Peter Styring (University of Sheffield) presenting 'Carbon Dioxide Utilisation as a Direct Air Capture Driver' at the UKCCSRC/IMechE/CO2Chem Air Capture Workshop on 20th February 2015 in London

Engineering

Carbon Dioxide Utilisation as a Direct Air
Capture Driver
Professor Peter Styring
UK Centre for Carbon Dioxide Utilisation
The University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
epic

Summary
1. The Earth Wins
2. The CO2 Trilemma
3. Capture Strategies
4. Direct Air Capture & Utilisation
5. Conclusions

The CO2 Trilemma
CDU
MitigationSustainability
Energy
Storage
Mitigation: long-term and short-
term carbon dioxide sequestration
Sustainability: carbon avoided, fossil
product avoidance
Energy Storage: renewable electrical
energy to chemical fuels and
materials for long-term seasonal
storage
Carbon Cycle: to manage emissions
from synthetic fuels emissions
(although remembering carbon
avoided)

CCS and CCU/CDU Capacity
“To date there have been occasional pilot scale demonstration plants but no
commercial examples of adsorption processes for CO2 from low pressure flue
gas streams”.
“The largest units in operation at the time of writing are at a 110 MW scale
(SaskPower 2013) and significant additional work is needed to scale the
technology to 500 MW and beyond”.
P.A. Webley, Adsorption, 2014, 20, 225-231

“CO2 is unreactive”
Reaction Kinetics
dCO2/dt = -k[CO2]
[CO2]0 = 4x102 ppm air
[CO2]0 = 10-15% flue
gas (ca. 105 ppm)
Mass transfer co-
efficient?
Diffusion co-efficient?
Adsorbent
MEA 30% aqueous (7
mol/kg)
Ionic Liquids 100%
Solids 100% but can
be functionalised.
Surface area a factor.
CO2 is reactive
The concentration is less of an
issue if the rate constant is
high and the reaction is first
order in CO2. Alternatively, the
flow rate could be increased.
Better to use high reactivity to
produce a product rather than
capture and add more energy
to release the CO2

Kinetics
CO2 sparging under
kinetic control
Static CO2 atmosphere
diffusion controlled
Dowson, Reed
and Styring (2015)

Zn-Catalysed CO2 Co-polymerisation Reactions
Catalyst
Conversion
Affan, Dowson
& Styring, 2015

Capture-Free CDU
• 1.00 kg polymer sequesters 1.01 kg CO2
• 65% atom sequestration from CO2
• Produced from simulated flue gas
(12.5% CO2 in nitrogen)
Poly(methyl acrylate)

Conclusions
• We need to look at the CO2 Trilemma, not just the individual aspects: Direct Air Capture is key
• Capture is the major economic burden: we need to look at “capture-free” processes from air
• We will continue to use hydrocarbon fuels in transport. To complete the carbon cycle and move
towards a circular economy Direct Air Capture will be a necessity.
• Products with added-value will aid the economic argument.
• Catalyst/co-reactant activity will need to be high to counteract low concentrations

Conclusions
CDU will provide much needed additional
capacity, with profit, in the move towards a
low carbon economy. Direct Air Capture will
play a major role.
CO2 as a Resource, not a Waste

The Earth Wins?
The Engineers and
Scientists Fight Back!

Acknowledgements
Katy Armstrong
Dr Grant Wilson
Dr George Dowson
Daniel Reed
Farah Bani Affan

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