This document summarizes several theories of personality psychology, including psychoanalytic, trait, biological, social-cognitive, and humanistic perspectives. It discusses key concepts from Sigmund Freud like the unconscious mind, psychosexual stages of development, and the id, ego, and superego. It also covers Carl Jung's collective unconscious and archetypes, Alfred Adler's ideas about superiority and inferiority complexes, and the five factor model of traits. Additional topics include behaviorism, locus of control, self-actualization, and concerns about reliability in personality testing.

1. AP Psychology
NCVPS

2.  Defined as the unique
pattern of attitudes,
behaviors, and
emotions than
characterize a person.
http://personality.prosperyourmind.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/personality1.bmp

3.  The five main theories
of personality are:
◦ Psychoanalytic -
unconscious motivations
◦ Trait - specific
dimensions of personality
◦ Biological –
influence of genetics
◦ Social-Cognitive -
influence of environment
◦ Humanistic - inner
capacity for growth
http://personality.prosperyourmind.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/personality1.bmp

4.  Perhaps the most well
known theory
 First proposed by Sigmund
Freud, Vienna 1870s
◦ Looked for causes of nervous
disorders in patients
◦ Began to believe that some
disorders had no physical
cause.
http://newspaper.li/sigmund-freud/

5. http://members.shaw.ca/rgtonks/IntroB/Personality/iceberg.jpg
 Freud believed
the most
behavior is
controlled by a
region of the
mind called the
unconscious
mind.
 People do not
have access to
this region.

6. http://members.shaw.ca/rgtonks/IntroB/Personality/iceberg.jpg
 This region
contrasted with
the conscious
mind
 Those things
of which we
are
immediately
aware.

7. http://members.shaw.ca/rgtonks/IntroB/Personality/iceberg.jpg
 Another region
of the mind
proposed by
Freud was the
preconscious
mind
 Awareness of
those things
we can
access if
needed.

8. http://reflow.scribd.com/16ud6w5c011t6xp/images/image-2.jpg
 Freud believed that
personality
developed in
psychosexual
stages.
 “personality forms
during the first few
years of life, rooted
in unresolved
conflicts of early
childhood”

9. http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/learning_modules/p
sychology/02.TU.04/?section=12
 Stage 1 – Oral Stage
(0-18months)
 Centered on the mouth
 Conflict - If caregivers
are not meeting infants
needs, child will become
fixed at this stage.
 Overeating, excessive
talking, nail biting, and
smoking. Tend to be
clingy and dependent

10. http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/learnin
g_modules/psychology/02.TU.04/?section=12
 Stage 2 – Anal Stage
(18-36 months)
 focused on bowel/ bladder
elimination
 Conflict - child fixed at
this stage can become
either anal-retentive –
excessively controlling,
perfectionist, cleanliness or
anal-expulsive –careless
and messy

11. http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/learnin
g_modules/psychology/02.TU.04/?section=12
 Stage 3 – Phallic
Stage
(3-6 years)
 focus on genitals,
Identification & Gender
Identity
 Conflict – child can view
same sex parent as rival
for other parent’s attention
and love “Oedipus/Electra
Complex”
 Fixation here can lead to
depression, excessive
guilt, and anxiety

12. http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/learnin
g_modules/psychology/02.TU.04/?section=12
 Stage 4 – Latency
Stage
(6-puberty)
 sexuality is dormant
 child represses all
aggression toward parent
of opposite sex
 aggression becomes
unconscious
 Repressed energy
becomes focused on other
social connections

13. http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/learning
_modules/psychology/02.TU.04/?section=12
 Stage 5 – Genital
Stage
(puberty onward)
 sexual feelings toward
others
 become more aware of
gender identity

14. http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/learning_modules/psychology/02.TU.04/?section=11
 Freud also
proposed that the
personality
consisted of three
parts:
 The Id
 The Ego
 The Superego

15. http://andreealbu.wordpress.com/2011/11/25/inside-the-human-mind/freuds-structural-model

16. http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/learning_modules/psychology/02.TU.04/?section=11
 Freud believed that
a constant struggle
is waged between
the three parts of
the personality.
 The resulting
conflict is the basis
of anxiety and
stress.

17. http://www.dynamicflight.com/avcfibook/human_behavior/
 To defend the
conscious mind, a
number of
personality
defense
mechanisms have
developed.
 These reduce/
redirect anxiety by
distorting reality

18. http://pumaattack.blogspot.com/2009/03/confused-about-defense-mechanisms.html

19. http://www.infowars.com/court-ordered-communism/
 Several of Freud’s
followers proposed
variants of his
psychoanalytical
theory.
 These theories are
often grouped as the
psychodynamic
perspective.
Carl Jung
http://www.counter-currents.com/2010/10/last-
encounter-with-carl-jung/
Alfred Adler

20.  Carl Jung also
believed in the
unconscious mind,
which he believed had
two parts.
 The first part he call
the personal
unconscious
(resembling Freud’s
theory)
http://www.schuelers.com/ChaosPsyche/part_1_17.htm

21.  The second part he
called the collective
unconscious,
universal memories of
the common human
past.
 These memories,
called archetypes,
have the same
meaning for all
human beings. http://everwalker.wordpress.com/2012/06/13/character-archetypes/

22.  Alfred Adler focused
on the role of the ego,
rather than the
unconscious.
 He believed the desire
for superiority
motivated behavior,
not sexual or
aggressive urges.
http://www.thesocialleader.com/2011/07/transcending-ego/

23.  A child struggles with an
inferiority complex
during growth and strives for
superiority and power.
 Some people
overcompensate,
covering up inferiority
with outward signs of
power, status, and
wealth.
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/inferiority-complex-symptoms.html

24.  Adler’s research also
included the importance
of birth order in shaping
personality.
 Sibling Rivalry –
begins as competition
between brothers or
sisters for parental
approval.
http://www.aspergersphere.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/sibling-rivalry.jpg

25.  Critics argue it is not possible to scientifically verify the
existence of Freud’s concepts.
 Others believe the theories are base on
overgeneralizations of small sample groups.
 Some critics believe it overestimates the importance of
early childhood and sex.
 Some find Freud’s theories do not portray female
personalities correctly.
 Finally, Freud’s theories, based on case studies, may be
based on memories that could be faulty.

26.  Some theorists believe
personality can be
describe through specific
qualities or traits.
http://www.signalpatterns.com/psych_central

27.  Hans Eysenck
 He identified four
basic traits.
 Classified people
along an
introversion-
extraversion
scale and a stable-
unstable scale.
http://alleydog.com/topics/personality.php

28.  Raymond Cattell
used factor
analysis to identify
basic personality
traits.
 He identified
sixteen basic
traits.
 Developed the
16PF test to
identify these
characteristics.
http://train-srv.manipalu.com/wpress/?p=159275

29. The Big Five Traits
Many psychologists
now believe that all traits
derive from five basic
personality traits:
 Neuroticism
 Extraversion
 Openness to
experience
 Agreeableness
 Conscientiousnesshttp://www.best-personal-growth-resources.com/personality-dimensions.html

30.  A increasing number of
theorists believe that
personality is influenced
by biological factors.
 Genetics
 Chemicals
 Body types
http://earny123.hubpages.com/hub/Why-do-I-have-anomalous-experiences-
Biological-factors

31.  Little evidence exists
about the heritability of
personality traits.
 However, genes seem
to play a role of a
person’s
temperament.
 Temperament is a
person’s emotional
style and way of
dealing with the
world.
http://www.bowdoin.edu/~sputnam/rothbart-temperament-
questionnaires/instrument-descriptions/temperament-middle-childhood.html

32.  These theories
combine
behaviorism’s
emphasis on
the
environment
with cognitive
psychology.
http://www.des.emory.edu/mfp/recdet.gif

33.  Albert Bandura believed
that personality is the result
of an interaction that takes
place between a person and
their social context.
 His model is called
reciprocal
determinism
 Each of three factors
influence the others in
determining personality.
http://theworldbiography.blogspot.com/2012/03/albert-
bandura-biography.html

34.  The three
factors,
behavior,
cognition, and
environment, are
interlocking
determinants of
each other.
http://paigeyvirtualnotebook.wikispaces.com/Unit+10.4+Social+Cognitive

35.  Julian Rotter believed that personality is linked to
Personal Control
 Internal Locus of Control – the person feels
responsible for what happens to them.
 External Locus of Control – the person feels luck or
other outside, uncontrollable forces determine what
happens to them.
http://www.productivity501.com/your-locus-of-
control/104/

36.  Personal control also impacts the concept of
Learned Helplessness.
http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~lwh/drugs/ch06-01.htm
 When unable to avoid
repeated adverse
events, an animal or
human learns
helplessness.
 Phenomenon found in
nursing homes,
prisons, and other
institutions.

37. http://wilderdom.com/personality/personality.html
 Humanists believe that
other theories are too
deterministic
 Emphasize the
positive qualities of
humans
 Believe humans
possess free will -
can choose their
own destiny.

38. http://thamisgith.hubpages.com/hub/Humanistic-Theory-Hierarchy-Of-Needs
 Abraham
Maslow &
Self-
Actualizatio
n
 Believe
humans are
motivated
to reach
their full
potential

39. http://www.healthandphysicaleducationteacher.com/
mental-health/self-actualization.html/attachment/self-
actualization
 Abraham Maslow & Self-
Actualization
 Studied healthy, creative people
 Found similar characteristics
 Self-Aware & Self-Accepting
 Open & Spontaneous
 Loving & Caring
 Problem-Centered not Self-
Centered

40. http://www.positive-parenting-ally.com/unconditional-
positive-regard.html
 Carl Roger’s Person-
Centered Perspective
 Believed people were
good with a desire to
reach actualization
 Emphasized the
importance of
unconditional positive
regard during childhood.

41. http://www.simplypsychology.org/carl-rogers.html
 Rogers said that
Self Concept
was the central
feature of
personality
 If one’s ideal
perception of self was
close to the reality of
self, then a positive
self concept exists.

42.  Reliability and
validity are concerns
with personality testing.
◦ The type of tests used
vary with different
psychologists and
theories being tested.
http://www.uiowa.edu/~ptimes/issues06-07/winter06-07/index.htm

43.  The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
Inventory (MMPI) is the most widely
researched and clinically used of all personality
tests. Originally used to identify
emotional disorders.
 Developed by empirically
testing a pool of items and then
selecting those that
distinguished between
diagnostic groups. http://www.minddisorders.com/Kau-Nu/Minnesota-Multiphasic-
Personality-Inventory.html

44. http://tonks.disted.camosun.bc.ca/courses/psyc130/Personality/personality.htm

45.  The Myers-Briggs
Type Indicator
identifies
personality types by
measuring a
number of traits.
http://bitinglife.com/2012/03/23/myers-briggs/

46.  Psychoanalysts prefer
to use projective
tests, asking people
to interpret ambiguous
stimuli.
◦ The classic example is
the Rorschach inkblot
test.http://www.bay-of-fundie.com/archives/494/rorschach-test

47.  Another projective test is the
thematic apperception test
(TAT)
 Like the Rorschach test, it asks
people to interpret ambiguous
situations, reflecting
unconscious thoughts.
http://s927.photobucket.com/albums/ad116/Rotman/The
matic%20Apperception%20Test/?
action=view&current=TAT-17GF.jpg&sort=ascending

48.  Other psychologists
would say that none
of these test
accurately measures
personality.
 These scientists prefer
naturalistic observation,
gathering data through
watching in natural
surroundings.
http://personality.prosperyourmind.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/personality1.bmp

49.  Baucum, Don. Psychology. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's, 2006. Print.
 Baucum, Don. Psychology. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's Educational Series, 1999.
Print.
 Davis, Jennifer. Personality. Digital Presentation, Fayetteville, NC, 2012.
 "Motivation." SparkNotes. SparkNotes, n.d. Web. 23 June 2012.
<http://www.sparknotes.com/psychology/psych101/motivation/section2.rhtml>.
 Myers, David G. Myers' Psychology for AP. New York, NY: Worth, 2011. Print.
 Stangor, Charles. "Introduction to Psychology, v. 1.0." Flat World Knowledge. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 23 June 2012.
<http://catalog.flatworldknowledge.com/bookhub/reader/127?cid=>.
 Weseley, Allyson, and Robert McEntarffer. AP® Psychology. Hauppauge, NY:
Barron's Educational Series, 2010. Print.