This document summarizes a petrophysical analysis of reservoir rock in the Kadanwari block. It outlines the objectives, methodology, and results of the analysis using well logs from four wells. Key findings include identifying eight hydrocarbon-bearing zones, calculating properties like porosity, water saturation, and net pay thickness. Maps of properties like shale distribution and porosity variation show lateral changes across the reservoir. The analysis provides reliable petrophysical data for evaluating this gas reservoir.
well logging project report_ongc project studentknigh7
It briefs well logging basics for students of geophysics on well logging or partly on reservoir characterization. It can be good note book for summer ,winter training in well logging data analysis and open hole log interpretation
well logging project report_ongc project studentknigh7
It briefs well logging basics for students of geophysics on well logging or partly on reservoir characterization. It can be good note book for summer ,winter training in well logging data analysis and open hole log interpretation
What is tight reservoir?
To Understanding Tight Oil
Principle Types of Tight Reservoir; CHARACTERISTIC OF TIGHT RESERVOIR; FACTORS TO CONSIDER FOR TIGHT RESERVOIR; LOGGING IN TIGHT RESERVOIR;TECHNIQUES TO PRODUCE FROM TIGHT RESERVOIR; Light Tight Oil (LTO) Recovery; TIGHT OIL CHALLENGES; TIGHT OIL SOLUTIONS; WORLD ESTIMATE of TIGHT OIL
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Abstract
The Montserrat and Sant Llorenç del Munt fan-delta complexes were developed during the Eocene in the Ebro basin. The depositional stratigraphic record of these fan deltas has been described as a made up by a several transgressive and regressive composite sequences each made up by several fundamental sequences. Each sequence set is in turn composed by five main facies belts: proximal alluvial fan, distal alluvial fan, delta front, carbonates platforms and prodelta.
Using outcrop data from three composite sequences (Sant Vicenç, Vilomara and Manresa), a 3D facies model was built. The key sequential traces of the studied area georeferenced and digitalized on to photorealistic terrain models, were the hard data used as input to reconstruct the main surfaces, which are separating transgressive and regressive stacking patterns. Regarding the facies modelling has been achieved using a geostatistical algorithm in order to define the stacking trend and the interfingerings of adjacent facies belts, and five paleogeographyc maps to reproduce the paleogeometry of the facies belts within each system tract.
The final model has been checked, using a real cross section, and analysed in order to obtain information about the Delta Front facies which are the ones susceptible to be analogous of a reservoir. Attending to the results including eight probability maps of occurrence, the transgressive sequence set of Vilomara is the greatest accumulation of these facies explained by its agradational component.
Types of sonic logging tools are explained briefly with help of animation and what are the application of these tools in determining the formation properties.
Pumping Tests are conducted to examine the aquifer response, under controlled conditions, to the abstraction of water. Hydrogeologists determine the hydraulic characteristics of water-bearing formations, by conducting pumping tests. A pumping test is a practical, reliable method of estimating well performance, well yield, the zone of influence of the well and aquifer characteristics. There is a procedure for conducting pumping tests in wells. This lesson highlights the prevailing methods adopted while conducting pumping tests.
What is tight reservoir?
To Understanding Tight Oil
Principle Types of Tight Reservoir; CHARACTERISTIC OF TIGHT RESERVOIR; FACTORS TO CONSIDER FOR TIGHT RESERVOIR; LOGGING IN TIGHT RESERVOIR;TECHNIQUES TO PRODUCE FROM TIGHT RESERVOIR; Light Tight Oil (LTO) Recovery; TIGHT OIL CHALLENGES; TIGHT OIL SOLUTIONS; WORLD ESTIMATE of TIGHT OIL
3D Facies Modelling project using Petrel software. Msc Geology and Geophysics
Abstract
The Montserrat and Sant Llorenç del Munt fan-delta complexes were developed during the Eocene in the Ebro basin. The depositional stratigraphic record of these fan deltas has been described as a made up by a several transgressive and regressive composite sequences each made up by several fundamental sequences. Each sequence set is in turn composed by five main facies belts: proximal alluvial fan, distal alluvial fan, delta front, carbonates platforms and prodelta.
Using outcrop data from three composite sequences (Sant Vicenç, Vilomara and Manresa), a 3D facies model was built. The key sequential traces of the studied area georeferenced and digitalized on to photorealistic terrain models, were the hard data used as input to reconstruct the main surfaces, which are separating transgressive and regressive stacking patterns. Regarding the facies modelling has been achieved using a geostatistical algorithm in order to define the stacking trend and the interfingerings of adjacent facies belts, and five paleogeographyc maps to reproduce the paleogeometry of the facies belts within each system tract.
The final model has been checked, using a real cross section, and analysed in order to obtain information about the Delta Front facies which are the ones susceptible to be analogous of a reservoir. Attending to the results including eight probability maps of occurrence, the transgressive sequence set of Vilomara is the greatest accumulation of these facies explained by its agradational component.
Types of sonic logging tools are explained briefly with help of animation and what are the application of these tools in determining the formation properties.
Pumping Tests are conducted to examine the aquifer response, under controlled conditions, to the abstraction of water. Hydrogeologists determine the hydraulic characteristics of water-bearing formations, by conducting pumping tests. A pumping test is a practical, reliable method of estimating well performance, well yield, the zone of influence of the well and aquifer characteristics. There is a procedure for conducting pumping tests in wells. This lesson highlights the prevailing methods adopted while conducting pumping tests.
GEOTECHNICAL INTERPRETATION OF SOIL FOR PROPOSED UTILITY TUNNEL FROM KURIL TO...Johana Sharmin
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Effects of shale volume distribution on the elastic properties of reserviors ...DR. RICHMOND IDEOZU
Shale volume (Vsh) estimation has been carried out on three selected reservoirs (Nan.1, Nan.2, and Nan.4) distributed across four wells (01, 03, 06, and 12) in Nantin Field, using petrophysical analysis and reservoir modeling techniques with a view to understanding the reservoir elastic properties. Materials utilized for this research work include: Well Log data (Gamma Ray Log, Resistivity Log, Sonic Log, Density Log, Neutron porosity log), and a 3-D Seismic volume were used for the study. Sand and shale were the prevalent lithologies in Nantin Field. Nan. 1 reservoir was thickest in Nantin well 12 (29.7ft), Nantin 2 reservoir was thickest in Nantin Well 12 (30.9ft) while Nantin 4 reservoir was thickest in Well 3 (72ft). Correlation well panel across the Field showed that Nantin 4 reservoir, was thicker than Nan 1 and Nan 2 Reservoir respectively. Normal and synthetic Faults were also mapped, the trapping system in the field includes anticlines in association with fault closures. The thicknesses and lateral extents of these reservoirs were delineated into three zones (1, 2, and 3) which were modeled appropriately. Petrophysical and some elasticity parameters such as Poisson ratio (PR), Acoustic Impedance (AI), and Reflectivity Coefficient (RC) were evaluated for the wells. The results from elasticity evaluation showed a high Poisson Ratio of 0.40 in Nantin 2 reservoir of Well 12 based on high shale volume distribution of 0.70 indicating high stress level and possible boundary to hydraulic fracture. The lowest Poisson Ratio was evaluated in Nantin reservoir of Well 1 with lowest shale volume of 0.18 which indicates weak zones and may not constrain a fracturing job. Results from Acoustic impedance showed a high AI value of 7994.3 in Nan 2 Reservoir compared to Nan.1 which has the least AI value of 7447.3 because of low shale volume. A higher Reflectivity Coefficient of 0.01 was recorded in Nan.2 reservoir indicating bright spot while a lower RC of -0.00023 was recorded in Nan.4 Reservoir indicating dim spot. Hydrocarbon volume estimate of the three reservoirs showed 163mmstb in Nan.1 reservoir, 169mmstb, in Nantin 2 reservoir and 115mmstb in Nan. 4 Reservoir. The reservoirs encountered were faulted and laterally extensive. Nantin 2 reservoir was more prolific with a STOIIP of 169 mmstb compared to Nan. 1 with a STOIP of 163 mmstb and Nantin.4 with a STOIP of 115 mmstb, because of its good petrophysical values, facies quality and low shale volume distributions.
Long-term stability of a moored optical oxygen sensor in an estuarySeaBirdScientific
Project Goal: Assess the long-term, undisturbed
performance of the SBE63 optical oxygen sensor in a
high fouling coastal environment over a two-year
period. Results indicate stability within +/- 2% in the
field.
• Instrument left on the mooring for 2 years without removal, cleaning,
or servicing
• Test site was a shallow nearshore estuarine environment at Shilshole
Marina, north of Seattle, WA USA
• Test site visited periodically with water samples and CTD profiles
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International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering
Field Development Project : Gelama MerahHami Asma'i
A green field development project located in Sabah Basin comprises the whole upstream field development cycle from geology, reservoir studies to production facilities and economics. The objective is to come out with the best strategy to develop the field starting from our very own effort of reservoir characterization out of log and core data. Under supervision of lecturers, this project was completed as per scheduled.
Among new technical methodologies applied upon the completion this project:
1. Cubic Spline Interpolation Method in bulk volume calculation
2. Monte Carlo probabilistic method in reserve estimation
3. Reservoir Opportunity Index (ROI) method in well placement
Project was assessed by PETRONAS custodians.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacks
Petrophysical analysis of reservoir rock of kadanwari gas [autosaved]
1. Petrophysical Analysis Of
Reservoir Rock Of Kadanwari
block
By
Muhammad Ali
MS Geophysics
Project Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Mubarik Ali
Project Co-Supervisor: Mr. Abid Hussain
2. OUTLINE
1. INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY AREA
2. OBJECTIVE
3. GEOLOGY, TECTONICS AND STRATIGRAPHY
4. DATABASE
5. METHODOLOGY
6. RESULTS
7. CONCLUSIONS
8. RECOMMENDATIONS
9. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3. Location Map of Study Area
The assigned study area is geographically located at 27º 01′ 00′′ to 27º 10′ 00′′ N Latitude and
69º 05′ 00′′ to 69 º 22′ 00′′ E Longitude. District Khairpur, Sindh Province of Pakistan.
4. EXPLORATION HISTORY OF THE
STUDY AREA
• The Kadanwari gas field discover in 1989 and brought on stream in
1995.
• The operator started the field operation in may 1987 with acquisition
of 2D seismic.
• The field was discover by the K-1 well which was drilled in September
1989.
• The reservoir section at Kadanwari belong to the lower Goru sand
while the sealing is provided the upper Goru shaley sequence.
5. OBJECTIVE
• Lithology identification.
• Calculate of shale volume.
• Determining the porosity of reservoirs.
• Determining the water saturation and hydrocarbon.
• Net pay thicknеss.
• Borehole geometry.
• Isochore map
• Iso-porosity map
• Iso-shale map
• Iso-water saturation map
• Net Pay map
12. Shale Volume
• Gamma ray log used to calculate of shale volume
• And also used to differentiate b/w shale and Non Shale
• Gamma ray log scale range we used 0-250 API
14. Effective Porosity
• Effective porosity is calculated by sonic log.
• Use when density log is not presented, or when dеnsity log is affected by bad hole.
• Effective porosity = total porosity – non effective porosity (shale porosity)
• Sonic porosity equation.
• PHIS = (DT - DTma) ÷ (DTfld - DTma)
• Shale porosity equation.
• PHISSH = (DTshl - DTma) ÷ (DTfld - DTma)
• After calculated porosity from both equation than we computed effective porosity from;
• PHIE_S = (PHIS - Vshl * PHISSH)
• Where
• PHIS = Sonic Porosity
• PHISSH = Shale Porosity
• PHIE_S = Effective Porosity
DTshl = interval transit time of shale
DTma = interval transit time of matrix
DT = interval transit time of formation
15.
16. WATER SATURATION
• Water saturation is the amount of water in relation to the pore space only.
• Indonesian equation:
• Where
• Sw = water saturation of formation
• Rt = True resistivity (log reading)
• Vsh = volume of shale
• Rsh = resistivity of shale (log reading)
Rw = resistvity of formation water (computed from
pickett plot)
Фe = effectivity prosity (computed from sonic log)
m = cementation factor (pickett plot)
a = Archie constant (0.68 for sandstone)
n = Saturation exponent
17. SATURATION HYDROCARBON
• Saturation Hydrocarbon
In general HC saturation is denoted by Shc. Hydrocarbon Saturation is computed by
using formula which is given below
Sg = 1-Swl (Schlumberger, 1974).
Swl = Water Saturation
• Bulk Volume of Water
Bvw = Swi *effective porosity
Where
Swi = water saturation is uninvaded zone
18. Permeability From Log
Permeability should only be calculate from log when the formation is at
irreducible water saturation . This condition can be determination using
the Bulk volume water relationship.
BVW = Sw*effective porosity
When the Bulk volume water value are constant the interval is at
irreducible saturation.
K = (79 * PHIE^3/SwIrr)^2 (For gas)
K = (250 * PHIE^3/SwIrr)^2 (For oil)
19. Net Pay
Net pay is the portion of a resеrvoir from which hydrocrbons can be produced at
economic proportions, given a particular production method (Lisa Dean 2007).
NET PAY = PHIE_S > PhiCutoff and SwI< SwCutoff and Vshl < VshCutoff
Cutoff value
Cut off value are which I applied in own zone of interest:
• Sw < 0. 5
• Vshl < 0.35
• Phie > 0.04
(Overall VSh in Lower Goru 35%)
22. Rw Calculate From Pickett Plot
No. Well name Rw m a for s.st
1 Kadanwari well-01 0.30 1.80 0.68
2 Kadanwari well-03 0.33 1.82 0.68
3 Kadanwari well-10 0.22 1.76 0.68
4 Kadanwari well-11 0.27 1.80 0.68
23. Identifying the depth of mud cake and caving zone
Lithology identification using Gamma ray log
Detect the water bearing zone Detect the hydrocarbon bearing zone
Select the zone of interest and estimate the logging parameter for interpretation
Estimate of shale
volume
Assessment the porosity
From den/neutron and
sonic log
Determination of water
from Indonesian
method
Bulk volume water
Decision making for
next exploration
work
Log Interpretation Methodology
29. Interpretation of Kadanwari Well-03
KAD WELL_03 TYPE TOP BASE THICKNESS PHIE PHIshl Vshl K Sw Sg BVW BVG HCPV
ZONE_1
GROSS 2885 2888 2.4m
11.13% 33.58% 16.22% 393.86 38.27% 61.73% 6.88% 6.88% 0.4911
PAY 2886 2888 2m
ZONE_2
GROSS 3346 3354 8.1m
7.32% 33.58% 12.92% 113.58 40.22% 59.78% 4.95% 4.95% 0.7823
PAY 3352 3354 2m
The BVW (Product of porosity and water saturation) has been estimated from Indonesia - model’s water
saturation of gas sands which ranges from 0.04 to 0.07 respectively. Detailed results of BVW are shown in
table. These values are indicating that the grain size of this reservoir sand is medium to fine and very fine,
respectively.
34. Lateral Variation of Petrophysical
Characteristics
• Shale Content Distribution Map
• Porosity Distribution Map
• Water Saturation Distribution map
• Hydrocarbon Saturation Distribution Map
• Net Pay Map
40. Conclusion
• After importing Las files on petrophysical software quality control were done on all wells,
Data for density log and neutron log is not reliable as many zones affected from borehole
irregularities (washout/breakout). The data quality is not too good so we have calculated
porosity from sonic log.
• The derived formation resistivity factors (a, m) and Sw exponent (n) from graphical method
of Pickett plot and formation water salinity had proved the reliability of the reflected
petrophysical results. The computed porosity by Sonic-Raymer model was proved as more
reliable model for the calculation of porosity for heterogeneous shaly sand reservoir where
bad hole condition present. The Density-Neutron porosity model, was alternated in there not
bad hole section present.
• The Indonesia model was used effectively to calculate water saturation for heterogeneous
shaly sand reservoirs. This technique was used effectively and widely in petrophysical
studies for the shaly sand reservoir in the Kadanwari Gas fields. B/c it gave more accurate
water saturation values in the shalier zones.
• The petrophysical analysis of kadanwari gas field revealed that the field is a prolific gas
zone. Many zones (well-01, well-03, wel-10 and well-11) were delineated and the
petrophysical parameters of these reservoirs were carefully analysed. The analysis revealed
that the reservoirs are good quality reservoir sands with average porosities ranging from 0.11
– 0.44, average water saturation ranging from 0.18 – 0.45 and hydrocarbon saturation
averaging between 0.59 – 0.86. The net/gross of the reservoir is between 0.21 – 0.47. By
contouring thickness trend is seems that the depositional strike at the time of deposition of
Lower Goru is in S-N direction in General.
41. Suggestions for Further Work
• Due to limited data and the bad quality of available data the scope of study was restricted to
basic petro physical study of reservoir, so it is highly recommended to provide more data for
the detailed analysis.
• It also recommended to drilling more wells into / for the central part of the southwestern and
south-eastern part of the study area, In the vicinity of South Kadanwari-01 well, for more
hydrocarbon production from Lower Goru, for more favourable economic conditions. It also
suggested to avoiding drilling into/for the areas of high concentrations of water saturation
north-eastern and north-western part of the area. Because the shale content increase in lower
goru formation increase at north-eastern and noth-western side.
42. Acknowledgement
I would like to express my deepest gratitude to:
• Professor Dr. Mubarik Ali (Research Supervisor , HOD E & ES )
• Mr. Abid Hussain ( Research Co-Supervisor , Senior Geologist at Ppl)