This document discusses several major pests that affect coffee crops and their management. It describes 11 pests in detail: 1. White stem borer, its identification, damage symptoms, and management including pruning, scrubbing, and chemical control. 2. Coffee berry borer, its identification, damage symptoms of holes and fruit drop, and management including quarantine, gleaning, and traps. 3. Shot hole borer, its identification, symptoms of wilting branches, and management of pruning and removal of infested materials. 4. Additional pests described include mealybugs, scales, leaf miners, cockchafers, snails, and termites. Control methods include maintaining shade, removing

1. AEN 302- PEST OF HORTICULTURE CROPS AND THEIR
MANAGEMENT – (1+1)
ASSIGNMENT ON : PEST OF COFFEE
Submitted by,
KAMALRAJ.G
2016037015

2. Insect pests of coffee
S.No Common name Sscientific name family Order
1 White stem
borer
Xylotrechus quadripes Cerambycidae Coleoptera
2 Coffee berry
borer
Hypothenemus hampei Curculionidae Coleoptera
3 Shot hole bore Xylosandrus compactus Curculionidae Coleoptera
4 Mealy bug Planococcus spp Pseudococcidae Hemiptera
5 Brown scale Coccus viridis Coccidae Hemiptera
6 Green scale Saissetia coffeae Coccidae Hemiptera
Minor Pests
7 Cockchafers Holotrichia spp Scarabaeidae Coleoptera
8 Hairy
caterpillar
Eupterote spp Eupterotidae Lepidoptera
9 Coffe bean
beetle
Araecerus fasciculatus Curculionidae Coleoptra
10 Red borer Zeuzera coffeae Cossidae Lepidoptera
11 Snail Ariophanta solata Ariophantidae Achatinoidae

3. White stem borer : (Xylotrechus quadripes,
Cerambicedae: Coleoptera)
Identification of the pest:
• Adult - slender, long beetle (2.5 cm).
• Forewings are black with white bands.
• Males are generally smaller than females.
Head :
• Male beetle - possesses distinctly raised black ridges.
• Female beetle these ridges are inconspicuous
• The lifecycle of both pests is completed during the
rainy season, but often damage is more evident during
the dry season.
• Grub: White or yellowish in colour, club shaped.
• Damaging stage: Grub

4. Nature of damage and Symptoms
• Larvae enter into the hardwood and make the tunnels
may extend even into the roots.
• Tunnels - tightly filed with the excreta of the grubs.
• Yellowing and wilting of leaves.
• Affected branches are easily broken off.
• Young plants (7 to 8 years old) attacked by the borer
may die in a year

6. Management
 Maintain optimum shade in the plantations
 Trace the infested plants – prior to flight periods (i.e,
during March and September)
 Collars prune the infested plants, uproot and burn the
affected parts.
 Remove the loose scaly bark of the main stem and thick
primaries using coir glove or coconut husk – kill the eggs
 Scrubbling during flight periods - kills the eggs and grubs
present in the bark region.
 Deep scrubbing should be avoided ( sharp implement may
injure the green wood and eventually kill the plant)

7.  Lindane 20 EC @ 6.5 ml per litre of water along with any
wetting agent.
 Field release of white muscardine fungus Beaveria bassiana.
 NSKE 4% may afford good control of the pest.
 Field release of predators Apenesia sps for effective
control of white stem borer.

8. Red stem borer : Zeuzera coffeae (Cossidae:
Lepidoptera)
• Identification of the pest :
• Adult - orange colour, medium sized moth
 The adult has white and black spotted wings
 The larva is red coloured
• Life cycle :
 Eggs are usually laid singly on the bark
 Eggs hatch in 8 – 12 days and larval development
takes 3 – 4 months
 Pupation takes place inside the stem and the adult emerges
in about 2 months
 Adult is a nocturnal moth

9. Nature of damage & Symptoms
• Damaging Stage : Larva
• Caterpillar bores into the stem or branches &
feeds on the wood.
• In early stages of attack, young plants or
braches show wilting.
• Pellet-like excrement of the larva
hangs out and accumulates at the base
of the plant.
• In advanced cases, the branch dries up.

10. Management
• Affected plants or twigs - cut and burnt.
• Providing good shade to plantation.
• Growing coffee at higher altitudes (above 800 MSL)
• Field release of white muscardine fungus B.
bassiana and braconid parasite Amyosoma
zeuzerae.
• Spraying NSKE at 4 percent.

11. Coffee berry borer : (Hypothenemus hampei,
Scolytidae: Coleoptera)
Damaging Stage: Adults & Grubs
Identification of the pest
• The adult is a small black beetle (about 2.5 mm long) and covered in thick
hairs.
• Males are smaller
 Eggs: Lays in batches in tunnels
 Larvae:Apodous, white colored with a brown head
 Pupa: Present inside the berry
 Adult:Female is black in colour and measure 2.5mm in length
 In a population females are more numerous than male, capable of flying
whereas males are not.
 Life of the male is spent totally inside the berry

12. Nature of damage and symptoms
 Pin hole at the tip of the berries (novel region)
 Severe infestation - two or more holes may be seen.
 Powdery substance pushed out through the holes
 Fruit drop of young, green cherries.
 Cherries that do not drop often have defective,
damaged beans.

13. Management
• Transportation of infested coffee to uninfected areas is the main
reason for spread (Quarantine)
• Crop bags should be fumigated before delivery to estates to avoid
cross infestation.
• Gleaning - spreading gunny bags or polythene sheets on the
ground after picking the berries - minimize gleaning.
• Dipping infested berries in boiling water for 2-3 minutes
kills all the stages inside.
• Install multiple funnel trap and pitfall trap to collect and kill the
adults.

14. Shot hole borer: Xylosandrus compactus
Symptoms of attack and nature of damage
• Young plants - main stem may be attacked.
• Presence of shot hole
• Initial symptom - drooping of leaves
• Withered (faster in young branches and delayed in
older twigs) or dried branches
• Attacked Leaves fall and prematurely
• Terminal leaves wilt, droop and dry up.
Identification of the pest
• Adult - brown to black with a short, sub cylindrical body and covered with
fine hairs.
• Females are darker and larger (1.5 to 1.8 mm)
• Males are dull and small (0.8 to 1.0 mm)

15. Management
• Insecticide applications do not provide for shot hole
borer control.
• Prune the affected twigs 2 to 3 inches beyond the
shot-hole and burn (September)
• Remove and destroy all the unwanted/infested
suckers during summer (avoid breeding).
• Maintain thin shade and good drainage.

16. Coffee bean beetle ( Araecerus fasciculatus)
Symptoms of damage:
 Severe infestation occurs only in storage
 Infested coffee beans shows circular holes (bigger
than made by the coffee berry borer)
 Attacked fruits in the field shrink and become black.
 Infestation results in loss of weight increase in triage and
reduction of market value.
• Identification:
 This compact beetle is 1.5-4 mm long, dark brown with light
brown spots and long antennae.
 The footless slim larvae is curved and hairy and grows to a
length of 5-6 mm.

17. Management
• Maintain optimum temperature, relative humidity
and moisture content (less than 8%)
• Fumigate the stored coffee with a 1:1 mixture of
ethylene dibromide and methyl bromide.
• Impregnate the gunny bags with a mixture of
malathion 50 EC at 10ml + pyrethrum colloid at 2 g
per litre of water.

18. Mealy bugs ( Planococcus spp. )
• Mealy bugs are the most important sucking pests of
coffee.
• Planococcus.citri (Risso) and P. lilacinus (Cockerell)
are the most common species infesting coffee.
• They are small sucking insects (about 3 mm long) covered
with a white mealy wax that feed on young shoots and
young roots.
• They are generally more of a problem in the dry season.
• Males - smaller and winged.
• Female - wingless, oval body

19. Nature of attack and Symptoms
• Young plants – susceptible for heavy
infestation.
• Infest tender branches, nodes, leaves, spikes, berries and
roots
• Both nymphs and adults suck the sap from the leaves.
• Severe infestation - Chlorotic leaves, aborted flower buds
and small berries
• Honey dew excrete – development of sooty
mould fungus (affects photosynthesis)

20. Management
 Maintain adequate shade.
 Destroy nests of red ant and cocktailed ant.
 Control ants by dusting Quinalphos 1.5% or methyl parathion
2% or Malathion 5% around the base of coffee and shade
trees.
 Spray the affected patches with Quinolphos 2ml/L
 Infested roots - drench the soil near the root zone with
Chloropyriphos 2.5ml/L
 Field release of two introduced natural enemies viz.,
the predatory lady bird beetle Cryptolaemus montrouzieri
and the parasitoid Leptomastix dactylopii

21. Leaf miner: (Leucoptera coffeina, Agromyzidae:
Diptera)
• It is often present, especially in shaded coffee.
• Damaging Stage: Larva
• NOD: The larva feed in between the epidermal layer of
tender leaves.
• Symptoms:
• Appearance of white silvery serpentine mines on the leaf
• Control:
1. Collection & destruction of infested leaves.
2. Spray NSKE@ 5%
3. Spraying of Trizophos @1.5ml/L, methyl demeton@
1.3ml/L, or cypermethrin @ 0.5ml/L

22. Cockchafers/ white grubs, (Holotrichia spp.)
• Damaging stage: Adults
• Adults feeds on leaves
• Identification of the pest:
• Grub - C-shaped, dirty white with dark brown head.
• Adults - reddish brown beetles
SYMPTOMS
• Young plants (1 to 5 years old) attacked by white grubs
• Yellowing of leaves
• Stunted growth
• Wilting of plants and die (summer period).
• Attacked plants can be easily pulled out

23. Management
• Field sanitation
• Collect and kill the grubs
• Install light traps and kill the trapped adults (March –
June)
• Affected plants – soil drench around the root zone with
lindane 20 EC @ 750 ml in 200 Lof water.
• In white grub-infested areas – at the time of planting
apply phorate 5 G 10 g or carbofuran 3G 10 g into the soil
in the pit.

24. Snail ( Ariophanta solata)
• Identification of the pest:
• Adult - medium sized snail, long and covered
with a cream coloured spiral shell
• Application of fish manure may attract snails.
• Nature of damage:
• The snail feeds on the leaves of Arabica coffee
and bark of tender braches & skin of fruits.
• Causes deformation of leaves
• Drying of stems

25. Management
• Keep the estates clean
• Hand picks the snails and dip in hot water or salt solution
• Use heaps of leaves to trap the snails.
• Broadcast the poison bait ‘snail kill’ (Metaldehyde 2.5%)
of 25-35kg per hectare
• Spreading of lime and wood ash - repels snails.

26. Termites :(Macrotermes spp.)
• Termites :(Macrotermes spp.) can be a problem
on older coffee and shade trees with dead wood
• It infests leaves & cause curling of leaves.
• Management:
• Plant coffee in clean ground where all tree parts, including
roots have been removed.
• Termites cannot survive as there is no dead wood on which
to feed ,remove all dead wood from the coffee plantation.
• Effective pruning of dead wood on coffee trees.
• Flooding the plantation

27. Reference

28. THANK YOU