This document provides an overview of several theories of personality:
1. Trait theory proposes that personality can be described based on traits like extraversion and neuroticism. The "Big Five" model identifies five core traits.
2. Psychoanalytic theory views personality as formed by unconscious desires and defenses against anxiety. Freud proposed structures like the id, ego and superego. Defense mechanisms like repression and rationalization protect the conscious mind.
3. Humanistic theory sees people as inherently good and striving for self-actualization. Theorists like Rogers and Maslow emphasized congruence between self-concept and experience.
4. Social-cognitive theory proposes that personality arises from our unique experiences and
Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior. Psychologists are actively involved in studying and understanding mental processes, brain functions, and behavior. The field of psychology is considered a "Hub Science" with strong connections to the medical sciences, social sciences, and education (Boyack, Klavans, & Borner,
This study will expand the scope of career opportunities available in Shivaji and
associate.
• The project intends to make a detail study of Chartered accountants and working of
Shivaji and associate.
• The present study focused on all operations of. Shivaji and associate.
• The main reason behind making or reaching this project is to know how the Shivaji
and associate finance department unctions to achieve the goals and gain a positive
perspective.
• To observe the condition of the different departments and the opportunities that is
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• It gives information about the financial statements.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior. Psychologists are actively involved in studying and understanding mental processes, brain functions, and behavior. The field of psychology is considered a "Hub Science" with strong connections to the medical sciences, social sciences, and education (Boyack, Klavans, & Borner,
This study will expand the scope of career opportunities available in Shivaji and
associate.
• The project intends to make a detail study of Chartered accountants and working of
Shivaji and associate.
• The present study focused on all operations of. Shivaji and associate.
• The main reason behind making or reaching this project is to know how the Shivaji
and associate finance department unctions to achieve the goals and gain a positive
perspective.
• To observe the condition of the different departments and the opportunities that is
available.
• It gives information about the financial statements.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
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Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. What is Personality?
People differ from
each other in
meaningful ways
People seem to show
some consistency in
behavior
Personality is defined as distinctive
and relatively enduring ways of
thinking, feeling, and acting
3. Personality
• Personality refers to a person’s unique and
relatively stable pattern of thoughts, feelings,
and actions
• Personality is an interaction between biology
and environment
– Genetic studies suggest heritability of personality
– Other studies suggest learned components of
personality
7. The First Trait Theory
• Two Factor Trait
Theory of Personality
UNSTABLE
STABLE
choleric
melancholic
phlegmatic sanguine
INTROVERTED EXTRAVERTED
Moody
Anxious
Rigid
Sober
Pessimistic
Reserved
Unsociable
Quiet
Sociable
Outgoing
Talkative
Responsive
Easygoing
Lively
Carefree
Leadership
Passive
Careful
Thoughtful
Peaceful
Controlled
Reliable
Even-tempered
Calm
Touchy
Restless
Aggressive
Excitable
Changeable
Impulsive
Optimistic
Active
8. Personality Traits
• Traits are relatively stable and consistent personal
characteristics
• Trait personality theories suggest that a person can be
described on the basis of some number of personality
traits
– Allport identified some 4,500 traits
– Cattel used factor analysis to identify 30-35 basic traits
– Eysenck argued there are 3 distinct traits in personality
• Extraversion/introversion
• Neuroticism
• Psychotocism
Allport
10. Assessing Traits: An
Example
• Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
(MMPI)
– the most widely researched and clinically used of
all personality tests
– developed to identify emotional disorders
11. MMPI: examples
• “Nothing in the newspaper interests me
except the comics.”
• “I get angry sometimes.”
12. Evaluating Trait Theory
• Trait theory, especially the Big 5 model, is able to
describe personality
– Cross-cultural human studies find good agreement for the
Big 5 model in many cultures
– Appear to be highly correlated not only in adulthood, but
also in childhood and even late preschoolers
– Three dimensions (extraversion, neuroticism and
agreeableness) have cross-species generality
• Problems with trait theory include:
– Lack of explanation as to WHY traits develop
– Issue of explaining transient versus long-lasting traits
13. Psychoanalytic Theory
• Psychoanalytic theory, as devised by Freud,
attempts to explain personality on the basis of
unconscious mental forces
– Levels of consciousness: We are unaware of some
aspects of our mental states
– Freud argued that personality is made up of multiple
structures, some of which are unconscious
– Freud argued that as we have impulses that cause us
anxiety; our personality develops defense
mechanisms to protect against anxiety
14. Freudian Theory
Levels of
consciousness
– Conscious
• What we’re aware of
– Preconscious
• Memories etc. that can
be recalled
– Unconscious
• Wishes, feelings,
impulses that lies
beyond awareness
Structures of
Personality
– Id
• Operates according to
the “pleasure principle”
– Ego
• Operates according to
the “reality” principle
– Superego
• Contains values and
ideals
15. Freudian Theory
Anxiety occurs when:
– Impulses from the id threaten to get out of
control
– The ego perceives danger from the environment
The ego deals with the problem through:
– coping strategies
– defense mechanisms
16. Defense Mechanisms
• Defense mechanisms refer to unconscious mental
processes that protect the conscious person from
developing anxiety
– Sublimation: person channels energy from unacceptable
impulses to create socially acceptable accomplishments
– Denial: person refuses to recognize reality
– Projection: person attributes their own unacceptable
impulses to others
– Repression: anxiety-evoking thoughts are pushed into the
unconscious
17. Defense Mechanisms
• Rationalization: Substituting socially acceptable reasons
• Intellectualization: Ignoring the emotional aspects of a
painful experience by focusing on abstract thoughts,
words, or ideas
• Reaction formation: Refusing to acknowledge
unacceptable urges, thoughts or feelings by exaggerating
the opposite state
• Regression: Responding to a threatening situation in a
way appropriate to an earlier age or level of development
• Displacement: Substituting a less threatening object for
the original object of impulse
18. Assessing the Unconscious
• Projective Tests
– used to assess personality (e.g., Rorschach or
TAT tests)
– How? provides ambiguous stimuli and subject
projects his or her motives into the ambiguous
stimuli
19. Assessing the Unconscious --
Rorschach
• Rorschach Inkblot Test
– the most widely used
projective test
– a set of 10 inkblots designed
by Hermann Rorschach
Rorschach
29. Psychoanalytic
Neo-Freudian
Alfred Adler
– Humans are motivated by social interest
– Takes social context into account
– First Born
• Privileged until Dethroned
– Second Born
• In shadow of 1st Born inferiority, restlessness
– Youngest
• Pampered, dependent
– Only Child
• Higher intellect, timid, passive, & withdrawn
30. Psychoanalytic
Neo-Freudian
Carl Jung
– A collective unconscious is represented
by universal archetypes
– Two forms of unconscious mind
• Personal unconscious: unique for each person
• Collective unconscious: consists of primitive
images and ideas that are universal for humans
31. Humanistic Theory
• Humanistic personality theories reject
psychoanalytic notions
– Humanistic theories view each person as
basically good and that people are striving for
self-fulfillment
– Humanistic theory argues that people carry a
perception of themselves and of the world
– The goal for a humanist is to develop/promote a
positive self-concept
32. Humanistic Perspectives
Carl Rogers
– We have needs for:
• Self-consistency (absence of conflict between self-
perceptions
• Congruence (consistency between self-perceptions
and experience)
– Inconsistency evokes anxiety and threat
– People with low self-esteem generally have poor
congruence between their self-concepts and life
experiences.
33. ▲Abraham Maslow
emphasized the basic
goodness of human nature
and a natural tendency
toward self-actualization.
Humanistic Perspectives
34.
35. Social/Cognitive Perspective
• Proposed that each person has a unique
personality because of our personal histories and
interpretations shape our personalities
▲Albert Bandura’s social-cognitive approach
focuses on self-efficacy and reciprocal
determinism.
▲Julian Rotter’s locus of control theory emphasizes
a person’s internal or external focus as a major
determinant of personality.
36. Locus of Control (Rotter)
Internal locus of control
– Life outcomes are under personal control
– Positively correlated with self-esteem
– Internals use more problem-focused coping
External locus of control
– Luck, chance, and powerful others control
behavior