide application in the packaging of food,
beverages, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals
The roll-on closure requires a material that is easy
to form, such as aluminum or other light-gauge
metal
16.
17. PILFER PROOF CLOSURES
The pilfer proof closure is similar to the standard
roll-on closure except that it has a greater skirt length
When the pilfer proof closure is removed, the
bridges break, and the bank remains in place on the
neck of the container
The torque is necessary to remove the cap.
18.
19. SNAP ON
Some closures snap on. For opening, the top is
designed to pry off or, break off, or have a built in
dispenser.
20. FRICTION FIT
Some containers have a
loose lid for a closure.
A friction fit requires
some force to close and
open, providing
additional security.
Paint cans often have a
friction fit plug.
21. TAMPER RESISTANT
Resistance to tampering is required for some types of
products.
22. DISPENSING
A wide variety of convenience dispensing features
can be built in to closures. Spray bottles and cans
with aerosol spray have special closure
requirements.
23. CHILD-RESISTANT
Child-resistant packaging or C-R packaging has
special closures designed to reduce the risk of
children ingesting dangerous items Tamper-evident
24. CLOSURE LINES
A liner may be defined as any material that is
inserted in a cap to effect a seal between the closure
and the container.
Liners are usually made of a resilient backing and a
facing material. The backing material must be soft
enough to take up any irregularities in the sealing
surface and elastic enough to recover some of its
original shape when removed and replaced.
25. FACTORS IN SELECTING A
LINER
The most important consideration is that the liner
should be chemically inert with its product.
Gas and vapour transmission rates are usually
relative and depend chiefly on the shelf life required
for the product.
26.
Homogenous Liner:
These one piece liners are available as a disk or as a
ring of rubber and plastic.
Expensive
Complicated to apply
Widely used in pharmaceuticals
Uniform properties
Can withstand high-temperature sterilization
27.
Heterogenous liner or composite liner:
They are composed of layers of different materials.
It consists of two parts
A facing and a backing
28. Torque testing
Controlling cap tightness on a packaging line with a
torque tester can prevent:
Evaporation
Leakage of the product
Breakage of a plastic molded closure
Owens-illinnois torque tester are commonly used.
29. COMPOSITION OF
CLOSURE
Closures are made of
Rubber
plastics
Glass
Metal
Cork
30. PLASTIC CLOSURES
The two basic types of plastic generally used for
closures are
Thermosetting
Thermoplastic resins
Urea
phenols
31. RUBBER CLOSURES
Rubber is used in the pharmaceutical industry to
make closures, cap liners and bulbs for dropper
assemblies.
The rubber stopper is used primarily for multiple
dose vials and disposable syringes.
Rubber closures for containers for aqueous
parenteral
Preparations for powders and for freeze-dried
powders
36. Quality Control of Container-
Closures
A number of quality control checks are required for
the manufacture and release of container-closures.
These include:
a) After the material has been mixed
b) Post-compression and molding
c) Washing process
d) Post-washing and post-siliconization
e) Packaging After packaging
f) Sterilization
37.
a) After the material has been mixed
Specific gravity
Color
Dispersion in relation to particle size
Hardness
38.
b) Post-compression and molding
Here the material is checked for rubber thickness
c) Washing process
During the loading of stoppers into a washer, the
quality of the water should be checked for bioburden
and endotoxin (using compendial methods).
39.
d) Post-washing and post-siliconization
After the stoppers have been washed, a number of quality
control checks should be performed. These include:
Mechanical and Material Tests
Compression set
Hardness
Fragmentation
Penetrability (what happens when a needle passes through
the stopper?
Assessment of dimensions and flexibility
41. CHEMICAL TESTING
leachables:
Tests for extractables and
Extractables are chemical substances that are
obtained by exposing the packaging to a variety
of solvents under exaggerated incubation
conditions of time and temperature.
Leachables differ from extractables in that they
are chemical substances that migrate under
normal conditions of use from the stopper into a
drug product
42.
Silicone oil determination:
The effect of subvisible silicone particles should be
assessed, for these can cause aggregation with
proteins, and the new complex can potentially
trigger an immunochemical reaction within the body
of the patient receiving the drug.
43. BIOLOGICAL TESTS
Cytological testing
Bioburden assessment
Some manufacturers undertake an examination for
mesophilic counts whilst others focus on examining
for thermophilic bacteria.
Bacterial endotoxin testing
The testing of container-closures for endotoxin, using the
Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) method
44.
e) Packaging After packaging
A selection of bags should be examined for tears as a
part of quality control assessment
f) Sterilization
Container-closures are typically sterilized by one of
two methods: steam sterilization (using autoclaves)
and gamma irradiation