This document discusses the periodic table and periodic trends. It provides an overview of the history and development of the periodic table. It also summarizes key trends in atomic radius, ionization energy, and electron affinity across the periodic table. Specifically, atomic radius is largest for elements in the southwest corner as they have the largest atomic number but smallest effective nuclear charge. Ionization energy is greatest for elements in the northeast corner as they most tightly bind their valence electrons. Electron affinity is most favorable for elements in the northeast corner as they have the greatest ability to gain electrons.

1. 3.3 The Periodic Table
and the Elements
Dr. Fred Omega Garces
Chemistry 100
Miramar College
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2. The Periodic Table and the Elements
What is the periodic table ?
What information is obtained from the table ?
How can elemental properties be predicted base on the PT ?
3.3 Periodic Table
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3. Dmitri Mendeleev (1869)
In 1869 Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer (Germany)
published nearly identical classification schemes
for elements known to date. The periodic table is
base on the similarity of properties and reactivities
exhibited by certain elements. Later, Henri
Moseley ( England,1887-1915) established that
each elements has a unique atomic number, which
is how the current periodic table is organized.
http://www.chem.msu.su/eng/misc/mendeleev/welcome.html
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4. The Periodic Table
A map of the building block of matter.
1
1
IA
1
H
Periodic Table
2
IIA
13
IIIA
14
IVA
15
VA
16
VIA
17
VIIA
1.00797
2
4
5
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Li
Be
B
C
N
O
F
Ne
11
12
Na
Mg
22.9898 24.305
19
20
K
Ca
10.811 12.0112 14.0067 15.9994 18.9984 20.179
3
IIIB
4
IVB
5
VB
6
VIB
7
VIIB
7
8
9
VIIIB
10
11
IB
12
IIB
13
14
15
16
17
18
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar
26.9815 28.086 30.9738 32.064 35.453 39.948
31
32
33
34
35
36
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Sc
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
63.54
47
65.37
48
65.37
49
72.59 74.9216 78.96 79.909 83.80
50
51
52
53
54
Ag
Cd
In
39.102 40.08 44.956 47.90 50.942 51.996 54.9380 55.847 58.9332 58.71
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
Rb
Sr
Mo
Tc
85.47
6
He
4.0026
10
6.939 9.0122
3
18
VIIIA
2
87.62 88.905 91.22 92.906 95.94
Y
Zr
Nb
[99]
Ru
Rh
Pd
Sn
As
Sb
Se
Te
Br
I
Kr
Xe
101.07 102.905 106.4 107.870 112.40 114.82 118.69 121.75 127.60 126.904 131.30
55
56
57
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
Cs
Ba
La
Hf
Ta
W
Re
Os
Ir
Pt
Au
Hg
Tl
Pb
Bi
Po
At
Rn
132.905 137.34 138.91 178.49 180.948 183.85 186.2
87
88
89
104
105
106
107
Fr
Ra
Ac
Ku
[223]
[226]
[227]
190.2
108
192.2 195.09 196.967 200.59 204.37 207.19 208.980 [210] [210] [222]
109
http://www.chemsoc.org/viselements/pages/periodic_table.html
[260]
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5. Periodic Table Expanded View
The way the periodic table usually seen
is a compress view, placing the
Lanthanides and actinides at the
bottom of the stable.
The Periodic Table can be arrange by
subshells. The s-block is Group IA and &
IIA, the p-block is Group IIIA - VIIIA. The
d-block is the transition metals, and the fblock are the Lanthanides and Actinide
metals
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6. Periodic Table: Metallic arrangement
Layout of the Periodic Table: Metals vs. nonmetals
1
IA
1
18
VIIIA
2
IIA
13
IIIA
14
IVA
15
VA
16
VIA
17
VIIA
2
3
3
IIIB
4
IVB
5
VB
6
VIB
7
VIIB
8
9
VIIIB
10
4
5
Metals
11
IB
12
IIB
Nonmetals
6
7
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7. Periodic Table: The three broad Classes
Main, Transition, Rare Earth
Main (Representative), Transition metals, lanthanides and actinides (rare earth)
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8. Reading the Periodic Table: Classification
Nonmetals, Metals, Metalloids, Noble gases
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9. Across the Periodic Table
Periods: Are arranged horizontally across the
periodic table (rows 1-7)
These elements have the same number of valence shells.
1
IA
1
2
IIA
13
IIIA
15
VA
16
VIA
17
VIIA
2nd Period
2
3
14
IVA
18
VIIIA
3
IIIB
4
IVB
5
VB
6
VIB
7
VIIB
8
9
VIIIB
10
11
IB
12
IIB
4
5
6th Period
6
7
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10. Down the Periodic Table
Family: Are arranged vertically down the periodic table
(columns or group, 1- 18 or 1-8 A,B)
These elements have the same number electrons in the outer most
shells, the valence shell.
1
IA
1
18
VIIIA
Alkali Family:
Alkali Family:
11e- in the valence shell
e- in the valence shell
2
IIA
13
IIIA
14
IVA
15
VA
16
VIA
17
VIIA
2
3
3
IIIB
4
IVB
5
VB
6
VIB
7
VIIB
8
9
VIIIB
10
4
11
IB
12
IIB
Halogen Family:
Halogen Family:
77e- in the valence shell
e- in the valence shell
5
6
7
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11. Infamous Families of the Periodic Table
Notable families of the Periodic Table and some important members:
Halogen
Alkali
Noble Gas
Alkaline
Chalcogens
1
18
(earth)
IA
VIIIA
1
2
IIA
13
IIIA
Transition Metals
14
IVA
15
VA
16
VIA
17
VIIA
2
3
3
IIIB
4
IVB
5
VB
6
VIB
7
VIIB
8
9
VIIIB
10
11
IB
12
IIB
4
5
6
7
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12. Important members - the Elements
Individual members of selected Elements & their characteristics
1
IA
1
H
2
18
VIIIA
2
IIA
13
IIIA
Li
3
4
15
VA
16
VIA
17
VIIA
C
Na Mg
K
14
IVA
Ca
3
IIIB
4
IVB
5
VB
6
VIB
7
VIIB
8
9
VIIIB
10
Fe
11
IB
Cu Zn
Ag
5
12
IIB
N
O
F
Al Si
P
S
He
Cl
Br
I
6
7
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13. Periodic Table
e- configuration from the periodic periodic table
(To be covered in future chapters)
1
IA
18
VIIIA
1
H
1s1
2
IIA
13
IIIA
2
Li
2s1
Na
3s1
Be
2s2
3
4
5
6
7
3
IIIB
4
IVB
5
VB
Sc
3d1
Rb
5s1
Ca
4s2
Sr
5s2
Y
4d1
Ti
3d2
Zr
4d2
V
Cr
3d3 4s13d5
Nb Mo
4d3 5s14d5
Cs
6s1
Ba
6s2
La
5d1
Hf Ta W Re Os
5d2 5d3 6s15d5 5d5 5d6
Fr
7s1
Ra
7s2
Ac Rf
6d1 6d2
K
4s1
6
VIB
7
VIIB
8
Mn
3d5
Fe
3d6
Ru
4d6
Tc
4d5
Db Sg Bh
6d3 7s16d5 6d5
Hs
6d6
9
VIIIB
10
Co Ni
3d7 3d8
Rh Ni
4d7 4d8
Ir
Ni
5d7 5d8
Mt
6d7
3.3 Periodic Table
16
VIA
17
VIIA
He
1s2
B
2p1
Mg
3s2
14
IVA
15
VA
B
C
N
O
1
2
3
2p 2p 2p4
F
2p5
Ne
2p6
Al
3p1
Si
3p2
S
P
3p3 3p4
Cl
3p5
Ar
3p6
11
IB
12
IIB
Cu
Zn Ga Ge
3d10 4p1 4p2
Cd
In Sn
10
4d
5p1 5p2
As
4p3
Se
4p4
Be
4p5
Sb
5p3
Te
5p4
I
5p5
Kr
4p6
Xe
5p6
Hg
Tl Pb
10
5d
6p1 6p2
Bi Po At
6p3 6p4 6p5
Rn
6p6
4s13d10
Ag
5s14d10
Au
6s15d10
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14. Periodic Table: electron behavior
The periodic table can be classified by the behavior of their electrons
West (South)
1
East (North)
METALS
Alkali
Alkaline
Transition
These elements
tend to give up
e - and form
CATIONS
1
IA
Mid-plains
METALLOID
NON-METALS
Noble gas
Halogens
Calcogens
These elements
tend to accept
e - and form
ANIONS
These elements
will give up e- or
accept e-
2
IIA
13
IIIA
14
IVA
18
VIIIA
15
VA
16
VIA
17
VIIA
2
3
3
IIIB
4
IVB
5
VB
6
VIB
7
VIIB
8
9
VIIIB
10
11
IB
12
IIB
4
5
6
7
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15. 2. Trend in Atomic Radius
Atomic Radius:
The size of at atomic specie as
determine by the boundaries of the
valence e-. Largest atomic species
are those found in the SW corner
since these atoms have the largest n,
but the smallest Zeff.
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16. 3. Trend in Ionization Potential
Ionization potential:
The energy required to remove the
valence electron from an atomic
specie. Largest toward NE corner of
PT since these atoms hold on to their
valence e- the tightest.
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17. 4. Trend in Electron Affinity
Electron Affinity:
The energy release
when an electron is
added to an atom.
Most favorable
toward NE corner of
PT since these atoms
have a great affinity
for e-.
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18. Summary of Trend
Periodic Table and Periodic Trends
1. Electron Configuration
3. Ionization Energy: Largest toward NE of PT
4. Electron Affinity: Most favorable NE of PT
2. Atomic Radius: Largest toward SW corner of PT
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19. Summary
Periodic Table: Map of the Building block of matter
Table
Type: Metal, metalloid and Nonmetal
Type
Groupings: Representative or main, transition and
Lanthanide/Actanides
Family: Elements in the same column have similar
Family
chemical property because of similar valence
electrons
Alkali, Alkaline, chalcogens, halogens, noble gases
Period: Elements in the same row have valence
electrons in the same shell.
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