This document discusses various biological markers of aging, including theories of aging like the free radical theory. It outlines how hormones like testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, cortisol, DHEA, growth hormone, and melatonin decline with age and affect physiological functions. Graphs show levels of these hormones by age and over the menstrual cycle. Abnormal levels of cortisol, DHEA, and melatonin are associated with various health issues. Circadian rhythms and factors influencing melatonin are outlined. Calorie restriction and related compounds that mimic its effects on markers like AMPK, sirtuins, and mTOR are also discussed.

1. Marcadores
biológicos do
envelheciment o

2. Teorias(envelhecimento)
Muitas teorias foram propostas mas não
aceitas universalmente.
A teoria dos radicais livres proposta em
1954 mostrou que dietas ricas em
antioxidantes aumentavam a vida média
de animais de laboratório em 30 %.
Os RL abrangem reações ativadas pelo
meio ambiente, doenças e o processo
intrínseco do envelhecimento.

3. Involução hormonal
Testosterona
Estrogenios
Progesterona
Cortisol
Dhea
Hormônio de crescimento
Timo
melatonina

4. Physiological Functions
Bone mineral density
Normal thyroid function
Muscle mass and strength
Mood, memory and sense
of well being
Libido, sexual function
and fertility
Sleep and other normal
brain functions
Cholesterol and other
blood lipid levels
Physiological
Functions
Dependent
on:
Testosterone
Estradiol
Progesterone
DHEA-S
Cortisol
Melatonin

5. Testosterone
by Age Distribution

6. Progesterone
Activity
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Day of Cycle
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800

7. Estradiol
Activity

8. Changes in life expectancy in women

9. 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
*10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-80
Age in Decades
DHEA-S(nMol/L)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
*10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-80
Age in Decades
DHEA-S(nMol/L)
DHEA-S
Activity
in
Men
DHEA-S
Activity
in
Women

10. DECREASED DHEA-S LEVELS
ASSOCIATED WITH:
General decline in immunity Chronic fatigue
Rheumatological disorders Insomnia
Decreased libido Obesity
Depression Osteoporosis

11. Circadian Rhythym
of Cortisol

12. CORTISOL INFLUENCES
ACTIVITY OF:
Insulin
Thyroid
DHEA
Testosterone

13. CORTISOL INVOLVED IN:
Balancing blood glucose Protein synthesis
Immune system response REM sleep
Bone turnover rate Mood and thought
Stress response

14. ABNORMAL CORTISOL LEVELS
ASSOCIATED WITH:
Chronic fatigue Fibromyalgia
Depression Impotence in men
Anorexia nervosa Panic disorders
PMS Infertility in both men and women
Menopause Sleep disorders
Demonstrated in many chronic illnesses (arthritis, Alzheimer’s, allergies, IBS)

15. Melatonin Influences:
Sleep-Wake Cycle
Body Temperature
Hormones
Mood & Behavior
Immune Function
Cardiovascular Health

16. Melatonin is Influenced by:
Light-Dark Cycle
Day Length
Artificial Illumination
Electromagnetic Energy
Exercise
Antidepressants
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
(NSAIDS)
ß-Blockers

17. Abnormal Levels of Melatonin
Often Play a Role in:
Insomnia
Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome
Seasonal Affective Disorder
Immunologic Disorders
Abnormal Sexual Development
Cancer
•Cardiovascular Disease
•Depression
•Infertility
•PMS
•Menstrual Irregularities
•Stress

18. hGH Decline with Age
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 years
hGH

19. Age Decline of hGH
Somatopause may be defined as the age decline of hGH.
•Aging symptoms as wrinkles, gray hair, decreased energy
and sexual function, cardiovascular disease, increased
body fat and osteoporosis are a consequence of hGH drop.
•Clinical evidence shows that the replacement of hGH can
reverse the above symptoms and turn back the biological
clock.
•A marked difference between GH and other
hormones is the body production of hGH
right into old age ,while other hormones
diminish.The restauration of youthful levels
of HG may be the release from an
sequestered state.

20. Restricao calórica e modulacion de
losmarcadores biologicos
metodologia
Resticao calórica
Ampk
Sirtunas
mtor
Mimetizadores de la
restriccion calórica
Metformina
Resveratrol
picnogenol