Downloaded 45 times
![BASIC
GEOMETRY
SHADER
layout (triangles) in;
layout (triangle_strip, max_vertices = 3) out;
void main(void)
{
for(int i=0; i < gl_in.length(); i++)
{
gl_Position = gl_in[i].gl_Position;
EmitVertex();
}
EndPrimitive();
}
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CONFIDENTIAL
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![TESSELLATION
// Tessellation Control
layout (vertices = 4) out;
void TCS(void)
{
if (gl_InvocationID == 0)
{
gl_TessLevelInner[0] = 2.0;
…
// Hull Shader
[outputcontrolpoints(4)]
[patchconstantfunc("ConstantsHS")]
[domain("quad")]
[partitioning(“integer")]
[outputtopology("triangle_cw")]
// Tessellation Evaluation
layout (quads, cw, equal_spacing) in
void TES(void)
{
…
HS_OUTPUT HullShader(…)
// Domain Shader
DS_OUTPUT DomainShader(…)
OpenGL
4.0
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TITLE
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CONFIDENTIAL
D3D11
22](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pg-4034karlhillesland-131204161342-phpapp02/85/PG-4034-Using-OpenGL-and-DirectX-for-Heterogeneous-Compute-by-Karl-Hillesland-22-320.jpg)
![TESSELLATION
CONTROL
out patch float tessFactor;
void main(void)
{
if (gl_InvocationID == 0)
TessellaQon
rate
can
be
set
by
any
instance
{
gl_TessLevelInner[0] = 2.0;
…
tessFactor = 2.0;
}
Values
can
be
communicated
across
threads
barrier();
DoSomeWork(tessFactor, gl_InvocationID);
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![OPENGL
COMPUTE
buffer BlockName { int linearOutput[] };
shared int var;
layout(local_size_x = 64, local_size_y = 1, local_size_z = 1)
void ContrivedSample()
{
const uvec3 localIdx = gl_LocalInvocationID;
const uvec3 globalIdx = gl_GlobalInvocationID;
const uvec3 groupIdx = gl_WorkGroupID;
if(localId.x == 0)
var =
groupIdx.x;
barrier();
linearOutput[globalIdx.x] = var;
}
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2013
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![DIRECT
COMPUTE
RWStructuredBuffer<int> linearOutput;
groupshared int var;
[numthreads(64, 1, 1)]
void ContrivedSample(
uint3 globalIdx : SV_DispatchThreadID,
uint3 localIdx : SV_GroupThreadID,
uint3 groupIdx : SV_GroupID )
{
if(localIdx.x == 0)
var = groupIdx.x;
GroupMemoryBarrierWithGroupSync();
linearOutput[globalIdx.x] = var;
}
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![DRAW
CALLS
OpenGL
D3D
glDrawArrays
Draw
glDrawArraysInstanced
DrawInstanced(…,0)
glDrawArraysInstancedBaseInstance
DrawInstanced
glDrawArraysIndirect
DrawInstancedIndirect
glMulQDrawArrays
for(int
i=0;
i<n;
++i)
Draw(count[i],
start[i]);
glMulQDrawArraysIndirect
for(int
i=0;
i<n;
++i)
DrawInstancedIndirect(…)
glDrawElements
DrawIndexed
…And
so
forth
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53](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pg-4034karlhillesland-131204161342-phpapp02/85/PG-4034-Using-OpenGL-and-DirectX-for-Heterogeneous-Compute-by-Karl-Hillesland-53-320.jpg)
Uploaded byAMD Developer Central
PG-4034, Using OpenGL and DirectX for Heterogeneous Compute, by Karl Hillesland
The document discusses the use of OpenGL and DirectX for heterogeneous computing, focusing on the graphics pipeline, shader programming, and feeding the GPU. It covers various shader types, tessellation, compute shaders, and memory synchronization techniques, while providing examples of shader code in both OpenGL and DirectX. Additionally, it outlines graphics programming challenges and best practices for optimizing GPU performance.
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PG-4034, Using OpenGL and DirectX for Heterogeneous Compute, by Karl Hillesland
- 1. USING OPENGL AND DIRECTX FOR HETEROGENEOUS COMPUTE KARL HILLESLAND
- 2. AGENDA THE GRAPHICS PIPELINE PROGRAMMING THE GPU FEEDING THE GPU 2 | PRESENTATION TITLE | DECEMBER 4, 2013 | CONFIDENTIAL
- 3.
- 4. GRAPHICS PIPELINE SHADER CENTRIC OpenGL DirectX Vertex Shader Vertex Shader TessellaQon Control Shader TessellaQon EvaluaQon Shader Geometry Shader Rasterizer Fragment Shader Per-‐Fragment OperaQons TessellaQon PrimiQve Generator 4 | PRESENTATION TITLE | DECEMBER 4, 2013 | CONFIDENTIAL Input Assembler Vertex Puller Tessellator Hull Shader Domain Shader Geometry Shader Rasterizer Pixel Shader Output Merger
- 5. GRAPHICS PIPELINE MORE DETAILS indices, verQces Input Assembler Thread per DS vertex (n3) Barycentric Domain Shader DS vertex Collects prims vertex Tessellator Patch verts n2 Prim verts Geometry Shader 5 | PRESENTATION TITLE | DECEMBER 4, 2013 | CONFIDENTIAL Prims Collects Patches Patch verts n1 Tess factors Collects patches vertex Vertex Shader Thread per vertex Patch Constant Hull Shader Control point PrimiQve Assembler Thread per output control point n2 Next Slide
- 6. prim Hi-‐Z/Stencil info Rasterizer 2 Unroller Rasterizer 1 Hi-‐Z/Stencil Unrolling, Masking Pixel Shader Reordering Depth/Stencil Blending Not shown: Any shader stage can read/write to memory, including atomics, filtering*, decompression, and sRGB conversion Collects Quads Conversion 6 | PRESENTATION TITLE | DECEMBER 4, 2013 | CONFIDENTIAL Early-‐Z/Stencil
- 7. WHAT’S THE POINT? ! The Graphics pipeline has a lot more parts ‒ Reorganizes threads ‒ Tracks dependencies ‒ Reorders ‒ Extra fixed-‐funcQon units ! Are they usable? 7 | PRESENTATION TITLE | DECEMBER 4, 2013 | CONFIDENTIAL
- 8. GRAPHICS IN THE NINETIES Input Assembler Transform and LighQng Rasterizer Texturing and Fog Output Merger 8 | PRESENTATION TITLE | DECEMBER 4, 2013 | CONFIDENTIAL
- 9. VORONOI DIAGRAMS GPGPU WITHOUT SHADERS ! Color according to closest ‒ Point ‒ Line ! Could be weighted ! Useful for ‒ Collision DetecQon ‒ Surface ReconstrucQon ‒ Robot MoQon Planning ‒ Non-‐PhotorealisQc Rendering ‒ Surface SimplificaQon ‒ Mesh GeneraQon 9 | PRESENTATION TITLE | DECEMBER 4, 2013 | CONFIDENTIAL
- 10. VORONOI DIAGRAMS IN THE NINETIES Simply rasterize the cones using graphics hardware Haeberli90, Woo97 10 | PRESENTATION TITLE | DECEMBER 4, 2013 | CONFIDENTIAL 2-‐part discrete Voronoi diagram representaQon Color Buffer Site IDs Depth Buffer Distance
- 11. OPENGL 1 SIMD MACHINE PEERCY, ET. AL. SIGGRAPH 2000 SIMD Concept OpenGL 1 SIMD InstrucQon OpenGL call (CPU) SIMD Lane Pixel SIMD Lane Input Data Texel SIMD Lane Output Data Fragment ALU Blend OperaQon CondiQonals Alpha and Stencil Tests 11 | PRESENTATION TITLE | DECEMBER 4, 2013 | CONFIDENTIAL float y; float4 contrived_example() { float x = f(u,v) if( x*y > 0) { x = x + g(u,v) } return x*h(u,v); }
- 12. USING EARLY-‐Z OR STENCIL Texture-‐space blur With back-‐face culling ApplicaQons of Explicit Early-‐Z Culling, Real-‐Time Shading Course, Siggraph 2004. 12 | PRESENTATION TITLE | DECEMBER 4, 2013 | CONFIDENTIAL Pressure buffer used for sim culling
- 13. What’s the Point? The graphics pipeline gives you access to more 13 | PRESENTATION TITLE | DECEMBER 4, 2013 | CONFIDENTIAL
- 14.
- 15. SHADER TYPES ! Compute (4.3) ! Vertex (2, ES 2) ! TessellaQon Control (4) ! TessellaQon EvaluaQon (4) ! Geometry (3) ! Fragment (2, ES 2) OpenGL 15 | PRESENTATION TITLE | DECEMBER 4, 2013 | CONFIDENTIAL ! ! ! ! ! ! Compute (11) Vertex (8) Hull (11) Domain (11) Geometry (10) Pixel (9) D3D 15
- 16. BASIC GLSL VERTEX SHADER #version 430 in vec3 Position; in vec2 UV; out PosUV //Not available in GLES { vec3 vPositionWS; vec2 vUV; } vs_output; uniform mat4x4 mMVP; uniform mat4x4 mM; void main(void) { gl_Position = mMVP * vec4(Position, 1.0); vs_output.vPositionWS = mM * vec4(Position, 1.0); vs_output.vUV = UV; } 16 | PRESENTATION TITLE | DECEMBER 4, 2013 | CONFIDENTIAL 16
- 17. BASIC GLSL PIXEL SHADER in fsInput //Not available in GLES { vec3 vPositionWS; vec2 vUV; } fs_input; uniform sampler2D sDiffuse; out vec4 color_out; void main(void) { color_out = texture( sDiffuse, fs_input.vUV ); } 17 | PRESENTATION TITLE | DECEMBER 4, 2013 | CONFIDENTIAL 17
- 18. BASIC HLSL VERTEX SHADER struct PosUV //Not available in GLES { float4 vPositionSS : SV_POSITION; float3 vPositionWS : POSITION; float2 vUV : TEXCOORD0; }; float4x4 mMVP; float4x4 mM; PosUV main( float3 Position : POSITION, float2 UV: TEXCOORD0) { PosUV vs_output; output.vPositionSS = mMVP * float4(Position, 1.0); vs_output.vPositionWS = mMP * float4(Position, 1.0); vs_output.vUV = UV; return vs_output; } 18 | PRESENTATION TITLE | DECEMBER 4, 2013 | CONFIDENTIAL 18
- 19. BASIC HLSL PIXEL SHADER struct fsInput { float3 vPositionWS : POSITION; float2 vUV : TEXCOORD0; }; sampler sWrapTriLin; texture2D <float4> tDiffuse; float4 main(fsInput i) : SV_TARGET { return tDiffuse.Sample(sWrapTriLin, i.vUV); } 19 | PRESENTATION TITLE | DECEMBER 4, 2013 | CONFIDENTIAL 19
- 20. BASIC GEOMETRY SHADER layout (triangles) in; layout (triangle_strip, max_vertices = 3) out; void main(void) { for(int i=0; i < gl_in.length(); i++) { gl_Position = gl_in[i].gl_Position; EmitVertex(); } EndPrimitive(); } 20 | PRESENTATION TITLE | DECEMBER 4, 2013 | CONFIDENTIAL 20
- 21. TESSELLATION TessellaQon Control Hull Shader Patch Constant Func Tess factors Tess factors Tessellator Tessellator Topology Topology TessellaQon EvaluaQon OpenGL 4.0 21 | PRESENTATION TITLE | DECEMBER 4, 2013 | CONFIDENTIAL Domain Shader D3D11 21
- 22. TESSELLATION // TessellationControl layout (vertices = 4) out; void TCS(void) { if (gl_InvocationID == 0) { gl_TessLevelInner[0] = 2.0; … // Hull Shader [outputcontrolpoints(4)] [patchconstantfunc("ConstantsHS")] [domain("quad")] [partitioning(“integer")] [outputtopology("triangle_cw")] // Tessellation Evaluation layout (quads, cw, equal_spacing) in void TES(void) { … HS_OUTPUT HullShader(…) // Domain Shader DS_OUTPUT DomainShader(…) OpenGL 4.0 22 | PRESENTATION TITLE | DECEMBER 4, 2013 | CONFIDENTIAL D3D11 22
- 23. TESSELLATION CONTROL outpatch float tessFactor; void main(void) { if (gl_InvocationID == 0) TessellaQon rate can be set by any instance { gl_TessLevelInner[0] = 2.0; … tessFactor = 2.0; } Values can be communicated across threads barrier(); DoSomeWork(tessFactor, gl_InvocationID); 23 | PRESENTATION TITLE | DECEMBER 4, 2013 | CONFIDENTIAL 23
- 24. COMPUTE SHADERS ThreadGroup Thread Thread group size y Thread global size y global size x Thread group size x ! Groups can share local memory ! Threads can be synced at a group level 24 | PRESENTATION TITLE | DECEMBER 4, 2013 | CONFIDENTIAL 24
- 25. OPENGL COMPUTE bufferBlockName { int linearOutput[] }; shared int var; layout(local_size_x = 64, local_size_y = 1, local_size_z = 1) void ContrivedSample() { const uvec3 localIdx = gl_LocalInvocationID; const uvec3 globalIdx = gl_GlobalInvocationID; const uvec3 groupIdx = gl_WorkGroupID; if(localId.x == 0) var = groupIdx.x; barrier(); linearOutput[globalIdx.x] = var; } 25 | PRESENTATION TITLE | DECEMBER 4, 2013 | CONFIDENTIAL 25
- 26. DIRECT COMPUTE RWStructuredBuffer<int>linearOutput; groupshared int var; [numthreads(64, 1, 1)] void ContrivedSample( uint3 globalIdx : SV_DispatchThreadID, uint3 localIdx : SV_GroupThreadID, uint3 groupIdx : SV_GroupID ) { if(localIdx.x == 0) var = groupIdx.x; GroupMemoryBarrierWithGroupSync(); linearOutput[globalIdx.x] = var; } 26 | PRESENTATION TITLE | DECEMBER 4, 2013 | CONFIDENTIAL 26
- 27. PROGRAMMING THE GPU SYNCHRONIZATION
- 28. MEMORY COHERENCE-‐ GL / DX Dispatch CS 28 | PRESENTATION TITLE | DECEMBER 4, 2013 | CONFIDENTIAL Mem CS 28
- 29. MEMORY COHERENCE-‐ GL/DX 11.1 Draw VS Mem GS VS GS FS FS RT 29 | PRESENTATION TITLE | DECEMBER 4, 2013 | CONFIDENTIAL 29
- 30. MEMORY COHERENCE-‐ GL / DX 11.1 Draw VS Mem GS FS RT 30 | PRESENTATION TITLE | DECEMBER 4, 2013 | CONFIDENTIAL 30
- 31.
- 32. DRIVER STACKS (WINDOWS) OpenGL App DirectX App OpenGL32.dll D3D11.dll D3D UMD OpenGL ICD DXGI KMD 32 | PRESENTATION TITLE | DECEMBER 4, 2013 | CONFIDENTIAL 32
- 33. DRIVER STACKS (LINUX) App libGL Gallium3D State tracker DRI Or Hardware layer Gallium3D WinSys libDRM-‐radeon drm 33 | PRESENTATION TITLE | DECEMBER 4, 2013 | CONFIDENTIAL 33
- 34. FEEDING THE GPU GPU-‐CPU SYNCHRONIZATION
- 35. DRIVER COMMAND QUEUE ApplicaQon Dr 5 Da 5 Da 1 Dr 1 Da 6 Da 2 Dr 6 Dr 2 Da 3 Dr 3 Da 4 Dr 4 Da 5 Dr 5 Da 6 Dr 6 Driver/GPU Time Reorder possible? 35 | PRESENTATION TITLE | DECEMBER 4, 2013 | CONFIDENTIAL 35
- 36. CPU/GPU MEMORY SYNCHRONIZATION BY DRIVER App Memory Driver Copy App Memory Driver Copy Hints 36 | PRESENTATION TITLE | DECEMBER 4, 2013 | CONFIDENTIAL GPU Read Driver Copy GPU Read Stream, StaQc, Dynamic Draw, Read, Copy
- 37. CPU/GPU MEMORY SYNCHRONIZATION MANUAL App Memory Da 1 Dr 1 Driver Copy App Copy Da 2 Dr 2 Fence 37 | PRESENTATION TITLE | DECEMBER 4, 2013 | CONFIDENTIAL Da 3 Dr 3 Da 4 Dr 4 Da 5 GPU Read Dr 5 Da 6 Dr 6
- 38. FEEDING THE GPU DATA
- 39. LEGACY OPENGL OBJECT MODEL ! glGenBuffers, glGenTextures, glGenSamplers, … ‒ Creates name / handle ! glBindBuffer, glBindTexture, ‒ Sets as current ! glBufferData, glTexSubImage, glMapBuffer ‒ Supplies data 39 | PRESENTATION TITLE | DECEMBER 4, 2013 | CONFIDENTIAL 39
- 40. BUFFER BINDING AND CREATION glBindBuffer(target,name) Target binding BufferObject State, Usage BufferData desc.BindFlags = <Target> pDevice-‐>CreateBuffer(desc,…) 40 | PRESENTATION TITLE | DECEMBER 4, 2013 | CONFIDENTIAL 40
- 41. SETTING DATA (SIMPLEST OPTION) glBufferData (target, size, pData, usage) data Target binding BufferObject desc.Usage = <Usage> desc.CPUAccessFlags = <RWUsage> pDevice-‐>CreateBuffer(desc,pData,) 41 | PRESENTATION TITLE | DECEMBER 4, 2013 | CONFIDENTIAL 41
- 42. BUFFER TARGETS GL Name Typical Purpose DX Equivalent ARRAY VerQces VERTEX ELEMENT_ARRAY Indices INDEX UNIFORM Read-‐only vars CONSTANT TEXTURE_BUFFER Buffer-‐as-‐texture CONSTANT (tbuffer) SHADER_STORAGE Read/write SHADER_RESOURCE TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK Stream out Stream out DRAW_INDIRECT indirect draw DRAWINDIRECT ATOMIC_COUNTER Global counter var UAV_FLAG_COUNTER COPY_READ, _WRITE Copying (opQonal) Staging? PIXEL_PACK, _UNPACK GPU <-‐> CPU Staging? 42 | PRESENTATION TITLE | DECEMBER 4, 2013 | CONFIDENTIAL 42
- 43. DIRECTX OBJECTS AND VIEWS ! Resource (base class) ‒ Usage: default, immutable, dynamic, staging ‒ Bind flags: vertex, index, shader resource, … ! Buffer ! Texture2D, … ! DepthStencilView ! RenderTargetView ! ShaderResourceView ! UnorderedAccessView 43 | PRESENTATION TITLE | DECEMBER 4, 2013 | CONFIDENTIAL 43
- 44. OBJECT AND VIEW EXAMPLE D3D11_BUFFER_DESC desc; desc.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_SHADER_RESOURCE; … pDevice->CreateBuffer(&desc, data, &pBuffer); D3D11_SHADER_RESOURCE_VIEW_DESC srvDesc; srcDesc.ViewDimension = D3D11_SRV_DIMENSION_BUFFER; … pDevice->CreateShaderResourceView(pBuffer, &srvDesc, &pView); //at draw time pContext->VSSetShaderResources(0, 1, pView); 44 | PRESENTATION TITLE | DECEMBER 4, 2013 | CONFIDENTIAL 44
- 45. DATA TYPES Image 45 | PRESENTATION TITLE | DECEMBER 4, 2013 | CONFIDENTIAL Linear
- 46. IMMUTABLE TEXTURES (4.2, GLES 3) glGenTextures(1, &texObjName); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D_ARRAY, texObjName); glTexStorage3D(GL_TEXTURE_2D_ARRAY, level, internalformat, width, height, depth); glTexSubImage3D(GL_TEXTURE_2D_ARRAY, 0,0,0, width, height, depth, format, type, pData); CreateTexture2D( desc, srcDataLayout, pData); 46 | PRESENTATION TITLE | DECEMBER 4, 2013 | CONFIDENTIAL 46
- 47. FEEDING THE GPU PROGRAMS
- 48. SHADER MANAGEMENT -‐ OPENGL Program Object GLuint shader = glCreateShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER); Vertex Shader glShaderSource(…); glCompileShader(); Pixel Shader GLuint program = glCreateProgram(); glAttachShader(program, shader); glLinkProgram(program); glUseProgram(program); 48 | PRESENTATION TITLE | DECEMBER 4, 2013 | CONFIDENTIAL 48
- 49. BASIC GLSL PIXEL SHADER in fsInput //Not available in GLES { vec3 vPositionWS; vec2 vUV; } fs_input; uniform sampler2D sDiffuse; out vec4 color_out; void main(void) { color_out = texture( sDiffuse, fs_input.vUV ); } 49 | PRESENTATION TITLE | DECEMBER 4, 2013 | CONFIDENTIAL 49
- 50. BASIC GLSL VERTEX SHADER #version 430 in vec3 Position; in vec2 UV; out PosUV //Not available in GLES { vec3 vPositionWS; vec2 vUV; } vs_output; uniform mat4x4 mMVP; uniform mat4x4 mM; void main(void) { gl_Position = mMVP * vec4(Position, 1.0); vs_output.vPositionWS = mM * vec4(Position, 1.0); vs_output.vUV = UV; } 50 | PRESENTATION TITLE | DECEMBER 4, 2013 | CONFIDENTIAL 50
- 51. SHADER MANAGEMENT -‐ DX D3DCompile(source,..,vs_5_0,..,&pByteCode) pShader = CreateVertexShader(pByteCode); VSSetShader(pShader,0,0); ! No program / link concept in API 51 | PRESENTATION TITLE | DECEMBER 4, 2013 | CONFIDENTIAL 51
- 52. PROGRAM BINARIES OpenGL glGetProgramBinary(program,…,format,pBinaryOut); DirectX D3DCompile(source,..,vs_5_0,..,&pByteCode) ! Program level ! Shader level ! In theory: format choices ! Portable byte code ! In pracQce: somewhat final, non-‐portable 52 | PRESENTATION TITLE | DECEMBER 4, 2013 | CONFIDENTIAL 52
- 53. DRAW CALLS OpenGL D3D glDrawArrays Draw glDrawArraysInstanced DrawInstanced(…,0) glDrawArraysInstancedBaseInstance DrawInstanced glDrawArraysIndirect DrawInstancedIndirect glMulQDrawArrays for(int i=0; i<n; ++i) Draw(count[i], start[i]); glMulQDrawArraysIndirect for(int i=0; i<n; ++i) DrawInstancedIndirect(…) glDrawElements DrawIndexed …And so forth 53 | PRESENTATION TITLE | DECEMBER 4, 2013 | CONFIDENTIAL 53
- 54. COMPUTE SHADERS glDispatchCompute(nGroupsX,nGroupsY,nGroupsZ) Dispatch(nGroupsX,nGroupsY,nGroupsZ ) glDispatchComputeIndirect(offset) DispatchIndirect(pResource,offset) OpenGL 4.3 54 | PRESENTATION TITLE | DECEMBER 4, 2013 | CONFIDENTIAL D3D11 54
- 55.
- 56. IMAGE-‐BASED MODELING 56 | PRESENTATION TITLE | DECEMBER 4, 2013 | CONFIDENTIAL
- 57. GENERATING THE MODEL Render: projecQon, rasterizaQon, texturing, depth buffering, … 57 | PRESENTATION TITLE | DECEMBER 4, 2013 | CONFIDENTIAL
- 58. TressFX HAIR ! AMD technology for high-‐quality hair rendering ! Thousands of hair strands individually simulated and rendered on the GPU ! DirectCompute physics simulaQon ! Shader Model 5.0 pixel shader using compute capabiliQes for rendering 58 | PRESENTATION TITLE | DECEMBER 4, 2013 | CONFIDENTIAL
- 59. NOT EXPOSED IN GRAPHICS APIS (YET) ! Local shared memory restricted to ‒ Compute ‒ TessellaQon Control, in a limited sense ! Some OpenCL extensions (e.g., 64 bit atomics) ! Numerical compliance ! Some OpenCL 1.2 addiQons ! OpenCL 2.0 addiQons 59 | PRESENTATION TITLE | DECEMBER 4, 2013 | CONFIDENTIAL
- 60. SUMMARY The graphics pipeline gives you access to different hardware There are addiQonal synchroniza6on issues and opportunites Mix and match for the best of both compute and graphics 60 | PRESENTATION TITLE | DECEMBER 4, 2013 | CONFIDENTIAL
- 61. DISCLAIMER & ATTRIBUTION The informaQon presented in this document is for informaQonal purposes only and may contain technical inaccuracies, omissions and typographical errors. The informaQon contained herein is subject to change and may be rendered inaccurate for many reasons, including but not limited to product and roadmap changes, component and motherboard version changes, new model and/or product releases, product differences between differing manufacturers, sozware changes, BIOS flashes, firmware upgrades, or the like. AMD assumes no obligaQon to update or otherwise correct or revise this informaQon. However, AMD reserves the right to revise this informaQon and to make changes from Qme to Qme to the content hereof without obligaQon of AMD to noQfy any person of such revisions or changes. AMD MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES WITH RESPECT TO THE CONTENTS HEREOF AND ASSUMES NO RESPONSIBILITY FOR ANY INACCURACIES, ERRORS OR OMISSIONS THAT MAY APPEAR IN THIS INFORMATION. AMD SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE. IN NO EVENT WILL AMD BE LIABLE TO ANY PERSON FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL OR OTHER CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING FROM THE USE OF ANY INFORMATION CONTAINED HEREIN, EVEN IF AMD IS EXPRESSLY ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. ATTRIBUTION © 2013 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. All rights reserved. AMD, the AMD Arrow logo and combinaQons thereof are trademarks of Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. in the United States and/or other jurisdicQons. SPEC is a registered trademark of the Standard Performance EvaluaQon CorporaQon (SPEC). Other names are for informaQonal purposes only and may be trademarks of their respecQve owners. 61 | PRESENTATION TITLE | DECEMBER 4, 2013 | CONFIDENTIAL