This slide is a general pest and diseases that happen toward specific crop like cocoa that included scientific names, symptoms and also the methods to control them.

3. • Conopomorpha cramerella Snellen
• Life cycle – 27 to 33 days
• Symptoms:
– Attack from size of 7cm until 10 weeks before the fruit ripen.
– Occurrence of a exit and entry hole on the pod surface.
– The cocoa beans were hard to remove from placenta.
• Control:
– Pruning-control canopy and height
– Rapid harvesting- ripe pod should be harvested in the 10-14
days interval
– Insecticide-Deltamethrin, Alphacypermethrin,
Cypermethrin,Chlorpyrifos, Chlorpyrifos+cypermetrin
– Biological control- parasitoid (Trichogrammatoidea bactrae
fumata), black ant (Dolichoderus thoracicus)
– Pod wrapping.

4. Conopomorpha cramerella Snellen

6. • Helopeltis theivora (P. M’sia) and H. clavifer (Sabah)
• Life cycle : H. theivora (20-25 days) and H. clavifer (34-45 days)
• Symptoms:
– Both nymph and adult attack fruits and shoot
– Attack shoot when the fruit is reducing
– Small water-soaked areas of tissue, circular (1-4mm diameter)
– Lead to the secondary pests and fungal infections
• Control:
– Insecticide (end of fruiting season)-morning
– Good canopy management
– Cypermethrin, deltamethrin, chlorpyrifos
– Biological control- black ant (Dolichoderus thorachicus)

7. Helopeltis theivora and Helopeltis
clavifer

8. • There are 2 species: Zeuzera coffea and Z. conferta
• Life cycle- 4-5.5 months
• Symptom:
– Larvae bore into trunks
– The galleries formed are especially damaging to young cocoa, often
causing the snapping-off of smaller branches.
– may introduce diseases such as Phytophthora palmivora cankers:
possibly resulting in tree death.
• Control:
– Pruned the infected branches
– Pesticide- dimethoate, monoctophos (trunk injection)

9. Zeuzera coffea and Zeuzera conferta

10. • Glenia celia
• Life cycle- 5-6 months
• Symptoms:
– Bore into branches and shoots
– Infected part will start to wilt and die
• Control:
– Concentrate on the infected part and killed the larvae
– Insecticide is not effective

11. • Cataenocococus hispidus, Pseudococcus pelisae,
Pseudococcus sp., Crypticerya jacobsoni, Ferrisiana
vigata, Planococcus lilacinus and P. pacificus.
• symptom:
– Attack on the buds and young plant can stunt the
tree
• Control:
– Spray chlorpyrifos and carbosulfan on the
infected part
– Use black ant (Dolichoderus thorachicus)

14. • Phytophthora palmivora
• infected at any age
• Significant loss if infected 2 months before ripening.
• Symptoms:
– Appearance of a small translucent spot on the pod surface- normally
appearing about 2 days after infection under condition of high humidity.
– This spot soon turns to a chocolate brown colour, then darkens and
expand rapidly with a slightly irregular margin so that the whole surface of
the pod is blackened within 14 days.
• Control:
– Good cultural practices- reduction of shade, regular weeding and pruning.
– Chemical- copper fungicides, metalaxyl, fosetyl-Aluminium, phosphonate.

16. • Crinipellis perniciosa/ Marasmius perniciosus
• Symptoms:
– Characteristic shoots or brooms, caused by the
hypertrophic growth of an infected bud.
– Usually infected fan branches
– Infection can also occur on chupons in the form of
localized lesions.
• Control:
– Planting of material resistant to the disease
– Applying prophylactic fungicides
– Remove and destroy all the infected branches/ shoots
away from field (pruning)

18. • Oncobasidium theobromae (fungi)
• Common in cocoa nurseries (5 mnths) and immature stands.
• Generally refers to the condition of progressive desiccation of the
branches of a cocoa tree from the tip inwards.
• The severity of the damage can vary from a few twigs to complete tree
mortality.
• Symptoms:
– The 1st indication of infection is a yellowing of one or two leaves in the second or third
flush from the growing tip with the development of a very characteristic pattern of
green spots scattered over the yellow background; the infected leaves will fall within a
few days of turning yellow; neighbouring leaves then progressively develop similar
patterns and are lost; a distinctive situation where the youngest and oldest leaves are
still present, but all the middle ones have fallen.
• Control:
– Use resistance planting materials. Eg KKM 25, PBC 123, PBC 159, ICS 95
– Cut back the infected branches
– Systematic and proper manuring system will reduce the incidence of VSD.
– Reduce shading
– Fungicides (triademenol, flutiriafol and cyproconazole)- nursery

20. • Phytophthora spp.
• Symptoms:
– Difficult to detect in its early stage because infected bark does not show
external symptoms, though a pink-red discoloration of the cambial tissue will
be found beneath the bark. The pink colour of this tissue darkens after a
few minutes exposure.
– Subsequent development of the infection depend on the susceptibility of the
cultivar.
– From pod to cushion then to the stem
– Early indication is watery brown lesion on the bark.
– Can caused mortality
• Control:
– Selecting and planting resistant cultivars.
– Fungicides application- matalaxyl, fosetyl-Aluminum, phosphonate and copper
fungicides (spray, trunk injection and brush)
– Good cultural practice
– Remove and destroyed infected tree from the field.

22. • Corticium salmonicolor
• Symptom:
– 1st indication of infection is the death of the branch or the tree.
– On examination of the bark of a dead or dying tree the salmon pink encrustation of
fruiting bodies would be seen.
– The penetration of the fungus to the cortical tissue disrupts the physiological
processes of the tree and quickly leads to defoliation and death of the distal parts of
the branch.
– Prolonged insolation will bleach the pink colour of the fruiting bodies to a greyish
white colour.
• Control:
– Fungicide (tridermorph, oxycaboxin, captafol and copper)
– Good cultural practices; regular pruning, remove and destroy infected branches and
reduce shade.

24. • Symptoms:
– Early indication of the infection is the leaves start to wilt
– Changing of color from green to yellow and finally to
brown.
– Dead leaves usually remain on the tree before falling.
• Control:
– Remove all debris before replanting
– Regular inspection in the field
– Remove the infected tree from the field. Make a trench
around the infected tree to avoid infection to other tree.