This document is a report from a student group at the Eastern Macedonia and Thrace Institute of Technology on refinery operations, products, and pollution problems. It discusses refinery complexity and products like transportation fuels. It also outlines pollution issues like CO2 emissions and proposes options to reduce emissions like carbon capture and storage, energy efficiency through heat integration and combined heat and power, and innovative CO2 conversion technologies. The group recommends improving existing plants, investing in research to transform CO2 into a raw material, and combining carbon capture storage with CO2 conversion to fuels.

1. Eastern Macedonia and Thrace Institute of Technology
MSc in Oil & Gas Technology
“Oil & Gas Management
Team:
Student A: Koumoulidis Nikos
Student B: Kastidou Despina
Student C: Demiris George
Supervisor: N. Kokkinos
Kavala, January 2014
“Global Refineries”

2. Refineries Operations and Products
 High Complexity
 Unique
 Variety of Products
 Raw materials
 Geographical Area
Products
Transportation fuels
Light heating oil
Lubricants
Petrochemicals

3. Refineries Operations and Products
 High Complexity
 Unique
 Variety of Products
 Raw materials
 Geographical Area
Products
Transportation fuels
Light heating oil
Lubricants
Petrochemicals

4. Refineries Operations and Products

5. Pollution Problems
Problems
Air pollution-CO2 Emissions
Wastewater
Industrial Accidents
Noise Health Effects
 20% reduction until 2020
 80% reduction until 2050
below 1990 levels

6. Pollution Problems
Problems
Air pollution-CO2 Emissions
Wastewater
Industrial Accidents
Noise Health Effects
 20% reduction until 2020
 80% reduction until 2050
below 1990 levels

7. COCO22 Mitigation OptionsMitigation Options
Carbon Capture Storage
Post – combustion capture
Oxyfuel Combustion
Pre-combustion capture
Energy Efficiency
Heat Integration
Combined Heat and Power

8.  Separates CO2 of large fossil
flue sources
 Transporting via pipelines or
other means
 Storage long-term isolation
from the atmosphere
Carbon Capture StorageCarbon Capture Storage

9.  Several solvents are used in order
react the flue gas and absorb CO2
 chemicals are heated in order to
separate CO2
DisadvantageDisadvantage
Lot of thermal energy to
release CO2 from the
chemicals
Reduces the thermal
efficiency
• The most common process for carbon capture
• It is considered as the only feasible option in the
short-term.
Capture Carbon StorageCapture Carbon Storage
Post-combustion CapturePost-combustion Capture

10.  Fuel is gasified to produce synthesis
gas.
 After the separation of CO2 and H2
based gas produced
 Combusted in a gas turbine
 Complex process -many individual
processes High energy requirements
 H2 fuel turbines are in development
Pre-combustion CapturePre-combustion Capture
Capture Carbon StorageCapture Carbon Storage
Possible in a long-term period

11. Use of oxygen and recirculated flue
gas instead of air in the combustion
the flue gas become mostly CO2 and
water which can be separated easily
 Lot of energy is needed to
produce oxygen
 Lot of modifications need to be
done in the furnaces and boilers
Oxyfuel CombustionOxyfuel Combustion
Capture Carbon StorageCapture Carbon Storage
Possible in medium-term period

12. Capture Carbon StorageCapture Carbon Storage
ComparisonComparison

13. Energy EfficiencyEnergy Efficiency
Wasted heat energy could be used:
•Applications like refrigeration and cooling
•Electrical supply of the plant
•Exportation of electrical energy
Combined Heat and PowerCombined Heat and Power
Generation both of heat and power
from the same fuel source
Short-term period

14. Energy EfficiencyEnergy Efficiency
Heat IntegrationHeat Integration
• heat exchangers
• detailed study to
combine heat excreted
and heat absorber
operations
Heat energy excreted from an
operation is recovered and reused
in another operation

15. Innovative Technologies
Pattern 20100187123 (2010)Pattern 20100187123 (2010)Andrew Bocarsly - Emily Barton
•Convert carbon dioxide into fuel using
solar energy
•Experimental device has two poles of
charged materials
•The CO2 interacts with the charged metal
coating
•Form bigger molecules that combine
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
CH3OH

16. Proposed Methodology
Carbon Capture Storage + Carbon Dioxide Conversion Fuel

17. ConclusionsConclusions
 Significant need for changes in the refinery plants
Our suggestions
1.Improve existing refinery plants-Enhance existed technologies
2.Invest in research –Transform CO2 into a raw material
OMPANIES WILL LOSE MONEY TODAY BUT WILL EARN BY LIVING LONGE

18. Thank you for your attention!

19. ReferencesReferences
Introduction
•EU, Progress towards achieving KYOTO and EU 2020 objectives. (2014). EU 28. European
Commission, pp.11, 12
•Report of the Conference of the Parties on its sixteenth session. (2010). In: Framework
Convention on Climate Change, p.3. 26/Dec/2014
http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2010/cop16/eng/07a01.pdf#page=2
Ccs
•IPCC, Working Group III, 22-24 September 2005. A Special Report of Working Group III of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Summary for Policymakers. Montreal, p.3
•International Energy Agency, 2010. Energy Technology Perspectives Scenarios & Strategies to
2050. pp.74, 76
Pre-combustion capture
•Alrc.doe.gov. NETL: Carbon Capture FAQs. 5/Jan/2015;
http://www.alrc.doe.gov/technologies/carbon_seq/FAQs/carboncapture1.html
Combine heat and power
•Americandg.com. Cogeneration System, Combined Heat and Power (CHP) l American DG
Energy. 31/Dec/2014; http://www.americandg.com//clean-energy-technology/cogenerationchp

20. ReferencesReferences
Heat integration
•Alfalaval.com. Direct process heat integration, Recovering energy, Waste heat recovery.
31/Dec/2014; http://www.alfalaval.com/campaigns/waste-heat-recovery/recovering-
energy/direct-process-heat-integration/pages/direct-process-heat-integration.aspx
Innovative technology
•E360.yale.edu. Using CO2 to Make Fuel: A Long Shot for Green Energy by David Biello: Yale
Environment 360. 4/Jan/2015;
http://e360.yale.edu/feature/using_co2_to_make_fuel_a_long_shot_for_green_energy/240
5/
•Cole, E. and Bocarsly, A. (2010). Conversion of Carbon Dioxide to Organic Products.
20100187123