PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) is an open-source email encryption software that provides authentication, confidentiality, compression, and compatibility with email systems. It uses public-key encryption for authentication and symmetric-key encryption for confidentiality. PGP uses digital signatures for authentication by encrypting a hash of the message with the sender's private key. For confidentiality, it encrypts messages with a randomly generated symmetric session key, which is then encrypted with the recipient's public key.
PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) is an open source encryption software that provides security mechanisms like authentication, confidentiality, compression, and email compatibility. It uses strong cryptographic algorithms like IDEA, RSA, and SHA-1. PGP protects messages by signing them with the sender's private key, encrypting them with a random symmetric key, and encrypting that key with the recipient's public key. This ensures message integrity and confidentiality. Compression is applied before encryption to save space. Radix-64 encoding allows encrypted messages to be transmitted over email. PGP's features help secure email communications and stored files from unauthorized access.
PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) is an open-source email security software that provides authentication through digital signatures, confidentiality through symmetric encryption of messages, compression using ZIP, and compatibility with email systems through base64 encoding. It uses public-key cryptography for encrypting symmetric session keys and signing messages. Keys are stored in private and public key rings along with metadata for easy management. Messages contain encrypted data, signature, and encrypted session key components.
Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) is a cryptographic software application that encrypts emails so that only the intended recipient can read them, protecting privacy and security. PGP uses both conventional and public key cryptography. Public key cryptography uses a public key to encrypt messages and a private key to decrypt them, making decryption computationally infeasible without the private key even if the public key is known. PGP has widespread applications for businesses and individuals to securely transmit sensitive information over insecure networks.
PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) is an encryption software that provides authentication and encryption of emails and files. It uses both symmetric and asymmetric encryption. For encryption, it generates a random symmetric key to encrypt the message, then encrypts the symmetric key with the recipient's public key. This combines the speed of symmetric encryption with the key distribution of asymmetric encryption. PGP includes algorithms like RSA, DSS, and IDEA and allows users to have multiple public/private key pairs stored on their personal "key rings" for authentication and encryption with other PGP users.
This document discusses email security and the Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) encryption software. It describes why email security is important given threats like loss of confidentiality and integrity. It then provides details on PGP, including how it uses public/private key encryption and digital signatures to encrypt messages and authenticate senders. PGP uses symmetric encryption of messages and asymmetric encryption of session keys, storing keys in a local ring. The document discusses PGP key management and its use of a web of trust model without a central authority.
This document discusses email security and encryption. It explains that email travels through unprotected networks and is exposed to attacks. It describes how email privacy aims to protect email from unauthorized access. Some remedies discussed are encrypting communication between servers using TLS and SASL authentication. The document also discusses using public-key cryptography for email encryption with tools like PGP and S/MIME, which can encrypt email content and add digital signatures for authentication. S/MIME is described as a security enhancement to the MIME email standard that provides encrypted and signed data functionality.
PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) provides confidentiality and authentication services for email and file storage. It uses algorithms like RSA, IDEA, and SHA-1. PGP grew due to being free, secure, widely applicable, and not controlled by any organization. It provides services like encryption, digital signatures, compression, and encoding messages into a format compatible with email. When sending a PGP message, it is signed, compressed, encrypted if needed, and encoded. The recipient decodes, decrypts if needed, decompresses, and verifies the signature. S/MIME is similar to PGP and provides encryption and digital signatures for email. [/SUMMARY]
PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) is an open source encryption software that provides security mechanisms like authentication, confidentiality, compression, and email compatibility. It uses strong cryptographic algorithms like IDEA, RSA, and SHA-1. PGP protects messages by signing them with the sender's private key, encrypting them with a random symmetric key, and encrypting that key with the recipient's public key. This ensures message integrity and confidentiality. Compression is applied before encryption to save space. Radix-64 encoding allows encrypted messages to be transmitted over email. PGP's features help secure email communications and stored files from unauthorized access.
PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) is an open-source email security software that provides authentication through digital signatures, confidentiality through symmetric encryption of messages, compression using ZIP, and compatibility with email systems through base64 encoding. It uses public-key cryptography for encrypting symmetric session keys and signing messages. Keys are stored in private and public key rings along with metadata for easy management. Messages contain encrypted data, signature, and encrypted session key components.
Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) is a cryptographic software application that encrypts emails so that only the intended recipient can read them, protecting privacy and security. PGP uses both conventional and public key cryptography. Public key cryptography uses a public key to encrypt messages and a private key to decrypt them, making decryption computationally infeasible without the private key even if the public key is known. PGP has widespread applications for businesses and individuals to securely transmit sensitive information over insecure networks.
PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) is an encryption software that provides authentication and encryption of emails and files. It uses both symmetric and asymmetric encryption. For encryption, it generates a random symmetric key to encrypt the message, then encrypts the symmetric key with the recipient's public key. This combines the speed of symmetric encryption with the key distribution of asymmetric encryption. PGP includes algorithms like RSA, DSS, and IDEA and allows users to have multiple public/private key pairs stored on their personal "key rings" for authentication and encryption with other PGP users.
This document discusses email security and the Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) encryption software. It describes why email security is important given threats like loss of confidentiality and integrity. It then provides details on PGP, including how it uses public/private key encryption and digital signatures to encrypt messages and authenticate senders. PGP uses symmetric encryption of messages and asymmetric encryption of session keys, storing keys in a local ring. The document discusses PGP key management and its use of a web of trust model without a central authority.
This document discusses email security and encryption. It explains that email travels through unprotected networks and is exposed to attacks. It describes how email privacy aims to protect email from unauthorized access. Some remedies discussed are encrypting communication between servers using TLS and SASL authentication. The document also discusses using public-key cryptography for email encryption with tools like PGP and S/MIME, which can encrypt email content and add digital signatures for authentication. S/MIME is described as a security enhancement to the MIME email standard that provides encrypted and signed data functionality.
PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) provides confidentiality and authentication services for email and file storage. It uses algorithms like RSA, IDEA, and SHA-1. PGP grew due to being free, secure, widely applicable, and not controlled by any organization. It provides services like encryption, digital signatures, compression, and encoding messages into a format compatible with email. When sending a PGP message, it is signed, compressed, encrypted if needed, and encoded. The recipient decodes, decrypts if needed, decompresses, and verifies the signature. S/MIME is similar to PGP and provides encryption and digital signatures for email. [/SUMMARY]
PGP and S/MIME are open source software packages that provide email security through encryption, authentication with digital signatures, and integrity checks. PGP uses algorithms like RSA, IDEA, and SHA-1, while S/MIME provides the same security functions as an extension to the MIME email format standard using technologies like digital signatures, encryption, and authentication. Both aim to ensure privacy, data security, and non-repudiation of email messages.
Pgp-Pretty Good Privacy is the open source freely available tool to encrypt your emails then you can very securely send mails to others over internet without fear of eavesdropping by cryptanalyst.
PGP and S/MIME are two standards for securing email. PGP provides encryption and authentication independently of operating systems using symmetric and asymmetric cryptography. S/MIME uses X.509 certificates and defines how to cryptographically sign, encrypt, and combine MIME entities for authentication and confidentiality using algorithms like RSA, DSS, and 3DES. DKIM allows a sending domain to cryptographically sign emails to assert the message's origin and prevent spoofing, while the email architecture standards like RFC 5322 and MIME define message formatting and how attachments are represented.
The document discusses electronic mail security and Pretty Good Privacy (PGP). PGP provides encryption, authentication, integrity, and non-repudiation for email. It uses public/private key cryptography and symmetric encryption. PGP signs messages with the sender's private key and encrypts messages using a randomly generated symmetric session key. The session key is then encrypted with the recipient's public key and attached to the encrypted message. Recipients can authenticate messages and decrypt them using their private key to recover the session key. PGP forms a "web of trust" through key signatures rather than relying on certificate authorities. The document also discusses S/MIME, which provides similar security to PGP for email using X.509 certificates and a hybrid
The document provides an overview of security topics including algorithms, encryption, digital signatures, certificates, and cryptography. It discusses the need for message security, privacy, authentication, integrity and non-repudiation. It then describes symmetric key cryptography, public key cryptography, digital signatures, key management, certificates, and security at the IP, transport and application layers including SSL/TLS, IPSec, PGP and S/MIME.
PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) is an encryption standard that aims to provide confidentiality and authentication for communications over unsecure channels. It uses public/private key pairs to encrypt messages and digitally sign them. Users manage their public and private keys in keyrings and can look up other users' public keys to encrypt messages for them or verify their signatures. While not designed for mailing lists originally, PGP can provide security for mailing list communications through solutions like having each message encrypted for all members or using a shared group key pair.
In cryptography, encryption is the process of encoding a message or information in such a way that only authorized parties can access it and those who are not authorized cannot. Encryption does not itself prevent interference, but denies the intelligible content to a would-be interceptor.
Email Encryption using Tri-Cryptosystem Based on AndroidIRJET Journal
The document proposes a tri-cryptosystem for securing email on Android devices using a combination of symmetric, asymmetric, and hash cryptography. Specifically, it uses the PingPong-128 symmetric stream cipher to encrypt messages, RSA for key exchange, and MD5 hashing to verify message integrity. This approach aims to address the weaknesses of single cryptosystem approaches by leveraging the speed of symmetric encryption and security of asymmetric techniques. The tri-cryptosystem encrypts a randomly generated symmetric key with the recipient's public RSA key. This encrypted key and the symmetric encrypted message are then sent to the recipient who can decrypt the key and message to obtain the plaintext.
This document discusses various aspects of network security, including:
1. Secure communication techniques like confidentiality, authentication, message integrity, and access control.
2. Encryption methods like symmetric encryption (DES, 3DES, AES), asymmetric encryption (RSA, Diffie-Hellman), and digital certificates.
3. Network security protocols like SSL/TLS, VPNs, and techniques for securing wireless networks like WEP.
Encryption is a process that converts plain text into ciphertext through the use of cryptographic algorithms and encryption keys. There are two main types of encryption: symmetric encryption which uses the same key for encryption and decryption, and asymmetric encryption which uses a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption. Common symmetric encryption algorithms discussed include DES, Triple DES, AES, Blowfish and Twofish. Asymmetric algorithms include RSA. Other algorithms mentioned are IDEA, MD5, and FPE. The document also discusses how encryption keys are used and changed in Magento.
This document discusses electronic mail security and web security. It covers Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) and S/MIME for securing email, describing their encryption, authentication, and key management functions. For web security, it outlines threats like eavesdropping, impersonation, and denial of service attacks. It also explains how Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS) establish encrypted connections between web browsers and servers to protect data confidentiality and integrity during transmission. Cryptographic algorithms like SHA-1, MD5, DES, and RSA are used to authenticate, encrypt, and digitally sign messages.
S/MIME (Secure Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) allows users to securely send emails through encryption and digital signatures. It uses public key cryptography, with algorithms like RSA and ElGamal for encryption and DSS and RSA for digital signatures. S/MIME supports encrypting the message contents, digitally signing the message, or both. It defines new MIME types to implement these security features for email. Other technologies like PGP provide similar email security functionality to S/MIME.
This document discusses IPSec and SSL/TLS as approaches to securing network communications at different layers of the protocol stack. It provides an overview of how IPSec operates at the network/IP layer using techniques like AH and ESP to provide authentication and encryption of IP packets. It also summarizes how SSL/TLS works at the transport layer to establish a secure connection and protect communications between applications using ciphersuites, handshaking, and record layer encryption. The document outlines some strengths and weaknesses of each approach.
Message authentication and hash functionomarShiekh1
The document discusses message authentication and hash functions. It covers security requirements including integrity, authentication and non-repudiation. It describes different authentication functions such as message encryption, message authentication codes (MACs), and hash functions. It provides examples of how hash functions work and evaluates the security of hash functions and MACs against brute force and cryptanalytic attacks.
As data security becomes of paramount importance, we are going to need to have a reasonable understanding of encryption and encryption techniques. We will discuss the different types of encryption techniques and understand the difference between hashing (one way encryption) and encryption (designed to be two way). We will look at what is industry best practice for encryption today, and why. We will also look at some issues relating to performance of encryption.
E-MAIL, IP & WEB SECURITY
E-mail Security: Security Services for E-mail-attacks possible through E-mail – establishing keys privacy-authentication of the source-Message Integrity-Non-repudiation-Pretty Good Privacy-S/MIME. IPSecurity: Overview of IPSec – IP and IPv6-Authentication Header-Encapsulation Security Payload (ESP)-Internet Key Exchange (Phases of IKE, ISAKMP/IKE Encoding). Web Security:
Module 1: Introduction to Cryptography and Symmetric Key Ciphers
Computer Security Concepts - OSI Security Architecture -Security Attacks - Services, Mechanisms -
Symmetric Cipher Model - Traditional Block Cipher Structure - The Data Encryption Standard -The Strength of DES - Advanced Encryption Standard.
Encryption techniques like AES and Triple DES are used to secure data transmission over networks. AES encrypts data in blocks using symmetric encryption with variable key lengths up to 256 bits, making it more secure than older standards like DES with only a 56-bit key. Triple DES applies the DES algorithm three times with two or three keys, strengthening security compared to single DES. Stream and block ciphers differ in whether they encrypt data bits or blocks at a time.
PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) is a software program that provides data encryption and decryption to secure emails and files. It uses public key infrastructure (PKI) and encryption algorithms like RSA and Diffie-Hellman to encrypt data. PGP allows users to have multiple public/private key pairs to encrypt and digitally sign messages and files. It generates random session keys to encrypt data symmetrically and includes the encrypted session key with the encrypted message. This allows the recipient to decrypt the session key and then the message content. PGP is widely used due to its availability across platforms, use of secure algorithms, and applicability for both personal and business use.
PGP and S/MIME are open source software packages that provide email security through encryption, authentication with digital signatures, and integrity checks. PGP uses algorithms like RSA, IDEA, and SHA-1, while S/MIME provides the same security functions as an extension to the MIME email format standard using technologies like digital signatures, encryption, and authentication. Both aim to ensure privacy, data security, and non-repudiation of email messages.
Pgp-Pretty Good Privacy is the open source freely available tool to encrypt your emails then you can very securely send mails to others over internet without fear of eavesdropping by cryptanalyst.
PGP and S/MIME are two standards for securing email. PGP provides encryption and authentication independently of operating systems using symmetric and asymmetric cryptography. S/MIME uses X.509 certificates and defines how to cryptographically sign, encrypt, and combine MIME entities for authentication and confidentiality using algorithms like RSA, DSS, and 3DES. DKIM allows a sending domain to cryptographically sign emails to assert the message's origin and prevent spoofing, while the email architecture standards like RFC 5322 and MIME define message formatting and how attachments are represented.
The document discusses electronic mail security and Pretty Good Privacy (PGP). PGP provides encryption, authentication, integrity, and non-repudiation for email. It uses public/private key cryptography and symmetric encryption. PGP signs messages with the sender's private key and encrypts messages using a randomly generated symmetric session key. The session key is then encrypted with the recipient's public key and attached to the encrypted message. Recipients can authenticate messages and decrypt them using their private key to recover the session key. PGP forms a "web of trust" through key signatures rather than relying on certificate authorities. The document also discusses S/MIME, which provides similar security to PGP for email using X.509 certificates and a hybrid
The document provides an overview of security topics including algorithms, encryption, digital signatures, certificates, and cryptography. It discusses the need for message security, privacy, authentication, integrity and non-repudiation. It then describes symmetric key cryptography, public key cryptography, digital signatures, key management, certificates, and security at the IP, transport and application layers including SSL/TLS, IPSec, PGP and S/MIME.
PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) is an encryption standard that aims to provide confidentiality and authentication for communications over unsecure channels. It uses public/private key pairs to encrypt messages and digitally sign them. Users manage their public and private keys in keyrings and can look up other users' public keys to encrypt messages for them or verify their signatures. While not designed for mailing lists originally, PGP can provide security for mailing list communications through solutions like having each message encrypted for all members or using a shared group key pair.
In cryptography, encryption is the process of encoding a message or information in such a way that only authorized parties can access it and those who are not authorized cannot. Encryption does not itself prevent interference, but denies the intelligible content to a would-be interceptor.
Email Encryption using Tri-Cryptosystem Based on AndroidIRJET Journal
The document proposes a tri-cryptosystem for securing email on Android devices using a combination of symmetric, asymmetric, and hash cryptography. Specifically, it uses the PingPong-128 symmetric stream cipher to encrypt messages, RSA for key exchange, and MD5 hashing to verify message integrity. This approach aims to address the weaknesses of single cryptosystem approaches by leveraging the speed of symmetric encryption and security of asymmetric techniques. The tri-cryptosystem encrypts a randomly generated symmetric key with the recipient's public RSA key. This encrypted key and the symmetric encrypted message are then sent to the recipient who can decrypt the key and message to obtain the plaintext.
This document discusses various aspects of network security, including:
1. Secure communication techniques like confidentiality, authentication, message integrity, and access control.
2. Encryption methods like symmetric encryption (DES, 3DES, AES), asymmetric encryption (RSA, Diffie-Hellman), and digital certificates.
3. Network security protocols like SSL/TLS, VPNs, and techniques for securing wireless networks like WEP.
Encryption is a process that converts plain text into ciphertext through the use of cryptographic algorithms and encryption keys. There are two main types of encryption: symmetric encryption which uses the same key for encryption and decryption, and asymmetric encryption which uses a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption. Common symmetric encryption algorithms discussed include DES, Triple DES, AES, Blowfish and Twofish. Asymmetric algorithms include RSA. Other algorithms mentioned are IDEA, MD5, and FPE. The document also discusses how encryption keys are used and changed in Magento.
This document discusses electronic mail security and web security. It covers Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) and S/MIME for securing email, describing their encryption, authentication, and key management functions. For web security, it outlines threats like eavesdropping, impersonation, and denial of service attacks. It also explains how Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS) establish encrypted connections between web browsers and servers to protect data confidentiality and integrity during transmission. Cryptographic algorithms like SHA-1, MD5, DES, and RSA are used to authenticate, encrypt, and digitally sign messages.
S/MIME (Secure Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) allows users to securely send emails through encryption and digital signatures. It uses public key cryptography, with algorithms like RSA and ElGamal for encryption and DSS and RSA for digital signatures. S/MIME supports encrypting the message contents, digitally signing the message, or both. It defines new MIME types to implement these security features for email. Other technologies like PGP provide similar email security functionality to S/MIME.
This document discusses IPSec and SSL/TLS as approaches to securing network communications at different layers of the protocol stack. It provides an overview of how IPSec operates at the network/IP layer using techniques like AH and ESP to provide authentication and encryption of IP packets. It also summarizes how SSL/TLS works at the transport layer to establish a secure connection and protect communications between applications using ciphersuites, handshaking, and record layer encryption. The document outlines some strengths and weaknesses of each approach.
Message authentication and hash functionomarShiekh1
The document discusses message authentication and hash functions. It covers security requirements including integrity, authentication and non-repudiation. It describes different authentication functions such as message encryption, message authentication codes (MACs), and hash functions. It provides examples of how hash functions work and evaluates the security of hash functions and MACs against brute force and cryptanalytic attacks.
As data security becomes of paramount importance, we are going to need to have a reasonable understanding of encryption and encryption techniques. We will discuss the different types of encryption techniques and understand the difference between hashing (one way encryption) and encryption (designed to be two way). We will look at what is industry best practice for encryption today, and why. We will also look at some issues relating to performance of encryption.
E-MAIL, IP & WEB SECURITY
E-mail Security: Security Services for E-mail-attacks possible through E-mail – establishing keys privacy-authentication of the source-Message Integrity-Non-repudiation-Pretty Good Privacy-S/MIME. IPSecurity: Overview of IPSec – IP and IPv6-Authentication Header-Encapsulation Security Payload (ESP)-Internet Key Exchange (Phases of IKE, ISAKMP/IKE Encoding). Web Security:
Module 1: Introduction to Cryptography and Symmetric Key Ciphers
Computer Security Concepts - OSI Security Architecture -Security Attacks - Services, Mechanisms -
Symmetric Cipher Model - Traditional Block Cipher Structure - The Data Encryption Standard -The Strength of DES - Advanced Encryption Standard.
Encryption techniques like AES and Triple DES are used to secure data transmission over networks. AES encrypts data in blocks using symmetric encryption with variable key lengths up to 256 bits, making it more secure than older standards like DES with only a 56-bit key. Triple DES applies the DES algorithm three times with two or three keys, strengthening security compared to single DES. Stream and block ciphers differ in whether they encrypt data bits or blocks at a time.
PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) is a software program that provides data encryption and decryption to secure emails and files. It uses public key infrastructure (PKI) and encryption algorithms like RSA and Diffie-Hellman to encrypt data. PGP allows users to have multiple public/private key pairs to encrypt and digitally sign messages and files. It generates random session keys to encrypt data symmetrically and includes the encrypted session key with the encrypted message. This allows the recipient to decrypt the session key and then the message content. PGP is widely used due to its availability across platforms, use of secure algorithms, and applicability for both personal and business use.
PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) is encryption software that allows users to securely exchange messages and files electronically. It was created by Phil Zimmermann and provides both confidentiality of messages through encryption and authentication of messages through digital signatures. PGP selects strong cryptographic algorithms, integrates them into an easy-to-use application, and makes the software freely available. It has grown popular due to its wide availability across different platforms, use of secure encryption algorithms, broad applicability, and development outside of government control. PGP provides services like encryption, digital signatures, compression, encoding messages for email compatibility, and segmentation of large messages.
1. PGP provides encryption, authentication, compression, and email compatibility services for securing email. It uses public key cryptography with RSA and symmetric key algorithms like CAST-128 for encryption.
2. S/MIME is an internet standard that enhances email security based on MIME and uses PKI with digital certificates and X.509 standards. It supports encrypted, signed, and signed-encrypted email to provide confidentiality and authentication.
3. Both PGP and S/MIME aim to secure email, but S/MIME is an open standard while PGP was originally independent of standards bodies.
module 4_7th sem_ Electronic Mail Security.pptxprateekPallav2
Electronic mail security standards like PGP, S/MIME, and DKIM aim to provide confidentiality, authentication, integrity, and non-repudiation for email. PGP and S/MIME both use public-key encryption and digital signatures to authenticate senders and encrypt messages. While PGP uses decentralized trust models like web of trust, S/MIME relies on centralized certificate authorities. S/MIME has seen broader adoption due to its integration with popular email clients and browsers. DKIM provides a mechanism to cryptographically verify that a message came from the domain that claims to have sent it.
The document discusses cryptographic systems and symmetric cryptography. It defines cryptographic systems as methods for hiding data so only certain people can view it. Symmetric cryptography, also called secret key cryptography, uses a single key for both encryption and decryption. Common symmetric algorithms discussed include AES, DES, Triple DES, RC4, Blowfish and Twofish.
Cryptography is the study of secure communication techniques. The document provides a high-level overview of basic cryptography concepts including its history, objectives, terminology, and types (symmetric, asymmetric, hash functions). Symmetric cryptography uses a single secret key for encryption and decryption while asymmetric cryptography uses two keys: a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption. Popular symmetric algorithms include AES and RSA. Hash functions like MD5 and SHA are used to verify message integrity. Quantum computing may improve applications like cancer treatment, traffic optimization, and weather forecasting by solving complex optimization problems.
This document provides an overview of cryptography foundations and principles. It chronicles the history of cryptology and describes symmetric and asymmetric encryption algorithms. Symmetric algorithms like DES, 3DES, and AES use a shared secret key for encryption and decryption, while asymmetric algorithms like RSA use public-private key pairs. The document also covers cryptographic concepts like substitution ciphers, transposition ciphers, hash functions, and the importance of key size for encryption strength.
The document discusses Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) and S/MIME, which are protocols for securing email communications. PGP uses public/private key encryption and digital signatures to provide confidentiality, authentication, integrity and non-repudiation of messages. It operates by encrypting messages and signatures with session keys, and attaching encrypted session keys. S/MIME also provides security features like encryption and signatures, using X.509 certificates managed through a combination of certificate authorities and PGP's web of trust model. Both aim to protect the confidentiality, authenticity and integrity of email messages.
PGP and S/MIME are protocols that provide security enhancements for email such as confidentiality, authentication, integrity, and non-repudiation. PGP uses public/private key encryption and a "web of trust" model where users can sign each other's keys, while S/MIME uses X.509 certificates and a hybrid PKI/web of trust approach. Both protocols generate session keys to encrypt email contents and attach digital signatures to authenticate senders and detect modifications. PGP and S/MIME transform encrypted data into ASCII format for transmission over standard email protocols.
electronic mail security for authent.pptnaghamallella
PGP and S/MIME are two standards for securing email communications. PGP uses public/private key encryption and digital signatures to encrypt messages and verify their source. It generates a session key to encrypt the message, then encrypts the session key with the recipient's public key. The recipient decrypts the session key with their private key to decrypt the message. PGP compresses, encodes, and splits large messages for transmission over email. Keys are stored on key rings protected by passphrases, and message integrity is verified using hash functions and digital signatures.
PGP and S/MIME are two methods for securing electronic mail. PGP uses public/private key encryption and digital signatures to provide confidentiality, authentication, integrity and non-repudiation of messages. It operates by encrypting messages and attachments with session keys, then encrypting the session keys with the recipient's public key. S/MIME uses X.509 certificates managed by a hybrid of certificate authorities and a web of trust to encrypt, sign and authenticate email messages using algorithms like DES, RSA and SHA-1. Both aim to protect the confidentiality of email contents and verify the identity of senders.
PGP and S/MIME are two methods for securing electronic mail. PGP uses public/private key encryption and digital signatures to provide confidentiality, authentication, integrity and non-repudiation of messages. It operates by encrypting messages and attachments with session keys, then encrypting the session keys with the recipient's public key. S/MIME uses X.509 certificates managed by a hybrid of certificate authorities and a web of trust to encrypt, sign and authenticate email messages using algorithms like DES, RSA and SHA-1. Both aim to securely transmit email in a way that addresses the vulnerabilities of standard email protocols.
PGP and S/MIME are two methods for securing electronic mail. PGP uses public/private key encryption and digital signatures to provide confidentiality, authentication, integrity and non-repudiation of messages. It operates by encrypting messages and attachments with session keys, then encrypting the session keys with the recipient's public key. S/MIME uses X.509 certificates managed by a hybrid of certificate authorities and a web of trust to encrypt, sign and authenticate email messages using algorithms like DES, RSA and SHA-1. Both aim to protect the confidentiality of email contents and verify the identity of senders.
PGP and S/MIME are two methods for securing electronic mail. PGP uses public/private key encryption and digital signatures to provide confidentiality, authentication, integrity and non-repudiation of messages. It operates by encrypting messages and attachments with session keys, then encrypting the session keys with the recipient's public key. S/MIME uses X.509 certificates managed by a hybrid of certificate authorities and a web of trust to encrypt, sign and authenticate email messages using algorithms like DES, RSA and SHA-1. Both aim to protect the confidentiality of email contents and verify the identity of senders.
Electronic mail can be secured using PGP or S/MIME. PGP uses asymmetric encryption with RSA and symmetric encryption with CAST-128. It generates hashes with SHA-1 and compresses data. Keys are stored on key rings along with identifiers. S/MIME provides encryption, signing, and signing with encryption of MIME data using algorithms like RSA, Triple DES, and SHA-1. It defines headers and content types for secure email.
This document provides an overview of cryptography. It begins with a brief history of cryptography from ancient times to modern computer cryptography. It then defines basic concepts like encryption, decryption, plaintext and ciphertext. It describes different types of cryptography including codes, ciphers, steganography and computer ciphers. It also discusses cryptanalysis, security mechanisms like encryption, digital signatures and hash algorithms. It concludes by explaining applications of cryptography in daily life like emails and secured communication between family members.
PGP and S/MIME are two common methods for securing email. PGP uses public/private key encryption and digital signatures to provide confidentiality, authentication, integrity and non-repudiation. It operates by encrypting messages with a randomly generated session key, signing with the sender's private key, and distributing the session key via the recipient's public key. S/MIME also uses public/private key encryption and digital signatures as defined in its X.509 certificate standard to secure email in a similar manner to PGP. Both protocols aim to protect email contents and verify sender identity.
1) The document describes the Data Encryption Standard (DES) algorithm. DES is a symmetric-key algorithm that uses the same private key for encryption and decryption. It operates on 64-bit plaintext blocks and uses a 56-bit private key.
2) The DES algorithm involves an initial permutation of the plaintext block, followed by 16 rounds of processing that include substitution, permutation, and XOR operations with a subkey generated from the original key. Finally, an inverse permutation is applied to the ciphertext block.
3) The document provides details of the DES algorithm steps, including the initial and inverse permutation, substitution boxes, expansion and key permutation to generate subkeys, and how the ciphertext block is calculated over 16 rounds of
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming Pipelines
Pgp1
1. Pavan Boora
M.Tech in Networking &
Internet Topic : Pretty Good
Privacy Dept of Information
Science
Jain University Bangalore
2. Pretty Good Privacy
• PGP is an open-source, freely available software
package for e-mail security.
• It provides Authentication through the use of digital
signature,
• The confidentiality through the use of symmetric
block encryption,
• Compression using the ZIP algorithm, and
• E-Mail compatibility using the radix-64 encoding scheme.
3. • PGP has grown very quickly and is now widely used.
Here are
some reason for this growth.
1. It is freely available worldwide in versions that run on
variety of platforms. In addition commercial versions
provides vendor support
2. The package includes RSA, DSS, and Diffie-Hellman for
public- key encryption, CAST-128, IDEA, and 3DES for
symmetric encryption, and SHA-1 for hash coding.
3. It has a wide range of applicabilities, encrypting files
and messages to individuals who wish to
communicate securely with others worldwide over the
4. Operational Description of PGP
• The operation of PGP, consists of four
services:
1. Authentication
2. Confidentiality
3. Compression
4. E-mail compatibility &
5. Segmentation
5. Authentication
• The digital signature service provided by PGP.
1. The sender creates a message.
2. SHA-1 is used to generate a 160-bit hash code of the
message.
3. The hash code is encrypted with RSA using the
sender’s private key, and the result is prepended to
the message.
4. The receiver uses RSA with the sender’s public key to
decrypt and recover the hash code.
5. The receiver generates a new hash code for the
message and compares it with the decrypted hash
code. If the two match, the message is accepted as
authentic.
6.
7. Confidentiality
• PGP another service is confidentiality, which is
encrypting
messages for transmitting or to store files locally.
• In both cases, the symmetric encryption algorithm
CAST-128 may be used. Alternatively, IDEA or 3DES
may be used. And the 64-bit cipher feedback (CFB)
mode is used.
• In PGP, each symmetric key is used only once. The
session key is bound to the message. To protect the key,
it is encrypted with the receiver’s public key.
8. 1. The sender generates a message and a random
128-bit number to be used as a session key for this
message only.
2. The message is encrypted using CAST-128 (or IDEA
or 3DES) with the session key.
3. The session key is encrypted with RSA using the
recipient’s public key and is prepended to the
message.
4. The receiver uses RSA with its private key to
decrypt and recover the session key.
5. The session key is used to decrypt the message.
9.
10. Confidentiality & Authentication
• First, a signature is generated for the plaintext message
and prepended to the message. Then the plaintext
message plus signature is encrypted using CAST-128
(or IDEA or 3DES), and the session key is encrypted
using RSA (or ElGamal).
• In summary, when both services are used, the sender
first signs the message with its own private key, then
encrypts the message with a session key, and finally
encrypts the session key with the recipient’s public key.
11.
12. Compression
• PGP compresses the message after applying the
signature but before encryption. This has the benefit of
saving space both for e-mail transmission and for file
storage.
• Z for compression and Z–1 for decompression
The signature is generated before compression for two
reasons:
• It is preferable to sign an uncompressed message so
that one can store only the uncompressed message
together with the signature for future verification.
• If you generate signature after compression then
there is a need recompression for message
13. • Message encryption is applied after compression to
strengthen cryptographic security. Therefore
cryptanalysis is more difficult.
• The compression algorithm used here is ZIP Algorithm
E-Mail-Compatibility
• The resulting message block consists of a stream of
arbitrary 8-bit octets.
• However, many electronic mail systems only permit the
use of blocks consisting of ASCII text.
• To accommodate this restriction, PGP provides the
service of converting the raw 8-bit binary stream to a
stream of printable ASCII characters.
14. • The scheme used for this purpose is radix-64
conversion. Each group of three octets of binary data is
mapped into four ASCII characters. This format also
appends a CRC to detect transmission errors.
• The use of radix 64 expands a message by 33%.
Fortunately, the session key and signature portions of
the message are relatively compact, and the plaintext
message has been compressed.
• In fact, the compression should be more than
enough to compensate for the radix-64 expansion.
15. Segmentation & Reassembly
• E-mail facilities often are restricted to a maximum
length. To accommodate this, PGP automatically
subdivides a messsage that is too large into segments
that are small enough to send via e-mail.
• The segmentation is done after all of the other
processing, including the radix-64 conversion.
18. Cryptographic Keys and Key
Rings
• PGP makes use of four types of keys:
1. one-time session symmetric keys,
2. public keys,
3. private keys, and
4. passphrase-based symmetric keys
• Three separate requirements can be identified with
respect to these keys.
1. generating unpredictable session keys is needed
2. PGP would like to allow a user to have multiple public-
key/private-key pairs. One reason is that the user may
wish to change his or her key pair from time to time.
3. Each PGP entity must maintain a file of its own
public/private key pairs as well as a file of public keys of
OTHERS.
19. Session key
Generation• Each session key is used encrypting and decrypting
only one message.
• Message encryption/decryption is done with a
symmetric encryption algorithm. CAST-128 and IDEA
use 128-bit keys; 3DES uses a 168-bit key.
• Let assume CAST-128
• Random 128-bit numbers are generated using CAST-
128 itself.
• The input to the random number generator consists of a
128- bit key and two 64-bit blocks that are treated as
plaintext to be encrypted. Using cipher feedback mode,
the CAST-128 encrypter produces two 64-bit cipher text
blocks.
• The CAST-128, is to produce a sequence of session
keys that is effectively unpredictable.
20. key
Identifiers
• An encrypted message is attached by an encrypted
form of the session key that was used for message
encryption. The session key itself is encrypted with the
recipient’s public key.
• Hence, only the recipient will be able to recover the
session key and therefore recover the message.
• If each user have single public/private key pair,
then the recipient would automatically know which
key to use to decrypt the session key.
• However, we have stated a requirement that any given
user may have multiple public/private key pairs.
21. • One simple solution would be to transmit the public key
with the message This scheme would work, but it is
unnecessarily wasteful of space. An RSA public key
may be hundreds of decimal digits in length.
• Another solution would be to associate an identifier with
each public key that is unique. That is, the combination
of user ID and key ID would be sufficient to identify a key
uniquely however, it raises a management and overhead
problem.
• Key IDs must be assigned and stored so that both
sender and recipient could map from key ID to public
key. This seems unnecessarily burdensome.
22. • The solution adopted by PGP is to assign a key ID to
each public key that is, with very high probability,
unique within a user ID.
• The key ID associated with each public key consists of
its least significant 64 bits. That is, the key ID of public
key.
• A key ID is also required for the PGP digital signature.
Because a sender may use one of a number of private
keys to encrypt the message digest, the recipient must
know which public key is intended for use.
23. • A message consists of three components:
1. The message component,
2. A signature component,(optional), and
3. A session key component (optional).
• The message component includes the actual data to be
stored or transmitted, as well as a filename and a
timestamp that specifies the time of creation.
• The signature component includes the following.
Timestamp: The time at which the signature was made.
Message digest: The 160-bit SHA-1 digest encrypted
with the
sender’s private signature key. The digest is calculated
over the signature timestamp concatenated with the
data portion of the message component.
The inclusion of the signature timestamp in the digest
insures
24. • Leading two octets of message digest:
To Enables the recipient to determine if the correct public
key was used to decrypt the message digest for
authentication by comparing this plaintext copy of the
first two octets with the first two octets of the decrypted
digest.
• Key ID of sender’s public key:
Identifies the public key that should be used to decrypt
the message digest and, hence, identifies the private
key that was used to encrypt the message digest.
The message component and optional signature
component may be compressed using ZIP and may be
encrypted using a session key.
25.
26. • The session key component includes
1. The session key and
2. The identifier of the recipient’s public key
• The session key is used to encrypt the plaintext.
• The identifier of the recipient’s public key was used
by the sender to encrypt the session key.
• The entire block is usually encoded with radix-64
encoding.
27. key
Rings• We have seen how key IDs are critical in the the
operation of PGP
• These keys need to be stored and organized in a
systematic way for efficient and effective use by all
parties.
• The scheme used in PGP is one to store the
public/private key pairs owned by that node and one to
store the public keys of other users known at this node.
• These key rings are referred to, respectively, as the
private-key ring and the public-key ring.
28. • a private-key ring. We can view the ring as a table in
which each row represents one of the public/private
key pairs owned by this user. Each row contains the
entries:
• Timestamp: The date/time when this key pair was
generated.
• Key ID: The least significant 64 bits of the public key.
• Public key: The public-key portion of the pair.
• Private key: The private-key portion of the pair, this
field is encrypted.
• User ID: Typically, this will be the user’s e-mail address
(e.g.,
stallings@acm.org).
Private-key
Ring
29.
30. Public-key
Ring
• public-key ring. This ring is used to store public keys
of other users that are known to this user.
• Timestamp: The date/time when this entry was
generated.
• Key ID: The least significant 64 bits of the public key for
this
entry.
• Public Key: The public key for this entry.
• User ID: Identifies the owner of this key. Multiple
user IDs may be associated with a single public key.
31.
32. • First consider message transmission and assume that the
message is to be both signed and encrypted. The sending
PGP entity performs the following steps.
1. Signing the message:
a.PGP retrieves the sender’s private key from the private-key
ring using your_userid as an index. If your_userid was not
provided in the command, the first private key on the ring is
retrieved.
b.PGP prompts the user for the passphrase to
recover the unencrypted private key.
c.The signature component of the message is constructed.
2. Encrypting the message:
a. PGP generates a session key and encrypts the message.
b. PGP retrieves the recipient’s public key from the public-key
ring
using her_userid as an index.
c.The session key component of the message is
34. • The receiving PGP entity performs the following steps
1. Decrypting the message:
a.PGP retrieves the receiver’s private key from the private-key
ring using the Key ID field in the session key component of
the message as an index.
b. PGP prompts the user for the passphrase to recover the
unencrypted private key.
c.PGP then recovers the session key and decrypts the
message.
1. Authenticating the message:
a.PGP retrieves the sender’s public key from the public-
key ring using the Key ID field in the signature key
component of the message as an index.
b. PGP recovers the transmitted message digest.
c.PGP computes the message digest for the received
message and compares it to the transmitted message digest
to authenticate.
36. Public-key
Management
• In practical public key applications, protecting
public keys from tampering is the single most
difficult problem It is the “Achilles heel” of public
key cryptography, and a lot of software
complexity is tied up in solving this one
problem.
37. APPROACHES TO PUBLIC-KEY
MANAGEMENT
• A number of approaches are possible for minimizing the risk
that a
user’s public-key ring contains false public keys
1. Physically get the key from B.
2. Verify a key by telephone.
3. Obtain B’s public key from a mutual trusted individual D.
For this purpose, the introducer D, creates a signed
certificate.
4. Obtain B’s public key from a trusted certifying authority.
Again, a
38. PGP Trust
Model
• The node labeled “You” refers to the entry in the public-
key ring corresponding to this user. This key is
legitimate, and the OWNERTRUST value is ultimate
trust.
• Each other node in the key ring has an OWNERTRUST
value of undefined unless some other value is assigned
by the user.
• In this example, this user has specified that it always
trusts the following users to sign other keys, they are D,
E, F, L.
This user partially trusts users A and B to sign other
39. • So the shading, of the nodes in Figure indicates the
level of trust assigned by this user. The tree structure
indicates which keys have been signed by which other
users.
• If a key is signed by a user whose key is also in this
key ring, the arrow joins the signed key to the
signatory.
• If a key is signed by a user whose key is not present in
this key ring, the arrow joins the signed key to a
question mark, indicating that the signatory is unknown
to this user.