This document provides information on formation evaluation from well logs, including determining porosity, permeability, water saturation, and identifying depleted gas reservoirs. It discusses:
1. Using density and neutron logs to determine porosity in gas-filled reservoirs, and relying on density logs for porosity in oil reservoirs due to clay effects.
2. Calculating water saturation using resistivity logs and accounting for formation water resistivity based on known water saturated zones.
3. Methods for estimating permeability, including using core data, pressure decline testing, porosity-permeability plots, and resistivity and SP logs.
4. Identifying depleted gas reservoirs by looking for large separation between density and neutron porosity logs,
WELL LOG : Types of Logs, The Bore Hole Image, Interpreting Geophysical Well Logs, applications, Production logs, Well Log Classification and Cataloging
WELL LOG : Types of Logs, The Bore Hole Image, Interpreting Geophysical Well Logs, applications, Production logs, Well Log Classification and Cataloging
Introduction
Petrophysic of the rocks
It is the study of the physical and chemical properties of the rocks related to the pores and fluid distribution
Porosity, is ratio between volume of void to the total voids of the rock.
Permeability, is ability of a porous material to allow fluids to pass through it.
Electric, most of the sedimentary rocks don’t have conductivity.
Radiation, clay rocks have 40K, radiate alpha ray.
Hardness, it depends on the cementing material and thickness of the sediments.
WELL LOGGING
The systematic recording of rock properties and it’s fluid contents in wells being drilled or produced to obtain various petrophysical parameters and characteristics of down hole sequences (G.E Archie 1950).
The measurement versus depth or time, or both, of one or more physical properties in a well.
These methods are particularly good when surface outcrops are not available, but a direct sample of the rock is needed to be sure of the lithology.
A wide range of physical parameters can be measured.
In some cases, the measurements are not direct, it require interpretation by analogy or by correlating values between two or more logs run in the same hole.
Provide information on lithology, boundaries of formations and stratigraphic correlation.
Determine Porosity, Permeability, water, oil and gas saturation.
Reservoir modeling and Structural studies… etc.
Types of Well Logging
Logs can be classified into several types under different category
Permeability and lithology Logs
Gamma Ray log
Self Potential [SP] log
Caliber log
Porosity Logs
Density log
Sonic log
Neutron log
Electrical Logs
Resistivity Log
For contact : omerupto3@gmail.com
Types of sonic logging tools are explained briefly with help of animation and what are the application of these tools in determining the formation properties.
Reservoir Porosity; Porosity Definition; Types Porosity; Origins of Porosity in Clastics and Carbonates; Primary (Original) Porosity; Secondary (Induced) Porosity; Pore Space Porosity Classification; Absolute (or Total) Porosity; Effective Porosity; Porosity Calculated; Porosity Values; Porosity in Sandstone; Sandstones Porosity Types; Factors That Affect Porosity in Sandstones ; Grain Packing in Sandstone; Progressive Destruction of Bedding Through Bioturbation; Dual Porosity in Sandstone; Dissolution Porosity in Sandstone; Porosity in Carbonate; Carbonates Porosity Types; Idealized Carbonate Porosity Types; Comparison of Total and Effective Porosities; Reservoir Average Porosity; MEASUREMENT OF POROSITY
Advanced logging evaluation gas reservoir of Levantine basinFabio Brambilla
Experience gained in recent activity in the Levantine basin has allowed for the development of a formation evaluation strategy for accurate gas reservoirs description in this region. The proposed evaluation approach considers operational issues of deep water wells, challenging borehole conditions (high salinity mud, deep invasion) and other geological features of these clastic reservoirs and their fluids. Our case study highlights benefits of the integrated evaluation of new laterolog resistivity data together with 2D NMR inversion results optimized for a gas bearing reservoir. Furthermore borehole imaging logs are included in our evaluation approach. The recently developed multi laterolog tool has an advantage of four multiple depths of investigation. It provides a detailed high 1ft vertical resolution radial resistivity profile overcoming the deep invasion often present in these reservoirs. The NMR acquired in gas oriented acquisition mode exploits the multi-frequency capability of the logging device. Combined together multiple G•TE and multiple TW experiments contribute to robust determination of the T1 and T2 reservoir fluid properties. This acquisition sequence allows for continuous hydrocarbon typing applying the T1/T2 vs T2 2D maps method, which is practical for these reservoirs given the T1 contrast between gas and other fluids. Consequently we are able to perform accurate HI corrections and therefore improve the estimates of NMR permeability and saturations. Further in the workflow we compare NMR and Stoneley wave permeability’s and assess in details their differences. The geological study performed with the combination of simultaneously acquired ultrasonic and resistivity borehole images provides additional insight into the reservoir architectures, taking advantage during the analysis of the different logging responses of the petrophysical factors to acoustic and resistivity investigation for a detailed delineation of the productive beds. The advantages of this integrated approach are illustrated with field data examples.
Introduction
Petrophysic of the rocks
It is the study of the physical and chemical properties of the rocks related to the pores and fluid distribution
Porosity, is ratio between volume of void to the total voids of the rock.
Permeability, is ability of a porous material to allow fluids to pass through it.
Electric, most of the sedimentary rocks don’t have conductivity.
Radiation, clay rocks have 40K, radiate alpha ray.
Hardness, it depends on the cementing material and thickness of the sediments.
WELL LOGGING
The systematic recording of rock properties and it’s fluid contents in wells being drilled or produced to obtain various petrophysical parameters and characteristics of down hole sequences (G.E Archie 1950).
The measurement versus depth or time, or both, of one or more physical properties in a well.
These methods are particularly good when surface outcrops are not available, but a direct sample of the rock is needed to be sure of the lithology.
A wide range of physical parameters can be measured.
In some cases, the measurements are not direct, it require interpretation by analogy or by correlating values between two or more logs run in the same hole.
Provide information on lithology, boundaries of formations and stratigraphic correlation.
Determine Porosity, Permeability, water, oil and gas saturation.
Reservoir modeling and Structural studies… etc.
Types of Well Logging
Logs can be classified into several types under different category
Permeability and lithology Logs
Gamma Ray log
Self Potential [SP] log
Caliber log
Porosity Logs
Density log
Sonic log
Neutron log
Electrical Logs
Resistivity Log
For contact : omerupto3@gmail.com
Types of sonic logging tools are explained briefly with help of animation and what are the application of these tools in determining the formation properties.
Reservoir Porosity; Porosity Definition; Types Porosity; Origins of Porosity in Clastics and Carbonates; Primary (Original) Porosity; Secondary (Induced) Porosity; Pore Space Porosity Classification; Absolute (or Total) Porosity; Effective Porosity; Porosity Calculated; Porosity Values; Porosity in Sandstone; Sandstones Porosity Types; Factors That Affect Porosity in Sandstones ; Grain Packing in Sandstone; Progressive Destruction of Bedding Through Bioturbation; Dual Porosity in Sandstone; Dissolution Porosity in Sandstone; Porosity in Carbonate; Carbonates Porosity Types; Idealized Carbonate Porosity Types; Comparison of Total and Effective Porosities; Reservoir Average Porosity; MEASUREMENT OF POROSITY
Advanced logging evaluation gas reservoir of Levantine basinFabio Brambilla
Experience gained in recent activity in the Levantine basin has allowed for the development of a formation evaluation strategy for accurate gas reservoirs description in this region. The proposed evaluation approach considers operational issues of deep water wells, challenging borehole conditions (high salinity mud, deep invasion) and other geological features of these clastic reservoirs and their fluids. Our case study highlights benefits of the integrated evaluation of new laterolog resistivity data together with 2D NMR inversion results optimized for a gas bearing reservoir. Furthermore borehole imaging logs are included in our evaluation approach. The recently developed multi laterolog tool has an advantage of four multiple depths of investigation. It provides a detailed high 1ft vertical resolution radial resistivity profile overcoming the deep invasion often present in these reservoirs. The NMR acquired in gas oriented acquisition mode exploits the multi-frequency capability of the logging device. Combined together multiple G•TE and multiple TW experiments contribute to robust determination of the T1 and T2 reservoir fluid properties. This acquisition sequence allows for continuous hydrocarbon typing applying the T1/T2 vs T2 2D maps method, which is practical for these reservoirs given the T1 contrast between gas and other fluids. Consequently we are able to perform accurate HI corrections and therefore improve the estimates of NMR permeability and saturations. Further in the workflow we compare NMR and Stoneley wave permeability’s and assess in details their differences. The geological study performed with the combination of simultaneously acquired ultrasonic and resistivity borehole images provides additional insight into the reservoir architectures, taking advantage during the analysis of the different logging responses of the petrophysical factors to acoustic and resistivity investigation for a detailed delineation of the productive beds. The advantages of this integrated approach are illustrated with field data examples.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
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Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
6. 6
Shaliness:
Determined from Gamma-ray log. Not reliably interpreted from SP
in impervious strata or in thin beds.
Establish 0%, 50%, and 100% shale lines on the GR log. SS
and LS intervals above the 50% cutoff are shaly. Rattiness of the GR
log to the left or right of the 50% line indicates thin beds of SS & LS
respectively. These beds are too thin for accurate log resolution but
Are still very real! Shaly sands and carbonates (>40%) are generally
worthless reservoirs despite their “apparent” porosity.
Formation Factor (F) – needed for Sw calculation
Ways to calculate F:
F = Ro/Rw use only in clean, water-bearing formations having
little clay or hydrocarbons. Formula has limited value or accuracy
throughout an actual field or large area. Cannot be used when
evaluating multiple reservoirs. Note: R0 = bed resistivity 100%
water saturated and Rw = resistivity of formation water.
F = a/Φm Archie equation or modification there-of (best)
a = tortuosity constant dependent on rock texture
(grain size, sorting, cementation, etc). Use 1 for
carbonates and .81 for most sandstones in OK.
m = cementation factor (1.4 to 1.7 slightly cemented;
1.8 to1.9 moderately cemented, 2.0 to 2.2 highly
cemented). Use 2 for carbonates and sandstone in OK.
Therefore: for sandstone use F = .81/Ø2
for limestone use F = 1/Ø2
FORMATION EVALUATION FROM WELL LOGS
7. 7
Water/hydrocarbon saturation determination:
Can be interpreted from:
SP log – difficult, incorporates too many variables. All rock
factors being equal, the SP is diminished in hydrocarbon
-filled reservoirs as compared to when filled with water.
Cores – often a bad choice since permeable rocks will be
flushed during drilling thereby distorting values badly.
Formula – Best, most accurate, and easy to use in all rock
types and saturation conditions. Uses “hard” numbers
instead of guesses and extrapolated values.
Sw = FRw
Rt
solving for Rw: Rw = Sw
2
Rt
F
Using this method, find a nearby well (usually low to production)
that has good reservoir characteristics but is decidedly wet. This
zone will have the lowest resistivity for the particular reservoir of
interest and will obviously be dry. It can safely and accurately be
assumed that Sw in this interval is between 95%-100% and
obviously, even an error of a few % will not result in large error in
calculation of Rw. From the same well and zone, Rt and F can
accurately be determined from well logs to calculate Rw.
Then, use the SW formula (above) with the calculated Rw to
determine hydrocarbon saturation in the same reservoir
8. 8
Determining water/hydrocarbon saturation, continued
Alternatively, find an interval of the same rock type
stratigraphically close to the reservoir of interest that has
unusually low resistivity compared to know pay zones in
the field area. These zones may have residual
hydrocarbons but the presumed water saturation is still
high and probably in the range of 85-90% (or higher).
Using this presumed water saturation, back-calculate Rw
and then use the Sw formula to determine
water/hydrocarbon saturations.
Another useful formula but of limited value is below:
Sw = Ro
Rt
Its use should be limited to beds having similar reservoir
characteristics (texture, sorting, cementation, porosity), and
similar formation water salinity. These conditions obviously
do not often occur in nature so the formula is appropriate
only for a thick, relatively homogenous reservoir having oil
saturation above a water column.
9. 9
Porosity Determination:
In gas-filled reservoirs: use standard density and neutron cross-plot
values when available. Splitting the difference between the two log
traces will yield sufficiently accurate values in LS strata. In sandstone
reservoirs the cross plot porosity may have to be reduced a few
porosity units to mimic true porosity as determined from core data.
In oil reservoirs: there will be little or no density-neutron porosity cross
over. If the reservoir is clean (little shale/clay, you probably can proceed
as described above. If there is appreciable clay/shale (as determined by
the GR log) I would ignore the neutron porosity and rely solely upon
density values since they are not nearly as affected by clay. If necessary,
reduce the density porosity a few units to match expected core data.
Remember that porosity logs are usually calibrated to a limestone matrix.
Therefore, theoretical porosity in sandstone may be too high on both the
density and neutron logs and too low in dolomite. Porosity values are also
influenced by matrix material between grains, cementation, pore fluids,
among other things. Log corrections are NOT done by the service
companies nor represented on the log. YOU must do it if necessary.
Locally, no corrections are necessary when core porosity mimics log
porosity. If not, you may need to subtract 2-3 porosity units from that
recorded on the density log in sandstone strata.
Gas seriously affect values on all porosity logs. If you have only one
log, say density porosity, you must decrease its value appropriately to
diminish this gas effect. This can be done by documenting the gas
effect in other wells having both density & neutron log suites. The cross
plot porosity in the later will indicate how many porosity units are
causing the gas effect and a ratio (usually ~.65 to .7) can be applied to
the well having only Density porosity.
Personally, I would not want to use strictly neutron porosity because of its
sensitivities to both clay and formation gas.
10. 10
Detecting a Depleted Gas Reservoir
When cross-plot porosity exceeds 10-12 porosity units,
pressure depletion can be presumed
GR & SP % Porosity
30 20 10 0
14-16
porosity units
of separation
= pressure
depletion!
8-10
porosity
units
separation
= normal
pressured
reservoir
(gas effect)
11. 11
Determination of Permeability (K)
1. From cores – usually the best method but cores are few and far-
between!
Permeability measurements are expressed in millidarcys - md (one
thousandth of a darcy). It is affected by many formation attributes such as
pressure, rock texture, and fluid content. For convenience, It is measured in
the lab by passing inert gas such as helium or nitrogen through samples.
The resulting flow is converted to values relevant to common air (KA).
Because this data is often unrealistic, it is frequently converted into units
that more accurately relate to liquid permeability (pure water). Note that the
viscosity of water is similar to that of many oils. This “liquid” permeability is
then called “Klinkenberg” permeability or KK. KA is generally quite
inaccurate in tight reservoirs but closely approximates KK in reservoirs
having > a few hundred md.
2. Pressure decline testing (cannot do on a well-by-well basis or for
multiple reservoirs) conveniently.
3. Porosity vs. Permeability Plot. Very good – see examples
provided. Need to get only one or two cores in the nearby area
having reliable density-neutron log suites. You can then input any
porosity value into the plot to get a good value of permeability.
4. Interpreted quantitatively from micrologs, conventional resistivity
logs (noting separation between the shallow and deep
measurements), and from the caliper log (which measures
mudcake buildup that is a function of permeability).
5. From porosity and Swi (irreducible water saturation) This method is
not easy to complete accurately using standard log suites. Swi is
very, very sensitive to porosity, reservoir texture, oil viscosity, and
just having a bad day in the office! I personally have not used it
successfully and do not recommend its use.
6. From SP logs. A very good qualitative method of estimating
reservoir permeability. Limitations include bed thickness, fluid
content, and resistive bounding strata.
12. 12
Porosity vs. Permeability Plots from core. This is perhaps the
best way to determine permeability in the same formation in
nearby wells having a reliable porosity suite