Personal A

The computer is derived from word
Compute. The word ‘compute’ means to
calculate so ‘Computer means the devices,
which performs calculations. It is an
electronic device that is used to calculate and
store any kind of data .
It takes data ,stores the data, processes the
data and gives the desired output in
the desired format.
Hence computer acts as a device that
transforms data into information. Data can
be like name, age, height, weight etc of a
person.

Computer Calculator
1. Computer works faster
than calculator.
1. Calculator is slow.
2. Computer has more
memory.
2. It has very less
memory.
3. It provide facility to
use alphabets as well as
numbers.
3. In calculator we cannot
use alphabets.
4. It provide facility to
take output in
Printed form.
4. Calculator only
provides output on
the screen.
21 August 2015Amamdeep Singh

 Speed:- Computer can work at very high
speed. Computer can process large
amounts of data in a short time where as
humans take long time.
 Accuracy:- The computer performs all the
calculations accurately, but an error can
occur only
due to the inaccurate data. If the user
enters a wrong
input then the output will also be wrong.
Storage:- A computer can store large amount
of data. The computer not only store the
data but can also give back the data within
seconds that the user wants. 21 August 2015Amamdeep Singh

 Diligence:- A computer can work for long time
because a computer is free from tiredness and
lack of concentration and even does not get
bored whereas the human beings get tired very
soon and even lose concentration and hence
make errors.
 Versatility:- Computer can perform any type of
task.
Computers and can send and receive data.
They can perform simple as well as complex
task.
 Intelligence:- Computers do not have any
intelligence of their own. It can perform only
those tasks that are instructed by human beings.
Therefore it needs to be told what it has to do.

 Computers are used in schools, colleges and
universities for education purposes.
 Computers are also used for playing games,
watching movies, listening to music etc.
 They are also used for defense and sports
purposes.
 They are used in weather forecasting and in
flight simulation (training to pilots).

 Computer are used for railway and air ticket
booking.
 Computers are used in banks for maintaining
records.
 Audio or video composition and editing have
been made much easier by computers.
 Computers are used to access internal
facilities.
 Computers are used to make movies and mixing
songs.
 Computers are used for Desktop publishing.

 Computer follows only those instructions
which are entered by the user.
 If there is a power failure we can’t work on
the computer.
 A computer cannot think itself.

 Hardware:- All the physical parts of the
computer constitute hardware . It acts as a
tangible component that we can see and
touch. It includes the input & output device
which process data & perform many tasks.
 Software:- Any written thing is known as c
computer software. Software is a collection
of programs, rules, procedures & related
data. It provides intelligence to the
computer. It acts as an intangible
component that we can’t touch. Simply any
thing in written from is known as software.

 Computer System= Hardware + Software
 Hardware= Internal Devices + Peripheral
Devices

ProcessingInput Output
Storage

 Input:- The data from outside through various
input devices like keyboard, mouse etc. is
given to the computer system.
 Processing:- The CPU processes the input data
and converts it into output.
 Output:- Output is what the computer gives
you, this could be information on a screen,
loudspeaker sound or printed page.
 Storage:- The output obtained after processing
is then stored in the storage devices. The
stored information can be accessed again &
again anytime.

 The first generation computers used vacuum
tubes and punched cards to input data.
 These computers used magnetic tapes for
storage.
 These computers could perform calculations in
milliseconds but were large in size and
consumed more power and generated too
much heat and burnt frequently. They required
continuous maintenance.
 The programming was done in Machine and
Assembly Language.

 In second-generation computers transistors
were replaced with vacuum tubes.
 The size of transistors was much smaller as
compared to the vacuum tubes.
 These computers consumed less power and
produced very less heat.
 They were 10 times faster than the first
generation computers.
 These were less costly as compared to vacuum
tubes.
 The programming was done in high-level
languages, like FORTRAN. COBOL, ALGOL and
SNOBOL.

 Minicomputers were introduced.
 Time-sharing operating systems came into
being.
 Secondary storage capacity also increased
with improved magnetic disks and tapes.
 The speed and reliability was increased as
compared to second-generation computers.
Third generation computers could perform
million (106) of instructions per second.
 The programming languages used by these
computers were COBOL, PASCAL and BASIC.

 These computers used circuits with very large
scale integration (VLSI).
 These computers have very high processing
power.
 They have reduced size.
 They have high reliability, low maintenance and
less power consumption.
 New operating systems like MSDOS, Windows,
Apple
OS were introduced.
 Word processing packages and spreadsheet pack
ages were developed.
 Programming language used in these computers
was C.

 Microcomputers:- Microcomputers are smaller in
size, are less expensive and have less memory.
These computers allow only few peripherals to be
attached. These come under the following
categories:-
 Personal computers:- Personal computers are
desktop designed for an individual’s use. These
help the persons to complete their work more
productively. The most common applications of
PC are word processing, preparing spreadsheets
and managing database etc.
 Mainframe Computers:- Mainframes are huge,
multi-user systems designed to handle
processing jobs in large organizations where the
records of thousands of employees have to be
processed.

 These computers used circuits consisting of
ULSI (Ultra large Scale Integration).
 They used the optic fiber technology.
 It is based upon the Artificial Intelligence,
Robotics and expert systems.
 These computers have high processing
speed and are very reliable.
 PCs became very popular.
 Optical disks called CD-ROMs came into
existence.
 Internet came into being because of
networking.

 These are multi-user systems that can
handle the calculation needs of a small
organization. They have large storage
capacity and high speed. People use them by
means of personal computers. They support
fast operating peripherals like high-speed
printers that can print hundreds of lines per
second.
 Supercomputers:- Supercomputers are ultra
fast computers designed to process huge
amounts of scientific data. These are used to
design & control automobiles, missiles, space
shuttles etc. 21 August 2015Amamdeep Singh

ALU
CU
Input
Unit Output Unit
Memory
Unit

 Input Unit:- Data and program is entered into
the computer system before any operation has
to be performed on it. Programs are the set of
instructions. The data is the raw information on
which these instructions will operate. The
process of transferring the data from the
outside environment to the computer system is
done using the input devices such as keyboard,
mouse, card reader etc.
 Output Unit :- The output unit receives the
data from the CPU in the form of binary digits
and converts it into human readable form
through output devices such as monitors,
printers etc.

Main Memory
Cache Memory
CPU

 It is considered to be the brain of the
computer. It is a chip that contains all the
circuits for performing arithmetic & logic
operations& directing the data to and from
the memory. To do this data must be sent
out of CPU to the output device like
printers, monitors, etc.
Control
Register set
ALU

1. Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM):- A
PROM is used to record information in the
PROM chip. Information once programmed
into the PROM chip is permanent in the PROM
chip is permanent and cannot be changed or
erased. The process of entering the
information into the PROM chip is Known as
“burning the PROM”.
2. Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory:-
An EPROM is an erasable PROM. Exposing it to
high intensity ultraviolet light for 30 minutes
can erase the contents of an EPROM chip. The
EPROM chip is cheap reliable and widely
available.

Memory
RAM ROM
SRAM DROM PROM EPROM
EEPROM UVEPROM

 Keyboard:- This device resembles a typewriter
and is today’s most widely used device to input
information in the form of words and numbers.
Like typewriter keyboard contains alphabetic,
numeric and special characters. The special
characters. The special keys include control,
Shift and alt, Return, Escape, Arrow keys and
Function keys.
 Mouse:- is a pointing input device, which is
used to point of selecting items from menus
and is used for drawing purpose. When the
user rolls the mouse across a flat surface, such
as desk, the screen cursor moves in the
direction of the mouse’s movement.

 Track ball:- It is a pointing device that
consists of a ball on top and can be rotated
with hand in any direction. The whole
device does not move, it remains at its
same position.
 Light Pen:- It is a pen shaped device made
up of light sensitive cell which are placed in
the small tube. It contains the light receptor
and when the tip of the pen is moved over
the screen surface.

 Introduction:- Output means to receive
results. Device means machine. The output
devices are those devices which allow the
user to receive the processed data (results)
from the computer. There are two types of
outputs produced by output devices:-
 Soft Copy:- An output that is displayed on
the screen stored on magnetic media such
as magnetic disks and tapes is Known as
soft copy output. It is temporary in nature.
 Hard disk:- An output that is produced on a
paper through a printer or a plotter is known
as hard copy output. They are permanent in
nature.

 Impact Printer:- Impact printers are those
printers are those printers where a hammer
strikes the paper through liked ribbon. Because
of the hammering action impact printers are
noisy in nature. Examples:- Dot Matrix Printers,
Daisy Wheel Printers.
 Character Printers: - These printers print one
character at a time. These are 2 types:
 Daisy Wheel: These printers are rarely used any
more. A daisy wheel printer strikes hammers
character stamps (like those on typewriters)
against a ribbon to produce high quality text
output. The character patterns are all arranged
around edge of a wheel.

 These Printers print the characters by putting dots
on the paper. These do not give better print quality
but are faster in speed about 30 to 600 characters
per second. These can also be used to print
graphics. In this printer the hammers are striked on
the ribbon to produce the desired characters.

 Dot matrix and daisy wheel printers both
printers both print only one character at a time.
For that reason they are called character
Printers. In contrast a line print prints a whole
line (typically 80 or 132 characters) of text .
These printers are very fast.
 Drum Printers: These printers print the line by
rotating drum having a ring of characters for
each print position. The hammer strikes each
character of the drum simultaneously so the
entire line is printed for he full rotation of the
drum.

 These printers use technology where there is
no direct contact between the print head and
paper giving longer life to the print head. They
print characters by spraying small drops of ink
on to paper. Because there is no hammering
action non impact printers are quite but
cannot paper. Examples include inkjet, laser
printer etc.
 Laser Printer: Laser Printers are called page
printers because they print a whole page at
time. A laser beam is used to draw the image
to be printed onto a light sensitive Drum.

 They print spray the ink from the tiny nozzles
through an electric field that arranges charged
particles ink into characters. It prints 500
characters per second. These are cheaper than the
laser printers but do not give better print quality as
compared to laser printers.

 This printer use heat sensitive paper on which
hot needles are pressed to form characters.
They give better print quality but
maintenance is costlier.

 Plotters use pen or inkjet approaches. Plotters are
used for high quality pictures and drawings. These
are used for printing high- resolution images like
charts, maps, engineering and scientific
applications. Plotters are normally very slow in
motion because of the excessive mechanical
movement required during plotting.

 Display Devices:- The display devices are those
devices which are used to graphically display the
image of an object on the screen. The graphical
display is in the form of pixels. Pixels is the
smallest element on the pixels, the quality of
display will be better.
 CRT (Cathode Ray Tube):- It resembles
television. The CRT basically consists of the
various components like electron gun, focusing
system, deflection system, cathode, filament
and the phosphor coated screen. In CRT the
beam of electrons is emitted from the electron
gun and passes through the focusing system.

 It is a thin lightweight display device used for
displaying information such as text, images
and moving pictures. These are less bulky in
size. These are used in the digital watches ,
calculators and portable computer.
 Monitors:- It is also known as video display
units (VDU). This is the most widely used
medium to view the output. It comes in various
sizes and is available in various modes for text
and graphical outputs. An image displayed on
the screen is made up of dots called pixels. If
you look closely at the screen you may be able
to a see these pixels.

Floppy Hard Disk
 Floppy is used to store
less data.
 Used to store more
data.
 Speed to access data is
slow.
 Speed is faster than
floppy.
It has less cost.  It has more cost than
floppy.
 Life is less.  Life is more than
floppy.
 It is made of plastic.  It is made of silicon.

 Permanent storage:- Here the data stored
in these devices is retained even when the
power is off that is why it is why it is known
as non-volatile memory.
 Mass Storage:- Large amount of data is
stored in these devices. These devices are
helpful everywhere where large amount of
data is used to be stored.
 Cost Effective:- The secondary storage
devices are much more cheater than the
primary storage. Portable:- The secondary
storage devices can be used to transfer the
data from one computer to another.

 Hard Disk:- It is made of rigid metallic platters
works same as floppy disks.
 These are generally permanently covered in the
disk drive.
 These are capable of storing large amounts of
data in range from 40 GB (Gigabytes) to 1 TB
(Terabytes)
 These disks drives can have four or more disk
platters in sealed unit .
 In most of these disk units the read/write head
never touches the surfaces of the disks giving
more life to the disk as compared to floppy
disk where there is a mechanical touch
between the disk and the read/write head.

 It is a common form of removable storage,
floppy disk are extremely inexpensive and
easy to save information. It is divided into
tracks and sectors. It is also a type of
secondary memory but its capacity of
storing data is less as compared to hard
disk. It is used to store the data which we
need to transfer from one location to the
other or to save copy of the data, otherwise
the speed to access it is slow, its life period
is also short as compared to hard disk.

 Introduction:- A ‘Language’ acts as a
communication tool between two persons. It is
medium of communication which is used for
understanding & expressing each other’s
ideas, But a computer system does not
understand the natural language, so for this,
specific programming language is developed.
 Computer Programming System:- A special
language used to provide instructions to a
computer system is known as computer
programming language. It is a set of symbols,
rules, grammar and characters that are used to
write instructions to communicate with the
computer.

 Simplicity:- A good programming language
language must be simple and easy to learn
and use. It should provide simple concepts,
which can be easily compared.
 Naturalness:- A good programming
language should be natural for the
application, for the application, for which it
has been designed. That is, it should
provide proper operators, data structures
and a natural syntax to help the users to
solve their problem easily and efficiently.

 There are many computer languages
available and categorized:-
 Machine Language
 Assembly Language
 High Level Language
 Introduction of Machine Language:-
Machine Language is a low-level language
that a CPU understands. The machine
language of a computer is written in the
form of 1 and 0. it is also known as binary
language.

 It is very difficult to remember the codes in the
form of 0’s and 1’s so a language is developed
in which mnemonics (symbol and alphabets)
are used is known as assembly language. Here
the word ‘mnemonics is pronounced as
‘nemonics’ where letter ‘m’ is silent.
 High Level Language:- The high level language
is just
based on the natural english language that is
very easy to understand. The instructions are
written using English words. The instruction
written in english language are not understand
by the computer that is why these are
converted into machine language with help of
translator.

The End Slides

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